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The non-material aspects of nature are frequently the most socially valued and demanded nature’s contributions to people (NCP). This is because non-material NCP often lay the foundations of key human well-being dimensions such as identities, experiences, and capabilities. Yet, while research on material NCP such as food and water abound, studies of non-material NCP are relatively scarce. This research gap results in a limited understanding of the relationships between non-material NCP and human well-being, especially in the marine and coastal environment. To understand the relationships between non-material NCP and subjective human well-being, we surveyed 453 users of Litoral Norte—a multiple-use marine protected area in Portugal. Our survey included 16 statement indicators reflecting theoretical constructs of subjective well-being. Using factor analysis, we found that subjective well-being derived from relating to, interacting with, and experiencing marine and coastal sites can be grouped into four interpretable cultural dimensions of well-being. These dimensions are ‘engagement with nature & health’, ‘sense of place’, ‘solitude in nature’, and ‘spirituality’. We also found statistically significant differences in reported levels of the four dimensions of well-being. Reported levels of well-being varied with interviewees’ socio-economic characteristics and environmental behaviour. Our findings offer interesting insights for marine conservation practice and policy that aims to foster both biodiversity and human well-being.

Este artículo contiene 1 página, 1 tabla, 1 figura y 1 apéndice con una tabla., Marine Recreational Fishing (MRF) is an important activity in Europe, with 9 million fishers and generating annually € 6 billion in direct expenditures. However, there is a lack of data and understanding of MRF in Europe, particularly in Southern countries, which prevents a number of fish stocks from being effectively assessed and managed. In November 2016, a participatory workshop on MRF was held in Vigo (Spain) to identify challenges and opportunities for data collection, and to diagnose key research gaps and management issues for MRF in the Southern European Atlantic. Experts from a wide range of disciplines (researchers, policy makers, fisheries managers and commercial and recreational fishers) highlighted that the management of MRF is a challenge due to complex and dispersed legal frameworks, with multiple administrations involved, and overlapping uses of space with commercial fishing, aquaculture, navigation and tourism, among others. The lack of strong and representative fishing associations hampers research and management initiatives. Effective communication between recreational fishers, researchers and fisheries managers is also lacking. Despite the ecological, social and economic relevance of MRF, there is no systematic and comprehensive collection of information on fishing effort, recreational catches, expenses, social profile and access conditions of European recreational fishers. These data would be useful to avoid biases in the assessment of recreational fisheries due to the great diversity of ecosystems, species and typologies of users. Strategic recommendations and research priorities were also identified to address knowledge gaps and are discussed in the context of the management of MRF across Europe., The 1st Workshop on Recreational Fishing on the Iberian Atlantic Coast was co-convened by the Federación Gallega de Pesca Marítima Responsible y Náutica de Recreo, WWF-Spain, the Federación Gallega de Actividades Subacuáticas, the International Forum for Sustainable Underwater Activities and the Universities of Santiago de Compostela, Minho and Aveiro. The workshop was also supported by the Confederación Española de Pesca Recreativa Responsible, the Federación Galega de Confrarías de Pescadores and the Autonomous Government of Galicia. The workshop was funded by the Autonomous Government of Galicia, RECREGES project under Grant [ED481B2014/034-0], by the conveners and through financial contributions of Baitra Accesorios Navales, Disvent Ingenieros, Jesús Betanzos Efectos Navales, Talleres Franinox and Yamaha. CP would also like to acknowledge FCT/MEC national funds and FEDER co-funding, within the PT2020 partnership Agreement and Compete 2020, for the financial support to CESAM, under Grant [UID/AMB/50017/2013].

