Search

The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in education systems worldwide. The suspension of face-to-face lectures and clinical placements directly impacted nursing students’ learning. This study aimed to identify the perceptions and representations of senior nursing students about the transition to professional life during the COVID-19 pandemic. This descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study used a web-based survey from a convenience sample of 162 senior nursing students, from nine different nursing schools. Data collection was carried out in the second quarter of 2020. Male students have more negative representations related to training (p = 0.048); working students have a better perspective of professional integration (p = 0.038); students who are in a relationship have a more positive perception of interaction with patients (p = 0.047); those who have already defined a service of choice have less insecurity and less fear of making mistakes (p = 0.043). Those who report anxiety about their first place of work have more negative representations about the future in other professional dimensions. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a frequent concern among students. However, it is a dimension that does not negatively contaminate other representations about the professional future. Overall, students showed concerns regarding their performance in providing direct care to the patient and lived up to their fellow nurses’ expectations.

This article examines negotiations of identity and belonging within the context of Portuguese emigrant descendants’ return to Portugal. Findings are based on semistructured interviews with 42 individuals from two source countries: Canada and France. Empirical analysis focuses on the individual’s sense of self as defined by their post-diasporic lives, delving into processes of identity negotiations and breaking down the construction of a sense of belonging. Results reveal that processes of integration frequently hold obstacles derived from clashes with Portuguese society’s ways of being and acting. Disillusionment with the ‘inner workings’ of Portuguese society and disenchantment brought about by social differentiation and the not always warm welcome on the part of the local population lead returnees to become more aware of their ‘dual allegiances’. The ‘hyphen’ many returned to Portugal thinking they would finally do away with, in the end, ends up becoming just as accentuated at it was in the pre-return.

From the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, increased globalisation, development and modernization led to the return of numerous Portuguese migrant descendants back to Portugal. From the mid-2000s onwards, however, owing to the economic crisis that hit Portugal, many individuals once again become mobile, either re-returning to the countries they came from, or opting to twice migrate to a third country.This article looks at the stories, experiences and expressed opinions of six migrant descendant returnees from Canada who re-returned or twice migrated from Portugal. Via the examination of narratives collected through in-depth interviews and casual conversations from 2008 to 2015, the article first sets out to observe the issues of attraction to and settlement in Portugal, and to discuss processes of integration into Portuguese society. Secondly, acts of re-return/twice migration will be examined, with discussion centering on the impacts of the recent economic crisis. Thirdly, the transnational resources possessed by participants when re-returning or moving to another country will be analysed.The study’s results reveal that although initial acts of return were, above all, acts of self-discovery, emigrants integrated cautiously, always maintaining transnational links ready to be activated in case further mobility became necessary.

In Europe 20% of the working population is somehow involved in shift work. Studies show that it can have a negative impact on workers' health and well-being, with direct consequences on performance...

Heart disease includes a variety of diseases, conditions, and disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels [1]. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is a short-term Ventricular Assist De...

International audience; Molecular mimicry is an essential part of the development of drugs and molecular probes. In the chemical glycobiology field, although many glycomimetics have been developed in the past years, it has been considered that many failures in their use are related to the lack of the anomeric effects in these analogues. Additionally, the origin of the anomeric effects is still the subject of virulent scientific debates. Herein, by combining chemical synthesis, NMR methods, and theoretical calculations, we show that it is possible to restore the anomeric effect for an acetal when replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a CF2 group. This result provides key findings in chemical sciences. On the one hand, it strongly suggests the key relevance of the stereoelectronic component of the anomeric effect. On the other hand, the CF2 analogue adopts the natural glycoside conformation, which might provide new avenues for sugar-based drug design. Molecular mimicry is an essential part of the development of drugs and molecular probes. In the chemical glycobiology field, although many glycomimetics have been developed in the past years, it has been considered that many failures in their use are related to the lack of the anomeric effects in these analogues. Additionally, the origin of the anomeric effects is still the subject of virulent scientific debates. Herein, by combining chemical synthesis, NMR methods, and theoretical calculations, we show that it is possible to restore the anomeric effect for an acetal when replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a CF2 group. This result provides key findings in chemical sciences. On the one hand, it strongly suggests the key relevance of the stereoelectronic component of the anomeric effect. On the other hand, the CF2 analogue adopts the natural glycoside conformation, which might provide new avenues for sugar-based drug design.

