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Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) of large areas is a time-consuming and expensive process, where soil scientists take as many as possible observations to predict soil classes and their attributes. Sometimes, the DSM is made in geographic regions with no updated geographic information, leading the soil scientist to depend on Legacy Soil Data (LSD). However, LSD is not always available at an adequate scale or resolution, forcing soil scientists to find creative solutions. Here we present a method for mapping soil frontiers with no updated reference data. We demonstrate that by combining different LSD sources with adequate predictive environmental covariables, the results could be consistent enough for mapping the soil frontiers of a large geographic region without updated reference data. For doing that, we have adopted the full geographic extension of Minas Gerais state – Brazil – as a study area. Within its extension, Minas Gerais has heterogeneity in soil classes and soil formation processes, phenomena triggered by such a divergent universe of environmental variables. Minas Gerais has no updated soil maps, making it a relevant study case for this research. Thus, we conclude that the Digital Soil Mapping process could be enriched by using different sources of Legacy Soil Data, even when there is no updated reference data.

Este estudo analisa a evolução urbana de Monte Carmelo (MG), enquanto uma cidade de pequeno porte. A hipótese levantada neste artigo vincula a evolução da paisagem urbana carmelitana à instalação do campus da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia na cidade. O campus serviria como vetor de atração à expansão urbana e, ao mesmo tempo, agente catalisador de processos urbanos em toda a cidade. Selecionou-se Monte Carmelo como estudo de caso, pois essa é uma cidade pequena que sofre com a falta de dados espaciais: situação que impacta negativamente a construção de políticas efetivas de gestão territorial. Para cumprir com o objetivo, nesta pesquisa utilizou-se de imagens orbitais de baixo custo para estudar a dinâmica de evolução urbana carmelitana. Com essa proposta concretizada construiu-se um modelo alternativo para observação de uma cidade pequena, com tecnologia acessível aos gestores, preenchendo a lacuna de acessibilidade tecnológica. Por meio do processamento digital de imagens e de uma análise visual, foi possível quantificar e qualificar a evolução urbana local, entre os anos de 2013 e 2018. Concluiu-se que o adensamento urbano de Monte Carmelo pode ser explicado pela chegada da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia à cidade, especialmente com o início das atividades de ensino em 2011.

In this article, we present a framework to collect and represent people’s emotions, considering the urban mobility context of Curitiba. As a procedure, we have interviewed individuals during an intermodal challenge. The participants have described their experiences of urban mobility while using different transport modes. We have we used emojis as graphic symbols representing emotional data, once it is a modern language widely incorporated in everyday life as well as evokes a natural emotional association with the data we collected. We built an online geoinformation solution for visualising the emotional phenomenon. As a result, we found that the proposed methodology captures environmental factors as well as specific urban features triggering positive and negative/neutral emotions. Therefore, we validated the methodology of collaborative emotional mapping through volunteered geographic information, collecting and representing emotions on maps through emojis. Thus, here we argue this is a valid way to represent emotions and incorporate a modern language to maps. Based on the results and broader literature, we affirm this is a valuable alternative to increase knowledge about cities, once mapping emotions could assist urban planners in identifying variables, generating positive and negative feelings over the city space, which drives urban planning within a citizen-centred perspective.

