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The use of structured measuring systems to prevent wall slip is a common approach to obtain absolute rheological values. Typically, only the minimum distance between the measuring surfaces is used for further calculation, implying that no flow occurs between the structural elements. But this assumption is misleading, and a gap correction is necessary. To determine the radius correction $$\Delta r$$ Δ r for specific geometries, we conducted investigations on three Newtonian fluids (two silicon oils and one suspension considered to be Newtonian in the relevant shear rate range). The results show that $$\Delta r$$ Δ r is not only shear- and material-independent, but geometry-dependent, providing a Newtonian flow behaviour in a similar viscosity range. Therefore, a correction value can be determined with only minute deviations in different Newtonian fluids. As the conducted laboratory measurements are very time-consuming and expensive, a CFD-approach with only very small deviations was additionally developed and compared for validation purposes. Therefore, simulation is an effective and resource-efficient alternative to the presented laboratory measurements to determine $$\Delta r$$ Δ r for the correction of structured coaxial geometries even for non-Newtonian fluids in the future.

Further innovation in the field of selective laser sintering (SLS) is strongly connected to the availability of new materials since the market is dominated by polyamide 12 (>90%). The aim of this publication is to develop a descriptive model for the droplet formation process in a Filament Extension Atomizer to predict the applicability to exploit further polymers for the SLS process. The feasibility was tested, investigated and characterized using a “Dripping out of a nozzle” setup for uniaxial extension. The droplet formation process was then observed via high-speed camera imaging and classified for certain parameters. The experiments were carried out using semi-diluted polyethylene oxide (600–4000 kg/mol), glycerol and water solutions as model fluids. Driven by the Plateau-Rayleigh instability, different types of spherical droplets were observed and various droplet formation mechanisms demonstrated and analyzed. Based on the experimental results, a predictive model is derived to describe various essential parameters.

In this work, the influence of the filler matrix adhesion on the tensile properties of laser-sintered parts built with Polyamide 613 filled with glass beads was investigated. For this purpose, dry blends of glass beads with and without organosilane coupling agents and polyamide powder were prepared and processed into tensile specimens on an EOS P396. The samples were tested both in the dry state and after an accelerated conditioning in a climate chamber. Furthermore, FEM simulations were performed to model the limiting cases of optimum adhesion and no adhesion. By correlating the tensile tests with the simulation results and by analyzing the fracture surfaces, it was shown that the filler matrix adhesion is sufficient in the dry state but is strongly degraded by conditioning. Even the presence of various organosilane thin films could not prevent a strong deterioration of the filler-matrix adhesion and the associated deterioration of the mechanical properties. Since a comparison with an injection molded sample of the same polymer filler combination shows identical behavior after conditioning, it is assumed that this problem is not limited to additively manufactured parts.

Confidence in additive manufacturing technologies is directly related to the predictability of part properties, which is influenced by several factors. To gain confidence, online process monitoring with dedicated and reliable feedback is desirable for every process. In this project, a powder bed monitoring system was developed as a retrofit solution for the EOS P3 laser sintering machines. A high-resolution camera records each layer, which is analyzed by a Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN). Over 2500 images were annotated and classified to train the network in detecting defects in the powder bed at a very high level. Each defect is checked for intersection with exposure areas. To distinguish between acceptable imperfections and critical defects that lead to part rejection, the impact of these imperfections on part properties is investigated.

In the laser sintering technology, the semi-crystalline polymer material is exposed to elevated temperatures during processing, which leads to serious material ageing for most materials. This has already been investigated intensively by various authors. However, the ageing of the material at ambient temperatures during shelf life has not been the focus so far. The need to analyse the shelf life can be derived from an ecological and economic point of view. This work is focusing on the shelf life of PA2200 (PA12). To reduce the potential influences of powder production fluctuations, two different powder batches stored for 5.5 years and 6.5 years are investigated and compared to a reference powder produced 0.5 years before these investigations. Multiple powder analyses and part characterisations have been performed. A significant yellowing and molecular chain length reduction can be derived from the measurement results. Whereas the influence on mechanical part performance was minor, the parts built with the stored powders are more yellowish. As it is most likely that this is due to the consumption of polyamide stabilisers, it can be assumed that these parts will be subject to significantly faster ageing. Therefore, it is still not recommended to use the stored powders for critical parts or light intense and humid environments.