Where is CO2 ? The intermolecular interactions of [C4 mim]BF4 and [C4 mim]PF6 ionic liquids and CO2 have been determined by high-pressure NMR spectroscopy in combination with molecular dynamic simulations. The anion and the cation are both engaged in interactions with CO2 . A detailed picture of CO2 solvation in these ILs is provided. CO2 solubility is essentially determined by the microscopic structure of the IL.

Intramolecular cyclization via nitrenium ion of 2-phenylpentanoic/2-phenylbutanoic acid esters with a terminal p-azidophenyl group gives direct access to tetrahydronaphthalene lignan esters. The p-azidophenyl-substituted butanoate led to an ethyl spirodienone carboxylate, while its homologue pentanoate gave ethyl 4-(4-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylate in good yield. In contrast, the m-azidophenyl-substituted esters suffered aromatic nucleophilic addition of trifluoromethanesulfonate. X-ray crystallography established unequivocally the end products structure, and density functional theory studies were performed to rationalize the cyclization outcome. Reaction intermediates and end products were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit in vitro growth of the cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer), NCI-H460 (lung cancer), SF-268 (CNS cancer), and UACC-62 (melanoma). Growth inhibition of breast, lung, and CNS cancer cell lines was observed with the spirodienone carboxylate, the m-nitrophenylalkyl iodides, and p-phenyl-substituted elongated ethyl esters, namely, the p-nitrophenylpentanoate and p-aminophenylbutanoate, with the latter being also effective on the melanoma cell line.

The article analyses the insertion and visibility strategies adapted by Brazilians in Portugal, giving a ‘privileged’ voice to Brazilian association leaders and key informants tied to these organizations. The findings presented are the result of twenty-three in-depth interviews with representatives of sixteen associations, as well as information gathered through informal conversations with association members and volunteers, and through participant observation. The paper sets out to scrutinize two key questions. How do Brazilians perceive group differentiation and stereotyping, and how do these variables impede insertion and acceptance on the part of Portuguese society? What integration and visibility tactics are adapted by Brazilian collective organizations in order to facilitate community insertion?

The article analyzes the pre-return desires and preparatory steps of the descendants of Portuguese immigrants in Canada who have returned to Portugal. Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out from June 2008 to May 2011 in Portugal, the study draws from the narratives of twenty returnees, scrutinizing home-country/host-country interactions and negotiations, the maintenance of ancestral homeland contacts, and network building. I analyze how these are sustained via family, community, technology, and return visits. I show that, even though these descendants drew their return aspirations from both close diasporic proximity (in Canada) and faraway locations (in Portugal), the factors that induced a “return” mobility were seldom uniform among the participants. The article thus sets out to discuss the influences and motivations that created feelings of belonging and spiritual proximity to a land, a society, and a lifestyle that, in some cases, were highly valued and often glorified right from an early age within the collective settings of family and diasporic community and, in others, constructed individually at later stages through self-searching mechanisms.

5a-Difluoro-5a-carbamannopyranose ( gem -difluoro-carbamannopyranose) and 5a-difluoro-5a-carbagalactopyranose ( gem -difluoro-carbagalactopyranose), close congeners of their respective natural sugars, in which the endocyclic oxygen atom has been replaced by a gem -difluoromethylene group, were synthesized from d -mannose and d -galactose, using a rearrangement strategy.

2-O-Acyl protected-d-ribo-3-uloses reacted with [(ethoxycarbonyl)methylene]triphenylphosphorane in acetonitrile to afford regio- and stereoselectively 2-(Z)-alkenes in 10–60 min under microwave irradiation. This domino reaction is proposed to proceed via tautomerization of 3-ulose to enol, acyl migration, tautomerization to the 3-O-acyl-2-ulose, and Wittig reaction. Alternatively, in chloroform, regioselective 3-olefination of 2-O-pivaloyl-3-uloses gave (E)-alkenes, key precursors for the miharamycins’ bicyclic sugar moiety.