Identifying socio-economic drivers of small-scale fisheries is a fundamental step to understand impacts and pressures on fishery resources, and the behaviour of seafood trade actors. It is especially relevant for developing countries where such information is usually lacking and fisheries management is greatly needed. To address this gap, this study maps the structure of value chains of fish and marine invertebrates caught by small-scale fisheries from Sao Vicente, Cape Verde (West Africa), and examines the main socio-economic drivers behind the seafood trade on the island. Specifically, it shows how drivers, such as tourism and the local market, shape the preferences for certain species and how they affect the distribution of income among actors involved in the seafood trade. To collect this information, interviews were done with fishers, small-scale traders, market vendors, and restaurant owners, in all fishing communities of the island of Sao Vicente, in 2015. Tourism and the local market drive the exploitation of a wide variety of marine species, from small demersal low trophic level fish and marine invertebrates, to large pelagic high trophic level fish species. Moreover, the local seafood market, and especially tourism dynamics, contribute to the unequal distribution of income among actor groups, benefiting mostly restaurant owners due to their direct access to tourist consumers. Such findings have implications for local fishery resources management, food security, and fishing communities’ livelihoods.

The key findings and key messages from the regional assessment for Europe and Central Asia of the interlinkages between health and biodiversity are given in this background paper, as an overview of the main conclusions in this field. In addition, this paper highlights the links between biodiversity and health at various spatial and temporal scales, further elabo-rated upon in a diversity of cases. These cases, ranging from issues around microbiota, Asian bush mosquitos, forest and marine ecosystems, and biodiversity and health issues at a national scale, emphasise not only the diverse range of ways by which biodiversity can have an impact on health and social well-being, but also the importance of integrating the issue of biodiversity and health into our efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The first case on microbial biodiversity is directly linked to human health issues, and is also expected to have implications for the next generation. The current invasion of the Asian bush mosquito in Europe impairs physical health as the mosquito is a vector of vari-ous pathogens. Both forest and marine biodiversity are shown to affect a combination of physical and mental health, as well as social wellbeing and the ‘OneHealth/EcoHealth’ ap-proach is described in the national case from as a transdisciplinary effort to implement ac-tions that promote adaptive health management across human, animal and ecosystem inter-faces. Nøkkelfunnene og -informasjonen fra den regionale vurderingen for Europa og Sentral-Asia av sammenhenger mellom helse og biologisk mangfold er gjengitt i denne bakgrunnsrapporten som en oversikt over nåværende kunnskapsstatus på dette forskningsfeltet. Rapporten gir også de viktigste funnene om sammenhengen mellom biodi-versitet og helse i ulike romlige og tidsmessige skalaer, eksemplifisert i ulike studier. Studi-ene, som spenner fra problemstillinger tilknyttet mikrobiota, asiatiske buskmygg, skogs- og marine økosystemer og biologisk mangfold og helseproblemer på en nasjonal skala, legger ikke bare vekt på den mangfoldige måten som biologisk mangfold kan påvirke helse og so-sial velvære på, men også viktigheten av å integrere problemstillingen i vårt arbeid for å mø-te bærekrafts-målene innen 2030. Studien om mangfoldet av mikrober er direkte tilknyttet helseproblematikk som også vil påvirke senere generasjoner. Den nåværende invasjonen av den asiatiske myggen Aedes japonicus i Europa forringer fysisk helse fordi myggen er en vektor for ulike patogener. Både skogs- og marinbiologisk mangfold påvirker en kombina-sjon av fysisk og psykisk helse, så vel som sosial velvære, og OneHealth/EcoHealth-tilnærmingen er adressert i den nasjonale studien fra Belgia.

Villasante, S. ... et al.-- 9 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, supplementary data http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.05.008, This paper investigates the impact of the European Union landing obligation in the Galician (North West of Spain) multispecies small-scale gillnet fishery. By combining results from semi-structured interviews with small-scale fishers and a bioeconomic model, we found that the percentage of discards for small-scale fisheries is usually low, which is consistent with general empirical observations globally but can be high when quotas are exhausted. Our results also confirm that the landing obligation would generate negative impacts on fishers' activities by investing more time on-board to handle previously discarded fishes, and putting at risk the security of fishers at sea due to full use of allowable storage on-board coupled with often adverse sea conditions in Galician bays. The application of the landing obligation policy to small-scale fisheries would result in short- and long-term losses of fishing days and yields, with high negative impacts on sustainable fisheries such as the Galician multispecies small-scale gillnet fishery. The expected number of fishing days under the landing obligation is estimated to be reduced by 50% during the five years following the implementation of the policy. The future yield (catches) under the landing obligation would be only 50% of catches expected in the absence of the landing obligation, regardless of the total volume of quotas allocated to the fleet, The authors would also like to thank the financial support of the European Parliament (Grant N° IP/B/PECH/IC/2014-084). SV and MA thank financial support from the Galician Government (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia) (Grant N° GPC 2013-045). RS acknowledges the support of the Too Big to Ignore Partnership sponsored by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. JMDR and JGC thank the financial support from the European Commission (Grant N° MINOW H2020-SFS-2014-2, N° 634495) and Xunta de Galicia (Grant N° GRC 2015/014 and ECOBAS). CP and GJP acknowledge the financial support of Caixa Geral de Depósitos (Portugal) and the University of Aveiro. CP would also like to acknowledge FCT/MEC national funds and FEDER co-funding, within the PT2020 partnership Agreement and Compete 2020, for the financial support to CESAM (Grant N° UID/AMB/50017/2013).