Abstract Additive Manufacturing provides the opportunity to produce tailored and complex structures economically. The use of lattice structures in combination with a thermoplastic elastomer enables the generation of structures with configurable properties by varying the cell parameters. Since there is only little knowledge about the producibility of lattice structures made of TPE in the laser sintering process and the resulting mechanical properties, different kinds of lattice structures are investigated within this work. The cell type, cell size and strut thickness of these structures are varied and analyzed. Within the experimental characterization of Dodecahedron-cell static and cyclic compression tests of sandwich structures are focused. The material exhibits hyperelastic and plastic properties and also the Mullins-Effect. For the later design of real TPE structures, the use of numerical methods helps to reduce time and costs. The preceding experimental investigations are used to develop a concept for the numerical modeling of TPE lattice structures. Graphic abstract

Luftreiniger werden derzeit häufig als mögliches Hilfsmittel zur Minimierung des Infektionsrisikos im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie diskutiert. Dabei taucht oft die Frage auf, ob Luftreiniger grundsätzlich in der Lage sind, Viren oder virenbeladene Tröpfchen abzuscheiden. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die wesentlichen Grundlagen der Wirkungsweise von Luftreinigern und Filtern zu beschreiben, Methoden zur Messung der Reinigungswirkung im Größenbereich von Viren und virenbeladenen Tröpfchen aufzuzeigen sowie typische Szenarien zum Betrieb von Luftreinigern in einem mathematischen Modell zu erfassen. Darauf basierend können die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Luftreinigern für reale Anwendungsfälle besser eingeschätzt werden.

Biomarker development in the clinical trial setting is frequently limited by the availability of small tissue specimens, such as core needle biopsies. To enable forward and reverse translational assays to best understand patient-specified biomarkers, high-plex assays which can be performed on individual slides are critical. We’ve developed the GeoMx® Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) and CosMx™ Spatial Molecular Imager (SMI) to allow researchers to explore more hypotheses simultaneously from standard histopathology slides. We demonstrate on standard FFPE sections how the GeoMx and CosMx platforms integrate within the context of biomarker discovery. The GeoMx platform can resolve transcriptome-wide RNA expression profiles or 150+ protein targets from tissue structures selected by pathological review. The CosMx platform allows subcellular profiling of up to 1000 RNA transcripts or 64 proteins from a single slide. We demonstrate the integration of GeoMx and CosMx into a multi-modal approach to how high-plex spatial platforms can complement conventional diagnostic assays for translational research. This includes integration with downstream analytical tools such as digital pathology suites as well as machine learning approaches to model patient outcomes. Spatial technologies, such as GeoMx and CosMx, present groundbreaking opportunities for improving accuracy in biomarker discovery and for providing rich biological insight beyond low-plex profiling approaches. Citation Format: Jason W. Reeves, Esperanza Anguiano, Vikram Devgan, Nicholas Confuorto, Joachim Schmid, Yan Liang, Joseph Beechem. An innovative spatial biology biomarker discovery approach to enable acceleration of drug development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 985.

Spatial biology is revolutionizing the way in which we extract biological insights from precious clinical samples, allowing profiling of thousands of RNA species and ever higher numbers of antibodies to be analyzed from a single tissue slide. But with new 'omics capabilities scaling the analytical and infrastructure requirements for these high-content datasets is more critical than ever, as these datasets contain billions of data points and hundreds of images that require more extensive storage and analysis capabilities. To enable scientists to leverage spatial 'omics instruments, we have launched the AtoMx™ Spatial Informatics Platform, which will enable analytics across NanoString's spatial profiling and imaging solutions.The AtoMx platform was designed to specifically host, ingest, and manage data generated from both the GeoMx® Digital Spatial Profiler and the CosMx™ Spatial Molecular Imager. Data generated by either of these platforms is analyzed, stored, and managed in cloud or private HPC environments. Within the AtoMx platform, we provide native, comprehensive analysis suites specifically designed to integrate the high content, multiplexed imaging from either platform with the molecular readouts. Machine learning methods in key analysis modules allow AtoMx to scale to the billions of data points collected while still maintaining lower compute times. The AtoMx platform is built to conform to open data standards and will support customization through custom analysis scripts, APIs for integration to external software, and a community standard data model that facilitates the integration of tools in open source repositories.With the CosMx platform we have been able to demonstrate a 75x decrease in data processing times compared to locally resourced servers for equivalent data analysis requests by utilizing the scaling tools a cloud service provides such as scaling by compute type for greater RAM access or multiple, parallel compute instances. The platform is designed to facilitate data sharing and collaborative in silico analysis of spatial data, with direct permissions management and compliance with regional privacy requirements. The AtoMx Spatial Informatics Platform provides an extensible, secure management and analysis solution, capable of processing transcriptome-wide expression or high plex protein profiling from the GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler as well as subcellular spatial 'omics data Citation Format: Jason W. Reeves, David Henderson, Matt Crow, April Munn, Kenlyn Terai, Joachim Schmid. Solving the problem of spatial informatics: Harnessing the power of the cloud and enabling the integration of open source tools for spatial ‘omics analytics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2083.

The insulation of high voltage apparatus is distinguished between internal and external insulation. The internal insulation is made fluid, gaseous or solid material. Beside the well-known insulation with oil-paper, SF6, or cast resin there are also new trends discussed. As external insulation porcelain as well as composite insultors are described.