International audience; Sugar function, structure and dynamics are intricately correlated. Ring flexibility is intrinsically related to biological activity; actually plasticity in L-iduronic rings modulates their interactions with biological receptors. However, the access to the experimental values of the energy barriers and free-energy difference for conformer interconversion in water solution has been elusive. Here, a new generation of fluorine-containing glycomimetics is presented. We have applied a combination of organic synthesis, NMR spectroscopy and computational methods to investigate the conformational behaviour of idose- and glucose-like rings. We have used low-temperature NMR spectroscopic experiments to slow down the conformational exchange of the idose-like rings. Under these conditions, the exchange rate becomes slow in the (FNMR)-F-19 spectroscopic chemical shift timescale and allows shedding light on the thermodynamic and kinetic features of the equilibrium. Despite the minimal structural differences between these compounds, a remarkable difference in their dynamic behaviour indeed occurs. The importance of introducing fluorine atoms in these sugars mimics is also highlighted. Only the use of (FNMR)-F-19 spectroscopic experiments has permitted the unveiling of key features of the conformational equilibrium that would have otherwise remained unobserved.

The human macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) is a key physiological receptor for the carcinoma-associated Tn antigen (GalNAc-α-1-O-Ser/Thr) in mucins. NMR and modeling-based data on the molecular recognition features of synthetic Tn-bearing glycopeptides by MGL are presented. Cognate epitopes on the sugar and matching key amino acids involved in the interaction were identified by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Only the amino acids close to the glycosylation site in the peptides are involved in lectin contact. Moreover, control experiments with non-glycosylated MUC1 peptides unequivocally showed that the sugar residue is essential for MGL binding, as is Ca(2+) . NMR data were complemented with molecular dynamics simulations and Corcema-ST to establish a 3D view on the molecular recognition process between Gal, GalNAc, and the Tn-presenting glycopeptides and MGL. Gal and GalNAc have a dual binding mode with opposite trend of the main interaction pattern and the differences in affinity can be explained by additional hydrogen bonds and CH-π contacts involving exclusively the NHAc moiety.

As equações diferenciais desempenham um papel muito importante na engenharia e nas ciências exatas. Muitos problemas conduzem a uma ou várias equações diferenciais que deverão ser resolvidas. O tipo de problemas que podem ser analisados com maior facilidade são os sistemas que conduzem a equações lineares. A partir da segunda parte do século XX, com o rápido desenvolvimento dos computadores, tem sido possível resolver problemas não-lineares usando métodos numéricos. Os sistemas não lineares permitem estudar muitos fenómenos interessantes que não aparecem em sistemas lineares. Com o estudo dos sistemas não lineares têm ganho popularidade uma nova abordagem das equações diferenciais, que dá mais importância à análise geométrica e menos importância às técnicas analíticas de resolução. Muitos dos conceitos utilizados, como o espaço de fase, são uma generalização dos métodos utilizados na dinâmica para estudar o movimento de um sistema; Ordinary Di erential Equations and the Magnetic Pendulum Abstract: Di erential equations play a very important role in engineering and the hard sciences. Many problems lead to one or more di erential equations to be solved. The type of problems that can be analyzed more easily are the systems that lead to linear equations. From the second part of the twentieth century, with the rapid development of computers, it has been possible to solve nonlinear problems using numerical methods. Nonlinear systems allow to study many interesting phenomena that do not appear in linear systems. With the study of nonlinear systems a new approach to di erential equations has gained popularity, which gives more importance to geometric analysis and less importance to the resolution of analytical techniques. Many of the concepts used, as the phase space, are a generalization of methods used to study the dynamic motion of a system.

This working paper presents an overview of recent literature on the theme of return migration, with particularly emphasis on works of relevance to our understanding of this topic in a contemporary Portuguese migration context. The discussion integrates insights and perspectives from empirically-informed studies with more long-standing theoretical ideas relating to return migration utilizing the idea of ‘generation’. Added to this is emphasis upon the role of social ties in understanding return migration, in particular family relationships, as well as an appreciation of the mythological dimension of the drivers behind return population flows. Also highlighted is a lack of consideration of structural factors in studies, most prominently socio-economic change, a factor which has special significance for present day return migrants in the Portuguese context.

(+)-MK7607 is a patented naturally occurring unsaturated pseudo-carbasugar possessing herbicidal activity. We present herein the first synthesis of the 5-fluorinated analogue (1S, 2S, 3R, 4R)-5-fluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,3,4-tetrol as well as that of two related compounds, namely its 1-epimer and its 6-deoxy derivative.