Several factors affect the ability of small-scale fishers to secure their livelihoods. Particularly relevant is their capacity to sell their fish, receive remunerative prices, and add value to their catches. In general, catches from small-scale fisheries have a superior quality and freshness, but this does not always lead to better prices or higher demand. Too often, local fishing catches are not sufficiently differentiated in the market from those coming from imports, larger scale fisheries, aquaculture, or even from furtive fishing. This chapter focuses on strategies adopted by small-scale fishers to add value and improve the market penetration of their catches. These strategies must embrace a wide range of actors and issues. There is also a need to know whether the fishing resources available can cope with demand, or in what ways consumers’ preferences could be refocused on other marine species to make more efficient use of potential resources. This requires the contribution of a variety of scientists, ranging from the fields of natural sciences to economics and marketing, with social sciences also playing an important role. Consequently, transdisciplinary research in this area is needed in order to optimize the income of fishing families and make it easier for consumers to access locally caught fish. This chapter will also provide a practical example to illustrate transdisciplinary research to improve small-scale fisheries capacity for innovation in marketing being developed in Tenerife (Spain). These strategies involve collaborations between scientists, local government, and the industry to produce an innovative small-scale fisheries branding initiative.

The EU Blue Growth Agenda targets maritime economic activities that have the sea and the coasts as drivers. These activities are supported by marine Ecosystem Services (ES) in combination, or not, with abiotic outputs from the marine natural capital. This paper analyses Blue Growth activities with regards to the demand and supply of marine ES and Good Environmental Status (GES). The results show that marine provisioning ES support aquaculture and blue biotechnology, while blue energy is supported by marine provisioning ES and by abiotic provisioning, and abiotic provisioning supports extraction of marine mineral resources. Maritime, coastal and cruise tourism is supported by cultural marine ES and cultural settings dependent on marine abiotic structures. All these multi-sectoral economic activities depend on healthy marine and coastal ecosystems that are provided by regulating and maintenance ES combined with the abiotic regulation and maintenance by natural marine physical structures and processes. In order to balance concurrent sectoral interests and achieve sustainable use of marine resources there is the need to consider indicators for demand for ES, which are social and economically driven, and for the supply, which are dependent on ecosystems capacity to provide the required marine ES. Some of the actions foreseeing GES are already anticipated in legislation that underpin Blue Growth, whilst others could benefit from additional regulation, particularly in what concern the exploration and exploitation of marine mineral and biological resources. Blue Growth options require navigating trade-offs between economic, social and environmental aspects. © 2017 Elsevier Thanks are due, for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2013), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. The authors also thank the ICES Science Fund to the project ?Social transformations of marine social-ecological systems? and the European Commission (COST Action CA15217) ?Ocean Governance for Sustainability - challenges, options and the role of science?. SR was funded by FCT through a Post-doctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/102721/2014). Authors acknowledge the fruitful discussions during the meeting of the ICES Working Group on Resilience and Marine Ecosystem Services hold in Porto (Portugal) June 13?15th 2016.

