Search

Este traballo presenta os resultados preliminares da intervención arqueolóxica desenvolvida en 2022 no Castelo do Faro, o xacemento arqueolóxico situado a maior altitude da provincia de Pontevedra (1148 m s.n.m.). Este recinto fortificado non se caracteriza pola monumentalidade das súas estruturas arqueolóxicas ou pola abundancia de cultura material, factores que dificultan o seu encadre cronolóxico e que en boa medida se relacionan coa escasa potencia estratigráfica que adoitan presentar os cumios das montañas. Tal feito obriga ao desenvolvemento de metodoloxías que combinen diversas técnicas e ferramentas co fin de optimizar a obtención de información arqueolóxica relevante. Así, no marco deste proxecto explorouse o potencial e limitacións de varios métodos de teledetección e prospección xeofísica conxuntamente con aproximacións máis estendidas na disciplina, como as prospeccións artefactuais e por metalodetección, a escavación de sondaxes exploratorias ou a toma de mostras para datación absoluta por métodos físico-químicos (14C e OSL). A correcta adscrición crono-funcional deste sitio resulta relevante para avanzar no coñecemento das paisaxes arqueolóxicas de alta montaña en Galicia.

References Banning, E. B. 2002. Archaeological Survey (Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique). New York: Kluwer Academic. Bellón Ruiz, J. P., C. Rueda Galán, M. Á. Lechuga Chica, and M. I. Moreno. 2016. “An Archaeological Analysis of a Battlefield of the Second Punic War: The Camps of the Battle of Baecula.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 29: 73–104. doi:10.1017/S1047759400072056. Bellón Ruiz, J. P., C. Rueda Galán, M. Á. Lechuga Chica, A. Ruiz Rodríguez, and M. Molinos Molinos. 2017. “Archaeological Methodology Applied to the Analysis of Battlefields and Military Camps of the Second Punic War: Baecula.” Quaternary International 435 (Part B 12): 81–97. doi:10.1016/j. quaint.2016.01.021. Bernardini, F., and G. Vinci. 2016. “Footwear Hobnails from the Surroundings of Mt. Grociana Piccola Roman Fort (Trieste).” In The Roman Army between the Alps and the Adriatic. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 31/Studia Alpium Et Adriae I, edited by J. Horvat, 77–83. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. Bintliff, J. 2013. “Intra-site Artefact Surveys.” In Good Practice in Archaeological Diagnostics. Noninvasive Survey of Complex Archaeological Sites, edited by C. Corsi, B. Slapšak, and F. Vermeulen, 113–129. Cham: Springer. Bishop, M. C. 1999. “Praesidium: Social, Military and Logistical Aspects of the Roman Army’s Provincial Distribution during the Early Principate.” In The Roman Army as a Community, edited by A. Goldsworthy and I. Haynes, 111–119. Portsmouth: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. Bishop, M. C., and J. C. Coulston. 2006. Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Bödecker, S. 2013. “Ein Übungslagerareal im Hochwald bei Uedem.” Der Limes 7: 10–13. Brown, C. J., J. F. Torres-Martínez, M. Fernández-Götz, and A. Martínez-Velasco. 2017. “Fought under the Walls of Bergida: KOCOA Analysis of the Roman Attack on the Cantabrian Oppidum of Monte Bernorio (Spain).” Journal of Conflict Archaeology 12 (2): 115–138. doi:10.1080/15740773.2017.1440993. Caamaño Gesto, J. M., and C. Fernández Rodríguez. 2002. “Novedades Sobre El Campamento Romano De Cidadela (Sobrado Dos Monxes, A Coruña).” In Arqueología Militar Romana En Hispania, edited by Á. Morillo Cerdán, 213–226. Madrid: CSIC - Ed. Polifemo. Camino Mayor, J., R. Estrada García, and Y. Viniegra Pacheco. 2001. “El campamento romano de la Vía Carisa en Asturia Transmontana.” Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología 14: 261–276. doi:10.5944/etfi.14.2001.4731. Camino Mayor, J., and E. Martín Hernández. 