Part 1: Introduction 1. Contested Spatialities of Lifestyle Migration: Approaches and Research Questions Michael Janoschka and Heiko Haas Part 2: Conflicts and Frictions in Paradise 2. The Gendered Spatialities of Lifestyle Migration Sheila Croucher 3. Marrakesh Medina. Neocolonial Paradise of Lifestyle Migrants? Anton Escher and Sandra Petermann 4. Territorial Disposession and Indigenous Rearticulation in the Chapala Lakeshore Santiago Bastos 5. Lifestyle Migrants in Spain: Contested Realities of Political Participation Michael Janoschka and Rafael Duran Part 3: Conceptual Perspectives on Lifestyle Migration and Residential Tourism 6. Lifestyle migrants, the Linguistic Landscape and the Politics of Place Kate Torkington 7. Utopian Lifestyle Migrants in Pucon, Chile: Innovating Social Life and Challenging Capitalism Hugo Marcelo Zunino and Rodrigo Hidalgo Dattwyler 8. Quest migrants: French people in Morocco Searching for 'Elsewhereness' Catherine Therrien 9. Second Home Expansion in Portugal: Spatial Features and Impacts Maria de Nazare Oliveira Roca, Zoran Roca and Luis Costa Part 4: Emerging geographies of Lifestyle Migration and Residential Tourism 10. Contested realities and economic circumstances: British later-life migrants in Malaysia.Paul Green 11. Russian Second Home Owners in Eastern Finland: Involvement in the local community Olga Lipkina and C. Michael Hall 12. Lifestyle Migrants in Central Portugal: Strategies of Settlement and Socialization Joao Sardinha 13. 'Living apart together' in Franschhoek, South Africa' The implications of second-home development for equitable and sustainable development Sanne van Laar, Ine Cottyn, Ronnie Donaldson, Annelies Zoomers and Sanette Ferreira Part 5: Epilogue 14. Final reflections and future research agendas

Prion protein (PrP(C)) biosynthesis involves a multi-step process that includes translation and post-translational modifications. While PrP has been widely investigated, for the homolog Doppel (Dpl), limited knowledge is available. In this study, we focused on a vital step of eukaryotic protein biosynthesis: targeting by the signal recognition particle (SRP). Taking the ovine Dpl (OvDpl(1-30)) peptide as a template, we studied its behavior in two different hydrophobic environments using CD and NMR spectroscopy. In both trifluoroethanol (TFE) and dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DHPC), the OvDpl(1-30) peptide revealed to fold in an alpha-helical conformation with a well-defined central region extending from residue Cys8 until Ser22. The NMR structure was subsequently included in a computational docking complex with the conserved M-domain of SRP54 protein (SRP54M), and further compared with the N-terminal structures of mouse Dpl and bovine PrP(C) proteins. This allowed the determination of (i) common predicted N-terminal/SRP54M polar contacts (Asp331, Gln335, Glu365 and Lys432) and (ii) different N-C orientations between prion and Dpl peptides at the SRP54M hydrophobic groove, that are in agreement with each peptide electrostatic potential. Together, these findings provide new insights into the biosynthesis of prion-like proteins. Besides they also show the role of protein conformational switches in signalization toward the endoplasmic membrane, a key event of major significance in the cell cycle. They are thus of general applicability to the study of the biological function of prion-like as well as other proteins.

O presente artigo analisa os modos como os descendentes de imigrantes portugueses no Canadá, tendo crescido neste país mas sob a influência das suas raízes portuguesas, concebem, formulam e negociam as suas identidades por meio dos desportos favoritos dos dois países a que estão ligados – o futebol, no caso de Portugal; o hóquei no gelo, no caso do Canadá. As conclusões apresentadas baseiam-se em dados empíricos recolhidos mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas e conversas informais com luso-descendentes durante um período de trabalho de campo que decorreu entre 2 de outubro e 5 de novembro de 2009 nas cidades canadianas de Toronto, Otava-Gatineau e Montreal. This paper examines the ways descendants of Portuguese immigrants in Canada, raised under the shroud of their ­Portugal ancestry, contemplate, formulate and negotiate their identities via the two primary sporting pastimes of the two countries: soccer, in the case of Portugal; ice hockey, in the case of Canada. The findings presented in this article are based on empirical data collected through semis-structured interviews and casual conversations with Portuguese-Canadian descendants during a fieldwork period that took place from October 2nd to November 5th of 2009 in the Canadian cities of Toronto, Ottawa-Gatineau and Montreal.