O Mapeamento Colaborativo é um contexto de uso dos mapas que se desenvolveu em função do surgimento da Web 2.0. O desenvolvimento das tecnologias da informação mediante o contexto da Web 2.0, possibilitou que indivíduos sem educação formal em Cartografia usassem e produzissem geoinformação. Para se compreender este novo contexto de uso dos mapas é necessário que se apresente e discuta os conceitos, características e tecnologias que orbitam a temática do mapeamento colaborativo. Nesse sentido, este artigo foi proposto com a intenção de se apresentar uma revisão conceitual sobre o atual estágio em que se encontram as discussões acadêmicas sobre a temática do mapeamento colaborativo. Com este artigo oportuniza-se reflexões que podem gerar pesquisas científicas neste campo do conhecimento. A B S T R A C T Collaborative mapping is a new map use context, developed under the Web 2.0 technological structure. Specifically, the Collaborative Mapping applications have enabled individuals without education in Cartography and GIS to use and produce geoinformation. Consequently, it is necessary to discuss the concepts, the characteristics, and the technologies surrounding this new map use context, to comprehend its dynamics and to visualize research opportunities. In this paper we have presented a conceptual review about the Collaborative Mapping subject, its emergence, characteristics, and how does it work, hoping to provide insights into the research opportunities, as well as, to give a conceptual background for the other researchers whose interest lies upon this topic. Keywords: Collaborative Mapping, VGI, Web 2.0, Review.

Considerando a necessidade do amadurecimento de técnicas para a análise de mapas históricos, este artigo apresenta uma contribuição teórico-metodológica baseada na semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce. Neste sentido, o trabalho realiza uma síntese dos principais aspectos da semiótica peirceana, um breve olhar sobre a penetração destas pesquisas no Brasil e constrói algumas aproximações desta vertente semiótica e a técnica de leitura de mapas históricos desenvolvidas por Cintra (2015). Dessa forma, verificou-se que a semiótica peirceana provê bases sólidas de conhecimento aos pesquisadores interessados em investigar as características dos mapas históricos, demonstrando o ordenamento das etapas de análise, os aspectos ressaltados pelas categorias fenomenológicas peirceanas e a possibilidade de se verificar novas questões-problemas por meio da noção triádica do signo e suas tricotomias.

O Mapeamento Colaborativo e um contexto de uso dos mapas que se desenvolveu em funcao do surgimento da Web 2.0. O desenvolvimento das tecnologias da informacao mediante o contexto da Web 2.0, possibilitou que individuos sem educacao formal em Cartografia usassem e produzissem geoinformacao. Para se compreender este novo contexto de uso dos mapas e necessario que se apresente e discuta os conceitos, caracteristicas e tecnologias que orbitam a tematica do mapeamento colaborativo. Nesse sentido, este artigo foi proposto com a intencao de se apresentar uma revisao conceitual sobre o atual estagio em que se encontram as discussoes academicas sobre a tematica do mapeamento colaborativo. Com este artigo oportuniza-se reflexoes que podem gerar pesquisas cientificas neste campo do conhecimento. A B S T R A C T Collaborative mapping is a new map use context, developed under the Web 2.0 technological structure. Specifically, the Collaborative Mapping applications have enabled individuals without education in Cartography and GIS to use and produce geoinformation. Consequently, it is necessary to discuss the concepts, the characteristics, and the technologies surrounding this new map use context, to comprehend its dynamics and to visualize research opportunities. In this paper we have presented a conceptual review about the Collaborative Mapping subject, its emergence, characteristics, and how does it work, hoping to provide insights into the research opportunities, as well as, to give a conceptual background for the other researchers whose interest lies upon this topic. Keywords: Collaborative Mapping, VGI, Web 2.0, Review.

In this paper we evaluated the performance of similar algorithms implemented in different geoinformation systems, in order to verify if there are differences among the results of the image classification processes, according to the platform used. We have selected two geoinformation systems commonly used for this purpose: SAGA GIS and ENVI. We have idealized a scenario where a user without formal education in Remote Sensing techniques carried the classification and interpreted the results. Therefore, we have evaluated the impacts of such analyses, which possibly would lead to mistakes. For this reason, we have given equivalent conditions for all algorithms and the systems selected, i.e., we have used the default parameters, for simulating an operator without formal education in Remote Sensing. In fact, the results showed that the same algorithm implemented in different software, generates different results, which impacts directly on the user’s interpretation. Therefore, it was confirmed that there must be attention while selecting a geoinformation system and an algorithm in order to perform an image classification. Otherwise, there will be inequivalent results among the software, which impacts on the user’s capacity of interpretation.