16 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables.-- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, A growing concern is arising to recognize that ecosystem services (ES) production often requires the integration of non-natural capital with natural capital in a process known as coproduction. Several studies explore co-production in different terrestrial ecosystems, such as agriculture or water delivery, but less attention has been paid to marine ecosystems. Coastal activities such as aquaculture, shellfish harvesting, and small-scale fishing deliver important benefits for seafood provision, but are also inextricably linked to cultural and recreational ES. The degree to which co-production can determine the provision of ES in marine systems has yet not been explored. This paper addresses this key topic with an exploratory analysis of case studies where marine ES are co-produced. We look at five small-scale fisheries that range from intensive semi-aquaculture in Galicia (Spain), to wild harvesting in Northern Portugal, and discuss to what extent co-production influences ES delivery. We find that a direct relationship exists between co-production level and ES delivery in the case of provisioning ES (e.g., fish harvest), but not necessarily in the delivery of other ES. We also find that management practices and property regimes may be affecting trade-offs between co-production and ES, LO acknowledges the financial support from Xunta de Galicia I2C program through the Postdoctoral Project ED481B 2014/051-0. EO acknowledges funding from EU H2020 ERC Starting Grant project CLOCK (grant 679812) and Xunta de Galicia (Axuda complementaria aos beneficiarios do programa StG do Consello Europeo de Investigación). CP would also like to acknowledge FCT/ MEC national funds and FEDER co-funding, within the PT2020 partnership Agreement and Compete2020, for the financial support to CESAM (Grant No. UID/AMB/50017/ 2013). EC acknowledges the European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI, under Project POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013, for the financial support to CITAB. SV, GM, and CP acknowledge the financial support from the ICES Science Fund project ‘Social transformations of marine social-ecological systems

We compared and contrasted 11 European case studies to identify challenges and opportunities toward the operationalization of marine and coastal ecosystem service (MCES) assessments in Europe. This work is the output of a panel convened by the Marine Working Group of the Ecosystem Services Partnership in September 2016. The MCES assessments were used to (1) address multiple policy objectives simultaneously, (2) interpret EU-wide policies to smaller scales and (3) inform local decision-making. Most of the studies did inform decision makers, but only in a few cases, the outputs were applied or informed decision-making. Significant limitations among the 11 assessments were the absence of shared understanding of the ES concept, data and knowledge gaps, difficulties in accounting for marine social–ecological systems complexity and partial stakeholder involvement. The findings of the expert panel call for continuous involvement of MCES ‘end users’, integrated knowledge on marine social–ecological systems, defining thresholds to MCES use and raising awareness to the general public. Such improvements at the intersection of science, policy and practice are essential starting points toward building a stronger science foundation supporting management of European marine ecosystems.EDITED BY Sebastian Villasante

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) reflect peoples’ physical and cognitive interactions with nature and are increasingly recognised for providing non-material benefits to human societies. Whereas coasts, seas, and oceans sustain a great proportion of the human population, CES provided by these ecosystems have remained largely unexplored. Therefore, our aims were (1) to analyse the state of research on marine and coastal CES, (2) to identify knowledge gaps, and (3) to pinpoint research priorities and the way forward. To accomplish these objectives, we did a systematic review of the scientific literature and synthesised a subset of 72 peer-reviewed publications. Results show that research on marine and coastal CES is scarce compared to other ecosystem service categories. It is primarily focused on local and regional sociocultural or economic assessments of coastal ecosystems from Western Europe and North America. Such research bias narrows the understanding of social-ecological interactions to a western cultural setting, undermining the role of other worldviews in the understanding of a wide range of interactions between cultural practices and ecosystems worldwide. Additionally, we have identified clusters of co-occurring drivers of change affecting marine and coastal habitats and their CES. Our systematic review highlights knowledge gaps in: (1) the lack of integrated valuation assessments; (2) linking the contribution of CES benefits to human wellbeing; (3) assessing more subjective and intangible CES classes; (4) identifying the role of open-ocean and deep-sea areas in providing CES; and (5) understanding the role of non-natural capital in the co-production of marine and coastal CES. Research priorities should be aimed at filling these knowledge gaps. Overcoming such challenges can result in increased appreciation of marine and coastal CES, and more balanced decision-supporting mechanisms that will ultimately contribute to more sustainable interactions between humans and marine ecosystems. Fil: Garcia Rodrigues, João. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; España Fil: Conides, Alexis J.. Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters; Grecia Fil: Rivero Rodriguez, Susana. Centro Tecnológico del Mar; España Fil: Raicevich, Saša. National Research Council ; Italia. Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research; Italia Fil: Pita, Pablo. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; España. International Campus of Excellence; España Fil: Kleisner, Kristin M.. Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Estados Unidos Fil: Pita, Cristina. University of Aveiro; Portugal Fil: Lopes, Priscila F. M.. Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; Brasil Fil: Alonso Roldán, Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Ramos, Sandra S.. University of Porto; Portugal. University of Hull; Reino Unido Fil: Klaoudatos, Dimitris. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters; Grecia Fil: Outeiro, Luís. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; España Fil: Armstrong, Claire. University of Tromsø; Noruega Fil: Teneva, Lida. Center for Oceans, Conservation International; Estados Unidos Fil: Stefanski, Stephanie. Duke University; Estados Unidos Fil: Böhnke-Henrichs, Anne. Wageningen University; Países Bajos. Foundation for Sustainable Development; Países Bajos Fil: Kruse, Marion. Kiel University; Alemania Fil: Lillebø, Ana I.. University of Aveiro; Portugal Fil: Bennett, Elena M.. McGill University; Canadá Fil: Belgrano, Andrea. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Suecia. Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment (SIME); Suecia Fil: Murillas, Arantza. Marine Research Division; España Fil: Sousa Pinto, Isabel. University of Porto; Portugal Fil: Burkhard, Benjamin. Leibniz Universität Hannover; Alemania. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research ZALF; Alemania Fil: Villasante, Sebastián. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; España. International Campus of Excellence; España