Non-catalytic cellulosomal CBMs (carbohydrate-binding modules) are responsible for increasing the catalytic efficiency of cellulosic enzymes by selectively putting the substrate (a wide range of poly- and oligo-saccharides) and enzyme into close contact. In the present study we carried out an atomistic rationalization of the molecular determinants of ligand specificity for a family 11 CBM from thermophilic Clostridium thermocellum [CtCBM11 (C. thermocellum CBM11)], based on a NMR and molecular modelling approach. We have determined the NMR solution structure of CtCBM11 at 25°C and 50°C and derived information on the residues of the protein that are involved in ligand recognition and on the influence of the length of the saccharide chain on binding. We obtained models of the CtCBM11–cellohexaose and CtCBM11–cellotetraose complexes by docking in accordance with the NMR experimental data. Specific ligand–protein CH-π and Van der Waals interactions were found to be determinant for the stability of the complexes and for defining specificity. Using the order parameters derived from backbone dynamics analysis in the presence and absence of ligand and at 25°C and 50°C, we determined that the protein's backbone conformational entropy is slightly positive. This data in combination with the negative binding entropy calculated from ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) studies supports a selection mechanism where a rigid protein selects a defined oligosaccharide conformation.

Background The impact of prion proteins in the rules that dictate biological reproduction is still poorly understood. Likewise, the role of prnt gene, encoding the prion-like protein testis specific (Prt), in ram reproductive physiology remains largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of Prt in ovine fertilization by using an anti-Prt antibody (APPA) in fertilization medium incubated with spermatozoa and oocytes. Moreover, a computational model was constructed to infer how the results obtained could be related to a hypothetical role for Prt in sperm-zona pellucida (ZP) binding. Methods Mature ovine oocytes were transferred to fertilization medium alone (control) or supplemented with APPA, or pre-immune serum (CSerum). Oocytes were inseminated with ovine spermatozoa and after 18 h, presumptive zygotes (n = 142) were fixed to evaluate fertilization rates or transferred (n = 374) for embryo culture until D6-7. Predicted ovine Prt tertiary structure was compared with data obtained by circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and a protein-protein computational docking model was estimated for a hypothetical Prt/ZP interaction. Results The fertilizing rate was lower (P = 0.006) in APPA group (46.0+/−6.79%) when compared to control (78.5+/−7.47%) and CSerum (64.5+/−6.65%) groups. In addition, the cleavage rate was higher (P Conclusions Our data indicates that the presence of APPA reduces the number of fertilized oocytes and of cleaved embryos. Moreover, the CD analysis data reinforces the predicted ovine Prt trend towards an alpha-helical structure. Predicted protein-protein docking suggests a possible interaction between Prt and ZP, thus supporting an important role for Prt in ovine fertilization.

The interaction between imidazolium cations and coordinating anions is investigated through the anion-templated assembly of interpenetrated and interlocked structures. The orientation of the imidazolium motif with respect to anion binding, and hence the hydrogen bond donor arrangement, was varied in acyclic receptors, interpenetrated assemblies, and the first mono-imidazolium interlocked systems. Their anion recognition properties and co-conformations were studied by solution-phase 1H NMR investigations, solid-state structures, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. Our findings suggest that the imidazolium-anion binding interaction is dominated by electrostatics with hydrogen-bonding contributions having weak orientational dependence. Imidazolium interpenetrated and interlocked assemblies: The interaction between imidazolium cations and coordinating anions is investigated through the anion-templated assembly of interpenetrated and interlocked structures. The orientation of the imidazolium motif with respect to anion binding was varied (see picture) and the anion recognition properties and co-conformations of these systems were studied by solution-phase, solid-state and computational investigations. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