Recent technological advancements in many areas have changed the way that individuals interact with the world. Some daily tasks require visualization skills, especially when in a map-reading context. Augmented Reality systems could provide substantial improvement to geovisualization once it enhances a real scene with virtual information. However, relatively little research has worked on assessing the effective contribution of such systems during map reading. So, this research aims to provide a first look into the usability of an Augmented Reality system prototype for interaction with geoinformation. For this purpose, we have designed an activity with volunteers in order to assess the system prototype usability. We have interviewed 14 users (three experts and 11 non-experts), where experts were subjects with the following characteristics: a professor, with a PhD degree in Cartography, GIS, Geography, or Environmental Sciences/Water Resources, and with experience treating spatial information related to water resources. The activity aimed to detect where the system really helps the user to interpret a hydrographic map and how the users were helped by the Augmented Reality system prototype. We may conclude that the Augmented Reality system was helpful to the users during the map reading, as well as allowing the construction of spatial knowledge within the proposed scenario.

The integration of user-generated content made in a collaborative environment is being increasingly considered a valuable input to reference maps, even from official map agencies such as USGS and Ordnance Survey. In Brazil, decades of lack of investment has resulted in a topographic map coverage that is both outdated and unequally distributed throughout the territory. This paper aims to analyze the spatial distribution of updates of OpenStreetMap in rural and urban areas in the country to understand the patterns of user updates and its correlation with other economic and developmental variables. This analysis will contribute to generating the knowledge needed in order to consider the use of this data as part of a reference layer of the National Spatial Database Infrastructure as well to design strategies to encourage user action in specific areas.

The explosion of map use in the past few decades as part of everyday activities, accelerated through the digital production and dissemination of maps and the availability of low-cost, location-aware devices, has made the job of cartographers and map display designers more challenging. Yet, how do these recent changes affect effective map design? Can we accurately predict which designs will work for a given context? We investigate the concepts of design transferability and context and their potential to help us create map design outcomes that are effective for varying map use situations. We then present a model for operationalizing map use context to support evaluating map design transferability and pose several open research questions that need to be answered to support operationalizing map use context. This is followed by a research agenda that identifies research opportunities related to key research needs that will underpin transferable map design.

This article is based on our participation in the workshop “Envisioning the Future of Cartographic Research,” one of the ICC 2015 pre-conferences. In order to answer the question posed to the workshop participants—“How can we best develop a systematic understanding of the intersection between human abilities (perception, cognition, affective), design decisions (graphic and interactions), and map use context?”—we realized that from the results of some of our research projects, it may be possible to build a systematic understanding of human abilities, design decisions, and map use context under the assumption that the design of a geo-information product could be developed in agreement with the user-centred design (UCD) approach. This article aims, then, to present some results of our research projects, the main goal of which is to develop investigations that are defined based on the relationship between geo-information solutions and the theory of cartography and geoscience. Those projects have been in development for the last 10 years, and here we describe six of them: two at the doctoral level and four at master’s level.

Logical reasoning is a tool which man uses to find parameters and link them spatially, and this allows construction of a mental model of the space by means of maps. The mental categorisation and classification processes of the information contained in the maps help in the quest for understanding the operation of reasoning used in mental projections of space. In this research, applying testing of open questions based on mental categorisation theory, an analysis was carried out. Six volunteers were interviewed and the analysis revealed they used a basic level of mental categorisation or partonomy, whose strategy is similar to that of the children.le raisonnement logique est un outil que l’on utilise pour trouver des parametres et les lier spatialement. Cet outil permet de realiser la construction d’un modele mental de l’espace a l’aide de cartes. La categorisation mentale et le processus de classification de l’information contenue dans une carte aide a la recherche necessaire a la comprehension du r...