2015. “La Carisa and the Conquest of Asturia Transmontana (Hispania) by Publius Carisius.” L. Vagalinski and N. Sharankov. edited by, Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Ruse, Bulgaria: Sofia, National Archaeological Institute, 377-385. September2012 Camino Mayor, J., E. Peralta Labrador, and J. F. Torres Martínez, Eds. 2015. Las Guerras Astur- Cántabras. Gijón: KRK Ediciones. Campana, S. 2017. “Drones in Archaeology. State-of-the-art and Future Perspectives.” Archaeological Prospection 24 (4): 275–296. doi:10.1002/arp.1569. Carandini, A. 1991. Storie della terra. Manuale di Scavo Archeologico. Torino: Eunaudi. Ciugudean, D., and A. Timofan. 2012. “Conservarea Unor Ţinte De Caligae Din Fier Descoperite in Situ În Necropola Sudică (Dealul Furcilor-Podei) De La Apulum.” Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis 4: 442–454. Conrad, O., B. Bechtel, M. Bock, H. Dietrich, E. Fischer, L. Gerlitz, J. Wehberg, V. Wichmann, and J. Böhner. 2015. “System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) V. 2.1.4.” Geoscientific Model Development 8 (7): 1991–2007. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015.Corbelle Rico, E., and R. Crecente Maseda. 2008. “Land Abandonment: Concept and Consequences.” Revista Galega De Economía 17 (2): 1–13.Costa-García, J. M. 2016. “Presencia militar romana en La Chana (Castrocalbón, León).” Nailos 3: 47–85.Costa-García, J. M. 2018a. “Roman Camp and Fort Design in Hispania: An Approach to the Distribution, Morphology and Settlement Pattern of Roman Military Sites during the Early Empire.” In Limes XXIII. Proceedings of the 23rd International Limes Congress in Ingolstadt 2015, edited by C. S. Sommer and S. Matešić, 986–993. Vol. 2. Mainz: Nünnerich-Asmus.Costa-García, J. M. 2018b. “Rediscovering the Roman Conquest of the North-Western Iberian Peninsula.” In Conflict Archaeology: Materialities of Collective Violence from Prehistory to Late Antiquity, edited by M. Fernández-Götz and N. Roymans, 141–151. New York: Routledge.Costa-García, J. M., J. Fonte, and M. Gago. 2019. “The Reassessment of the Roman Military Presence in Galicia and Northern Portugal through Digital Tools: Archaeological Diversity and Historical Problems.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 20 (1): 17–49. doi:10.5281/ zenodo.3457524.Costa-García, J. M., J. Fonte, M. Gago, A. Menéndez Blanco, and V. Álvarez Martínez. 2016. “Hallazgos arqueológicos recientes para el estudio de la presencia militar romana en el oriente gallego.” Gallaecia 35: 39–70. doi:10.15304/gall.35.4086.Costa-García, J. M., A. Menéndez Blanco, J. Fonte, and F. Alonso Toucido. 2020. “A Penaparda (A Fonsagrada, Lugo - Santalla, Asturias): Intervención Arqueológica En Un Recinto Campamental Romano En El Occidente De La Cordillera Cantábrica.” Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos 67 (133): 45–74. doi:10.3989/ceg.2020.133.02.Davies, J. L., and R. H. Jones. 2006. Roman Camps in Wales and the Marches. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Dobson, M. 2014. “Tents, Huts or Houses? Soldiers’ Accomodation at Numantia and Renieblas. The Work of Adolf Schulten and Beyond.” In La guerre et ses traces. Conflits et sociétés en Hispanie à l’époque de la conquête romaine (IIIe-Ier s. a.C.), edited by F. Cadiou and M. N. Caballero, 57–87. Bordeaux: Ausonius.Encinas, J. M., J. M. Costa García, D. González Álvarez, and A. Menéndez Blanco. 2018. “La presencia del ejército romano en las montañas de El Bierzo (León): Novedades arqueológicas.” Anales de Arquelogía Cordobesa 29: 85–110. doi:10.21071/aac.v29i0.11021.Fernández Ibáñez, C. 2006. “Post Vestigium Exercitus. Militaria Romana En La Región Septentrional De La Península Ibérica Durante La Época Altoimperial.” In Arqueología militar romana en Hispania II: Producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, edited by Á. Morillo, 257–308. León: Universidad de León.Fernández Ibáñez, C. 2007. “La metalistería militar de Hispania en época Altoimperial.” Sautuola: Revista Del Instituto De Prehistoria Y Arqueología Sautuola 13: 403–426.Fernández Ibáñez, C. 2015. “Las armas del enemigo. Militaria romana de metal en la guerra cantábrica de Augusto.” In Las Guerras Astur-Cántabras, edited by J. Camino Mayor, E. Peralta Labrador, and J. F. Torres Martínez, 323–344. Gijón: KRK Ediciones.Fernández-Götz, M., D. Maschek, and N. Roymans. 