This paper examines the ways the descendents of Portuguese-Canadian immigrants contemplate and formulate their identities. Through qualitative, open-ended interviews, the research demonstrates how these individuals contest ideas of ‘being Portuguese’ and ‘being Canadian’ within the frameworks of the Canadian multicultural policy. Refusing to be positioned outside the nation and Anglo/Francophone conformity, these individuals produce their own meanings of identity by working through their own personally identified multiethnic bodies to the national body politic, where some of them see their own selves as intrinsically ‘multicultural’ and contributors to the very definition of a Canadian identity. Challenging the tropes of the Canadian multicultural narrative, these descendents, thus, develop nuanced models of cultural citizenship, illustrating that national identities are formed and transformed in relation to representation. Through the process of narrative analysis, my endeavour of this article are twofold: on one hand, to illuminate the role of these individuals who, as active actors, are shaped by the social worlds they delve in and, on the other, to explicate how the roles played out by these actors can contribute to the construction of ‘a Canadian identity’.

The article explores the integration and identity constructions of Angolans in Portugal as perceived by Angolan association leaders in the host country. The findings are the result of multi-sited ethnographic research and in-depth, semi-structured interviews carried out in Portugal during a four year period (a first phase in 2004–2005 with further follow-up periods in 2006 and 2007) with leaders of Angolan associations. Set within the frameworks of identification and integration concepts, the article starts by theoretically examining and reviewing these topics. The second part of the text is dedicated to the revision of Portuguese/Angolan relations through time, aiming to shed light on how centuries of contact between the two countries divided Angolan society, leading to the creation of Angolan sub-communities as is very much evident in the migratory waves of Angolans to Portugal. In the third part, the empirical analysis, the author first analyses host/guest cultural differentiation and host-society acceptance. In addition, strategies of integration and identity as preferred and adopted by the Angolan community in Portugal are examined. The author argues that, despite the 500 years of a turbulent relationship with Portugal and Portuguese culture, Angolans in Portugal feel that centuries of contact have left a cultural imprint on their identity. As a result, in the present day, these Angolans do not see themselves as Angolans exclusively, but are instead a hybridity of cultural references drawn from both their Angolan and Portuguese worlds, propagating that this is a process containing very positive aspects., U članku se istražuju integracija i izgradnja identiteta Angolaca u Portugalu onako kako to vide voditelji angolskih udruženja u zemlji primitka. Nalazi su rezultat multilokacijskoga etnografskog istraživanja i dubinskih, polustrukturiranih intervjua vođenih u Portugalu tijekom četverogodišnjeg razdoblja (prva faza od 2004. do 2005. te tijekom 2006. i 2007.) s voditeljima angolskih udruženja. Postavljen unutar okvira identifikacijskih i integracijskih koncepata, članak počinje njihovim teorijskim propitivanjem i pregledom. U drugom dijelu daje se revizija portugalsko-angolskih odnosa tijekom vremena, čiji je cilj objasniti kako su stoljeća dodira između dviju zemalja podijelila angolsko društvo i dovela do stvaranja angolskih podzajednica, što je posebice vidljivo u migracijskim valovima Angolaca u Portugal. U trećem dijelu, empirijskoj analizi, autor najprije analizira kulturne različitosti između zemlje podrijetla i zemlje primitka te kako društvo zemlje primitka prihvaća doseljenike. Nakon toga istražuje strategije integracije i identiteta kojima angolska zajednica u Portugalu daje prednost i koje je usvojila. Zaključuje da usprkos petsto godina turbulentnih odnosa s Portugalom i portugalskom kulturom, Angolci u Portugalu osjećaju da su stoljeća dodira ostavila kulturni biljeg na njihov identitet. Posljedica je toga da danas Angolci ne vide sebe isključivo kao Angolce, nego su hibrid kulturnih odnosa proizašlih i iz angolskoga i portugalskog svijeta. Autor smatra da je to proces s vrlo pozitivnim aspektima., O artigo explora a integração e a construções de identidades de angolanos em Portugal recorrendo às perspectivas expressas por líderes de associações angolanas presentes no país de acolhimento. Os resultados apresentados resultam de uma pesquisa etnográfica multi-situada, recorrendo a entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas em Portugal durante um período de quatro anos,(um primeiro período decorreu entre 2004-2005, a que se seguiram fases de aprofundamento entre 2006 e 2007) com liders de associações angolanas. A argumentação recorre aos conceitos fundamentais de identificação e integração, que serão teoricamente examinados e debatidos no início deste artigo. Uma segunda parte do texto é dedicada a uma breve revisão das relações Portugal/Angola em termos temporais, tendo por objectivo dar a conhecer como os seculos de contacto entre os dois países dividiu a sociedade angolana, conduzindo à criação de sub-comunidades angolanas evidente nos fluxos migratórios para Portugal. Na terceira parte, a análise empírica, pretende-se, em primeiro lugar, analisar as diferenciações culturais bem como os processos de acceitação por parte da sociedade anfitriã. Em segundo lugar, avalia-se as estratégias identitárias e de integração adoptadas pela comunidade angolana em Portugal. Argumenta-se que apesar dos 500 anos de uma relação turbulenta com Portugal e com a cultura portuguesa, os angolanos em Portugal sentem que os séculos do contacto deixaram uma marca cultural na identidade angolana. Em consequência, os angolanos em Portugal hoje em dia não se vêem exclusivamente como angolanos, mas antes um resultado algo híbrido de referências culturais angolanas e portuguesas, propagando que este é um processo com aspectos positivos.