This paper reports on two experiments conducted in a fire resistance furnace to study the differences in the boundary conditions, the fire dynamics and the fuel required to run the furnace when a combustible timber specimen as opposed to a non-combustible concrete specimen is tested. In both experiments measurements were taken in the furnace to evaluate the difference in the environments of the furnace and the response of the elements being tested. These include non-control plate thermometers distributed throughout the furnace; O2, CO2 and CO gas measurements taken at different distances from the specimen surface and in the furnace exhaust; instrumentation of one of the bricks comprising the furnace lining with thermocouples at different depths from the exposed surface; and mass loss of the combustible timber specimen. Thermal exposure of elements in a furnace is discussed, as well as the impact of the different materials on the similarity of thermal exposure. This is done through analysis and discussion of the different measurements taken and the apparent influence of the specimen being tested on the boundary condition of the heat diffusion equation. We conclude that; (1) the fire dynamics in a furnace are dependent on the specimen being tested; (2) that the test with the combustible specimen requires less fuel flow to the burners such that the control plate thermometers follow the ISO 834 temperature–time curve compared to the non-combustible specimen, however that this is not only a result of the combustibility of the specimen but is also a consequence of the different thermal inertia of the two materials; (3) that the boundary condition for heat transfer to a test object in furnace tests is dependent on the properties of the specimen being tested; and (4) that the timber when placed on the furnace experiences smouldering combustion after the char layer has formed. A fire resistance test of combustible construction of a given period represents a significantly less onerous test in terms of energy absorbed or fuel made available than one of a non-combustible construction, implying that the existing fire resistance framework may not be appropriate for timber structures and that an alternative approach may be required.

1 Abstract Recently, standard fire resistance testing has been questioned for combustible products. A part of the comments address the thermal boundary conditions and the different thermal exposure of combustible products in comparison to incombustibles. These comments are evaluated in this technical note. To compare heat flux measurements of combustibles and incombustible products when tested in a furnace, furnace tests were performed. The furnace was controlled by plate thermometers to follow the EN 1363/ISO 834 standard temperature-time curve. It could be proven that (a) the heat flux measurements at the specimens surface behind the plate thermometer (PT) are not higher than in front of the PT. The reason for this is most likely that no flaming combustion is possible near the surface due to the low oxygen content typically for a furnace. It could be further shown (b) that the heat flux measurements when combustibles are tested follow the trend reported in literature for incombustibles. Further, (c) that the lower burner fuel used in furnaces is due to the contribution of the specimen (ca. 30% in the presented tests) and due to the lower thermal inertia (ca. 20% in the presented tests). Finally it can be concluded that the thermal exposure of combustibles and incombustibles is equivalent in furnaces simulating a ventilation controlled fire development for a pre-defined duration.

The performance of light timber frame wall and floor assemblies in fire depends on their composition. The assemblies' ability to form fire-separations between building compartments (separating function) can be assessed by full-scale fire testing or calculation methods. Calculations are the low cost and more flexible alternative. The component additive method is a commonly used calculation method for fire design of timber structures. The method considers the insulation ability of the material layers present in the assembly. The component additive method described in this article is developed to be flexible to implement different materials and products of different dimensions. However, the amount of different materials currently included in this method is rather limited and there is no generally accepted procedure to implement new materials. This paper presents a common agreement of the procedure to implement new materials which comprises of: (1) the design and execution of model-scale fire tests; (2) determination of the modified thermal properties needed for simulations; (3) thermal simulations of assemblies in fire conditions; (4) development of design equations and; (5) verification by one or more full-scale fire test(s). The abovementioned steps have been clearly presented in this paper and supported by examples.

Monodisperse micron-sized silica particle monolayers deposited onto plasma-grown SiOx-ultra-thin films have been used as reference systems to investigate wetting, water adsorption and capillary bridge formation as a function of silica surface functionalization. 1H,1H, 2H,2H perfluorooctyltriethoxysil (FOTS) monolayers, have been deposited on the respective surfaces by means of chemical vapor deposition resulting in macroscopically low energy surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflection absorption spectroscopy confirmed the monolayer formation. Water adsorption isotherms were studied by a combination of in-situ FTIR reflection spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) while macroscopic wetting was analysed by contact angle measurements. The comparative data evaluation indicates that the macroscopic wetting behaviour was changed as expected, however, that water nanodroplets formed both at intrinsic defects of the FOTS monolayer and at the FOTS/SiOx interface. Capillary bridges of liquid water are dominantly formed in the confined particle contact areas and between surface asperities on the particles. The comparison of wetting, adsorption and capillary bridge formation shows that the hydrophobization of porous materials by organosilane monolayers leads to the formation of morphology dependent nanoscopic defects that act as sites for preferential capillary bridge formation.