9 pages, The landing obligation recently adopted by the European Union's (EU) Common Fisheries Policy aims to eradicate discards in EU fisheries. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential social and economic impacts of the discard ban in European small-scale fisheries (SSF) and the critical factors for its successful implementation. An exhaustive systematic literature review and a stakeholder consultation were carried out in order to (i) collect detailed information about current knowledge on discards in EU SSF and gauge stakeholder perceptions about potential impacts of the discard ban in European SSF, (ii) examine the capacity of the SSF industry to implement the discard ban, and (iii) explore the limits and feasibility of implementing such a measure. The results of this study show that little attention has been given by the scientific community to discards in EU SSF. Indeed, the systematic literature review shows that this problem is relatively unexplored in the EU. In addition, the effectiveness of a discard ban in industrial fisheries is still unclear, mainly because discard data are not systematically collected by fisheries authorities. Stakeholders mostly perceive that the new landing obligation was developed with industrial fisheries in mind and that compliance with the landing obligation in EU SSF will be difficult to achieve without high economic costs, such as those related to the handling and storage of unwanted fish on board, The authors also thank the financial support of the European Parliament (IP/B/PECH/IC/2014–084) and the assistance of Ojama Priit and Marcus Brewer. SV acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) (Grant no 11-CAP2–1406) and the Galician Government (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia) (Grant no R2014/023). MC acknowledges the financial support from the European Commission through the Marie Curie Career Integration Grant Fellowships – PCIG10-GA-2011–303534 - to the BIOWEB project. CP and GP acknowledge the financial support of Caixa Geral de Depósitos (Portugal) and the University of Aveiro. CP would also like to acknowledge FCT/MEC national funds and FEDER co-funding, within the PT2020 partnership Agreement and Compete 2020, for the financial support to CESAM (Grant no UID/AMB/50017/2013). JMDR and JGC thanks the financial support from the European Commission (MINOW H2020-SFS-2014–2, No 634495) and Xunta de Galicia (GRC 2015/014 and ECOBAS). MA acknowledges financial aid of Xunta de Galicia through Project GPC 2013–045. URS and CP acknowledge the Too Big to Ignore Partnership supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)

Many people seek and interact with aquatic ecosystems such as seas, rivers and wetlands to obtain non-material benefits provided by cultural ecosystem services. These services influence the way people live and feel in the world and contribute to the satisfaction of fundamental human needs. However, cultural ecosystem services are often undervalued, underprotected, and neglected from ecosystem services studies. This arises from difficulties in their operation such as uncertainties on their generation and on people’s demand for cultural ecosystem services.