O objetivo desta pesquisa e utilizar as toponimias dos canais de drenagem demarcados nas cartas topograficas para identificar elementos historicos. Atraves da analise das toponimias dos canais de drenagem pode-se inferir sobre a historia local, passado religioso, uma forte presenca indigena, a alocacao de uma comunidade quilombola, ou o nivel de diversidade da flora e fauna

This chapter presents an expert system, designed to classify semantic information in a geo‐ graphic database, aiming to assist non-expert map-makers. Despite the fact that GIS science has been discussing how to deal with ordinary users and their relationship with map pro‐ duction, especially due to the popularization of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) soft‐ ware and webmapping technologies, there are still issues concerning map production and its quality. Some of these issues are related to data classification methods, knowledge about levels of measurement and, thus, to map symbolization itself. In Brazil, this subject can be of special interest to municipality and state government departments, NGOs and institutions which use maps for planning and for decision-making support. At least in part, problems seem to occur because of the ease of GIS use, together with employees’ lack of education in cartography. In this context, an expert system seems to be a proper choice to ensure that or‐ dinary users can take correct decisions in the map-making process.

A erosao causada pelo desprendimento de componentes do solo em determinado local e um processo natural, entretanto, a acao antropica pode agravar as consequencias desse processo, configurando situacoes desastrosas. O objetivo do presente estudo e realizar a elaboracao das cartas de suscetibilidade e potencialidade a erosao laminar, do municipio de Douradina-PR. Apos a elaboracao das cartas, sera realizada uma comparacao entre as classes obtidas, bem como uma analise da aplicabilidade dessas para a area de estudo. A carta de suscetibilidade a erosao laminar e obtida a partir do cruzamento dos valores de erodibilidade dos solos com os de declividade, enquanto a carta de potencialidade a erosao laminar e obtida a partir do cruzamento da carta de suscetibilidade com a de uso do solo. As cartas nao apresentaram resultados semelhantes e, considerando que a area apresenta muitos processos erosivos aparentes, a carta de potencialidade a erosao (predominância da classe alta) evidenciou mais claramente estas areas erodidas, se aproximando mais da realidade do campo. Contudo, essa carta superestimou algumas areas, incluindo na classe alta mesmo aquelas de baixa declividade que estao sobre Latossolos e nao apresentam erosoes visiveis. Ja a carta de suscetibilidade generalizou o potencial de erosao, predominando a classe ";;media";;, nao delimitando corretamente as areas mais degradadas do municipio. Conclui-se que um maior numero de variaveis fisicas poderia ter sido considerado na metodologia, bem como o mapeamento detalhado em campo das areas mais degradadas para posterior verificacao com as cartas obtidas automaticamente. Palavras-chave: erosao, suscetibilidade e potencialidade. Drafting of Letters of Susceptibility and Potential Erosion Laminar in Douradina, Parana State ABSTRACT The erosion caused by the loosening of some soil components in a particular place is a natural process. However, human action may aggravate the consequence of this process, resulting in a disastrous situation. The purpose of this study is to produce a laminar erosion susceptibility and potentiality map for Douradina, a town in the northwest of Parana State, Brazil. After producing the maps, a comparison between the classes obtained will be carried out as well as an applicability analysis of the maps for the studied area. The susceptibility map concerning laminar erosion is obtained by crossing erodibility soil results with the declivity ones; while, potentiality map concerning laminar erosion is obtained by crossing susceptibility map with a map of the soil use. The maps did not show similar results and, considering that the area shows several apparent erosive processes, the potentiality map (predominance of high class) has shown clearly these eroded areas, being closer to the reality. However, this map overestimated some areas, including in the high class low declivity areas which are on Latosols and do not show apparent erosions. Concerning the susceptibility map, this one has generalized the erosion potentiality, predominating the medium class, not correctly delimiting the most degraded areas of the town. It is concluded that a large number of physical factors could have been considered in the methodology as well as a detailed mapping of the most degraded areas for later evaluation together with the maps automatically obtained. Keywords: erosion, susceptibility, potentiality.