2020. “The Dark Side of the Empire: Roman Expansionism between Object Agency and Predatory Regime.” Antiquity 94 (378): 1630–1639. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.125.Fernández-Götz, M., and N. Roymans, edited by. 2018. “Conflict Archaeology: Materialities of Collective Violence from Prehistory to Late Antiquity.” In EAA Monograph Series “Themes in Contemporary Archaeology”. Vol. 5. New York: Routledge.Fischer, T., and M. C. Bishop. 2019. Army of the Roman Emperors: Archaeology and History. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Fitzpatrick, A., and C. Haselgrove, Eds. 2019. Julius Caesar’s Battle for Gaul: New Archaeological Perspectives. Oxford: Oxbow Books. JOURNAL OF CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY 21 Fonte, J., and J. M. Costa-García. 2019. Proyecto De Prospección Arqueológica Mediante Técnicas De Teledetección Del Campamento Romano De O O Penedo Dos Lobos (Manzaneda, Ourense). Memoria Final. Santiago de Compostela, Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio Cultural-Xunta de Galicia (Cód. SXPA ED 102A 2018/339-0)Gago, M., R. Blanco-Rotea, J. M. Costa-García, D. González-Álvarez, V. Álvarez Martínez, J. Fonte, and X. López García. 2017. “Comunicación corporativa digital y creación de audiencia: El modelo de romanarmy.eu.” In Alén Das Fronteiras: Redes Na Diversidade. I Congreso Internacional Da Asociación Galega De Investigadoras E Investigadores En Comunicación, edited by M. Ledo, F. Campos, C. Toural, X. Rúas, A. I. Rodríguez, C. Costa, M. Salgueiro, and M. Rodríguez, 541–559. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.García Merino, C. 1996. “Un nuevo campamento romano en la cuenca del Duero: El recinto campamental de Uxama (Soria).” Archivo Español de Arqueología 69: 269–273. doi:10.3989/ aespa.1996.v69.244.García Sánchez, J., M. Gago, J. M. Costa-García, and M. Fernández-Götz. 2019. “El Modelo Romanarmy.eu: Patrimonio, Comunicación E Investigación En El Pasado Romano De Sasamón (Burgos).” In Arqueología 3.0 II. Comunicaçao, Divulgaçao E Socialização Da Arqueologia, edited by M. Rolo, 101–119. Vila Viçosa: Fundação Casa de Bragança.García-Bellido, M. P. 2004. La Legiones Hispánicas En Germania. Moneda Y Ejército.Ediciones Polifemo. Anejos de Gladius 6. Madrid: CSIC.García-Bellido, M. P., Ed. 2006. Los campamentos romanos en Hispania (27 a.C.-192 d.C). El abastecimiento de moneda. Vol. 3. Madrid: CSIC - Instituto Histórico Hoffmeyer - Instituto de Historia - Polifemo.García-Bellido, M. P., and C. Blásquez Cerrato. 2001. Diccionario de cecas y pueblos hispánicos: Con una introducción numismática de la Península Ibérica. Madrid: CSIC.González Álvarez, D., M. Fernández Mier, and P. López Gómez. 2016. “An Archaeological Approach to the Brañas: Summer Farms in the Pastures of the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain).” In Summer Farms. Seasonal Exploitation of the Uplands from Prehistory to the Present, edited by J. Collis, M. Pearce, and F. Nicolis, 203–219. Sheffield: Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 16.González Ruibal, A. 2007. Galaicos. Poder Y Comunidad En El Noroeste De La Península Ibérica (1200 a. C.- 50 d.C.), 18–19. Brigantium: A Coruña, Museu Arqueolóxico e Histórico da Coruña.Grote, K. 2014. “Hedemünden (Lkr. Göttingen) - Mehr als nur ein römisches Militärlager.” Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 44: 239–258. doi:10.11588/ak.2014.2.28107.Hanel, N. 1995. Vetera I. Die Funde aus den römischen Lagern auf dem Fürstenberg bei Xanten. Köln: Rheinland Verlag.Harnecker, J. 1997. Katalog der römischen Eisenfunde von Haltern. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Harris, E. C. 1979. Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. London: Academic Press.Haynes, I. 2013. Blood of the Provinces: The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Hornung, S. 2018. “Auf Den Spuren Iulius Caesars.” Das römische Militärlager von Hermeskeil. Jahrb. Kr. Trier-Saarburg (2018: 261–269.Jones, R. H. 2009. ““Lager Mit Claviculae” in Britannia.” In The Army and Frontiers of Rome: Papers Offered to David J. Breeze on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday and His Retirement from Historic Scotland, edited by W. S. Hanson, 11–24. Vol. 74. Portsmouth: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. JRS supplementary series.Jones, R. H. 2011. Roman Camps in Scotland. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.Jones, R. H. 2012. Roman Camps in Britain. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.Kokalj, Ž., and M. Somrak. 2019. “Why Not a Single Image? Combining Visualizations to Facilitate Fieldwork and On-Screen Mapping.” Remote Sensing 11 (7): 747. doi:10.3390/rs11070747.Komoróczy, B., M. Vlach, C. Hüssen, and J. Rajtár. 2019. “14 C Dating of the Roman Military Interventions in the Middle Danube Barbarian World.” Radiocarbon 61 (2): 515–530. doi:10.1017/RDC.2018.117. 22 J. FONTE ET AL. Lenďáková, Z., O. Bábek, B. Komoróczy, M. Vlach, C. Hüssen, and J. Rajtár. 2020. “Petrophysical and Geochemical Characterisation of Sediments Filling V-shaped Ditches of Roman Camps in Moravia, Czech Republic: Filling Processes and the Role of Pedogenesis.” Geoarchaeology 1–19. doi:10.1002/gea.21794.Lenoir, M. 1977. “Lager Mit clauiculae.” Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 89 (2): 697–722. doi:10.3406/mefr.1977.1126.Lisá, L., B. Komoróczy, M. Vlach, D. Válek, A. Bajer, J. Kovárník, J. Rajtár, C. Hüssen, and R. Šumberová. 2015. “How Were the Ditches Filled? Sedimentological and micromorphological Classification of Formation Processes within Graben-like Archaeological Objects.” Quaternary International 370: 66–76. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.049.Loewinsohn, E. 1965. “Una Calzada Y Dos Campamentos Romanos Del Conuentus Asturum.” Archivo Español de Arqueología 38: 26–43.Mañana-Borrazás, P., R. Blanco-Rotea, and X. Ayán Vila, Eds. 2003. Archaeology of Architecture: Theory, Methodology and Analysis from Landscape Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress.Martín Hernández, E. 2015. “El Mouro. Castrametación En La Vía De La Mesa (Belmonte De Miranda/ Grao,Asturias).” In Las Guerras-Ástur-Cántabras, edited by J. Camino Mayor, E. Peralta Labrador, and J. F. Torres Martínez, 239–247. Gijón: KRK Ediciones.Martín Hernández, E., and J. Camino Mayor. 2013. “El Picu L.lagüezos, un nuevo campamento romano en la vía Carisa. Excavaciones Arqueológicas en Asturias 2007-2012.” In En el centenario del descubrimiento de la caverna de La Peña de Candamo, 267–276. Oviedo: Consejería de Educación, Cultura, Deporte del Principado de Asturias - Ediciones Trabe.Martín Hernández, E., and J. Camino Mayor. 2018. “Investigaciones arqueológicas en el cordal de La Carisa. Los campamentos de Llagüezos y La Cuaña Carraceo.” In Excavaciones Arqueológicas En Asturias 2013-2016, edited by P. León Gasalla, 293–306. Oviedo: Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Principado de Asturias - Ediciones Trabe.Martín Hernández, E., A. Martínez Velasco, D. Díaz Alonso, F. Muñoz Villarejo, and L. Bécares Rodríguez. 2020. “Castrametación romana en la Meseta Norte hispana: Nuevas evidencias de recintos militares en la vertiente meridional de la cordillera Cantábrica (provincias de Burgos y Palencia).” Zephyrvs 86: 143–164. doi:10.14201/zephyrus202086143164.Menéndez Blanco, A., V. Álvarez Martínez, D. González Álvarez, and J. I. Jiménez Chaparro. 