Vor dem Hintergrund der jungsten Einwanderungswellen nach Portugal musste der portugiesische Staat reagieren, nicht nur auf das Ankommen dieser auslandischen Gruppen, sondern auch hinsichtlich ihrer Integration und Teilhabe an der portugiesischen Gesellschaft. Daher wurden seit den fruhen 1990er Jahren wichtige Schritte zur Entwicklung von Richtlinien und institutionellen Instrumenten unternommen, um Burgerbeteiligung von Immigranten nicht nur auf nationaler, sondern auch auf lokaler Ebene zu fordern. Auserdem hat die Ansiedlung von Immigrantengruppen in Portugal dazu gefuhrt, dass diese Migrantengruppen wichtige Schritte hin zur kollektiven Interessenmobilisierung unternommen haben, vor allem durch die Grundung von Interessenverbanden. Unter Berucksichtigung dieser beiden Punkte ergeben sich die beiden wesentlichen Ziele dieses Artikels. Erstens soll ein Einblick in die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Moglichkeiten der Migrantenmobilisierung und den verschiedenen gesetzlichen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen gegeben werden, die von lokalen und nationalen Regierungsbehorden entwickelt wurden und die auf die Integration von Immigrantengemeinschaften abzielen. Zweitens werden die den Migrantenorganisationen eroffneten Moglichkeiten sowie deren Lobby-Taktiken untersucht.

The preferential binding of anions and cations in aqueous solutions of the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4mim](+)) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C2mim](+)) chloride and dicyanamide (dca(-)) with the small alpha-helical protein Im7 was investigated using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our results show that direct ion interactions are crucial to understand the effects of ILs on the stability of proteins and that an anion effect is dominant. We show that the binding of weakly hydrated anions to positively charged or polar residues leads to the partial dehydration of the backbone groups, and is critical to control stability, explaining why dca(-) is more denaturing than Cl(-). Direct cation-protein interactions also mediate stability; cation size and hydrophobicity are relevant to account for destabilisation as shown by the effect of [C4mim](+) compared to [C2mim](+). The specificity in the interaction of IL ions with protein residues established by weak favourable interactions is confirmed by NMR chemical shift perturbation, amide hydrogen exchange data and MD simulations. Differences in specificity are due to the balance of interaction established between ion pairs and ion-solvent that determine the type of residues affected. When the interaction of both cation and anion with the protein is strong the net result is similar to a non-specific interaction, leading ultimately to unfolding. Since the nature of the ions is a determinant of the level of interaction with the protein towards denaturation or stabilisation, ILs offer a unique possibility to modulate protein stabilisation or even folding events.

A new [2]rotaxane host system containing nitro-isophthalamide macrocycle and polyether functionalised pyridinium axle components is prepared via clipping and stoppering synthetic methodologies using chloride anion templation. After removing the chloride anion template, (1)H NMR titration experiments reveal the unique interlocked host cavity to be highly selective for binding chloride and bromide in preference to basic oxoanions in competitive aqueous solvent mixtures. The rotaxane host system proved to be a superior anion complexant in comparison to the individual macrocycle and axle components. The anion binding affinity of the novel rotaxane is also investigated via molecular dynamics simulations and in general the structural data obtained corroborates the experimental solution anion recognition behaviour.