Resumo:As informações geográficas voluntárias têm sido investigadas por pesquisadores e agências oficiais de mapeamento, os quais tentam compreender como indivíduos sem conhecimento formalizado em cartografia podem contribuir para a construção das bases cartográficas oficiais. Em países como o Brasil, onde o investimento nos serviços relativos à informação espacial é escasso, as informações geográficas voluntárias também são interessantes alternativas para incrementar a velocidade de atualização cartográfica, pois são de livre acesso e constantemente revisadas. Neste contexto, a Infraestrutura Nacional de Dados Espaciais do Brasil (INDE-BR), no seu papel de facilitar e ordenar o acesso às bases de dados espaciais oficias, também pode se beneficiar do uso de informações prestadas por usuários voluntários na tarefa de enriquecer o conjunto de dados disponível em seu banco. Dessa maneira, elaborou-se o presente artigo, no qual investiga-se a compatibilidade das informações geográficas voluntárias com o perfil de metadados oficial do Brasil, adotado na estruturação da INDE-BR. Para tanto, foram selecionados sistemas de informações geográficas voluntárias os quais tiveram seus metadados analisados e comparados aos padrões adotados no documento Perfil de Metadados Geoespaciais do Brasil. Dos resultados, pode-se dizer que os padrões adotados pelo sistema OpenStreetMap são compatíveis com o padrão adotado pelo Perfil MGB. Esse resultado aponta para a necessidade de se investigar as informações geográficas voluntárias para que se tenha mais uma potencial ferramenta a favorecer o crescimento social, econômico e político de uma nação, assim como o Brasil Abstract:In the last few years, researchers and mapping agencies have investigated the Volunteered Geographic Information aiming to comprehend how VGI systems could provide information for official databases. For example, Brazil has scarce investments on the field of geoinformation production and, in this case, the volunteered geographic information could be an alternative to increase the speed of geoinformation updating process. For this reason, we have designed this research in order to investigate the compatibility of Volunteered Geographic Information metadata with the Official Brazilian Geospatial Metadata Profile. Therefore, we have selected VGI systems as well as a set of information and proceeded to the comparison of the Brazilian geometadata profile with the chosen VGI content. The results have suggested there is a similarity between the official profile and the metadata available within the evaluated VGI systems. In general, the foregoing results have indicated the need of further studies on assessing VGI content for several purposes, especially on those relative to official database updating, because this volunteered information could promote social, economic and political development of certain regions in which there are not updated geoinformation available, like occurs in Brazil

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as discussões contemporâneas advindas da teoria da visualização cartográfica, com ênfase na elaboração dos signos gráficos utilizados em mapas analógicos. Para tanto, buscamos fazer apontamentos sobre as etapas no desenvolvimento do projeto cartográfico, valendo-nos, sobretudo, de parâmetros da semiótica de extração peirceana. Por intermédio da aplicação da leitura semiótica em mapas topográficos e sinóticos apresentaremos as particularidades das estratégias de cada produto, a fim de se mostrar uma alternativa aos autores de mapa para a elaboração de signos gráficos mais eficazes para cada tipo de usuário. Compararemos, também, as perspectivas existentes sobre as teorias do conhecimento, apontando novas questões a serem pensadas sobre o processo de construção da informação espacial adquirida dos mapas. This paper aims at composing a reflexive approach of contemporary discussions, arising from the theory of cartographic visualization, with emphasis on the issues of construction of signs used in paper maps. To make it, we tried to combine the MacEachren (1994a & 1995) and Slocum (1999) discussions about map design steps; specially those linked with the Peirce semiotic extraction parameters. Through the application of semiotic reading of topographic and synoptic maps, the particular issues related to the strategies of each cartographic product studied will be shown in order to present an alternative way to map makers in the tasks of construction of more effective signs to different kind of map users. There will be comparison between the perspectives related to the theories of knowledge pointing at new issues in the way of the process of construction of spatial information through maps.