2015. “La Sierra de Penouta y el cordal d’Ouroso: Una línea de avance del ejército romano en el occidente cantábrico.” In Las Guerras-Ástur-Cántabras, edited by J. Camino Mayor, E. Peralta Labrador, and J. F. Torres Martínez, 261–268. KRK Ediciones: Gijón.Menéndez Blanco, A., J. M. Costa-García, D. González Álvarez, V. Álvarez Martínez, and J. Fonte. 2018. “Los campamentos romanos de Cueiru y El Xuegu la Bola na vía de La Mesa. Resultaos de la campaña del 2016.” In Excavaciones Arqueológicas En Asturias 2013-2016, edited by P. León Gasalla, 273–282. Oviedo: Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Principado de Asturias.Menéndez Blanco, A., J. García Sánchez, J. M. Costa-García, J. Fonte, D. González-Álvarez, and V. Vicente García. 2020. “Following the Roman Army between the Southern Foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains and the Northern Plains of Castile and León (North of Spain): Archaeological Applications of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Tools.” Geosciences 10 (12): 485. doi:10.3390/geosciences10120485.Menéndez Granda, A., and E. Sánchez Hidalgo. 2018. “Campaña De Sondeos Arqueológicos En El Campamento De Época Romana Del Pico El Outeiro Zarrado (Taramundi-villanueva De Oscos).” In Excavaciones Arqueológicas En Asturias 2013-2016, edited by P. León Gasalla, 283–292. Oviedo: Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Principado de Asturias - Ediciones Trabe.Morillo, Á. 2016. “El territorio galaico durante las guerras cántabras: Nuevas perspectivas.” In Celebração Do Bimilenário De Augusto. Ad Nationes, edited by R. Morais and M. Navarro Caballero, 54–72. Ethnous Kallaikon. Braga: Câmara Municipal de Braga.Morillo, Á., A. Adroher, M. Dobson, and E. Martín Hernández. 2020. “Constructing the Archaeology of the Roman Conquest of Hispania: New Evidence, Perspectives and Challenges.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 33: 36–52. doi:10.1017/S1047759420000902. JOURNAL OF CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY 23 Morillo, Á., B. Currás, A. Orejas, and A. Nobilini. 2021. “El conjunto de campamentos romanos para prácticas de Trobajo del Camino (San Andrés de Rabanedo) y Oteruelo de la Valdoncina (León). Una aproximación preliminar.” Gladius 41: 91–119. doi:10.3989/gladius.2021.05.Nex, F., and F. Remondino. 2014. “UAV for 3D Mapping Applications: A Review.” Applied Geomatics 6 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s12518-013-0120-x.Noguera, J. M., E. Ble, and P. Valdés Matías. 2015. “Metal Detecting for Surveying Marching Camps? Some Thoughts regarding Methodology in Light of the Lower Ebro Roman Camps Project’s Results.” In L. Vagalinski and N. Sharankov, edited by. Limes XXII. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Ruse, Bulgaria:Sofía, NAIM-BAS September2012 853–860Noguera, J. M., J. Principal, and T. Ñaco del Hoyo. 2014. “La actividad militar y la problemática de su reflejo arqueológico: El caso del Noreste de la Citerior (218-45 a.C.).” In La guerre et ses traces. Conflits et sociétés en Hispanie à l’époque de la conquête romaine (IIIe-Ier s. a.C.), edited by F. Cadiou and M. Navarro Caballero, 31–56. Bordeaux: Ausonius.O’Driscoll, J. 2018. “Landscape Applications of Photogrammetry Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 22: 32–44. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.09.010.Orejas, A., F. J. Sánchez-Palencia, A. Beltrán, J. A. Ron, L. F. López, B. X. Currás, D. Romero, E. Zubiaurre, J. L. Pecharromán, and L. Arboledas. 2015. “Conquista, articulación del territorio y explotación de recursos en el límite entre el convento lucense y el de los ástures (Proyecto IVGA).” In Las Guerras Astur-Cántabras, edited by J. Camino Mayor, E. Peralta Labrador, and J. F. Torres Martínez, 247–260. Gijón: KRK Ediciones.Peralta Labrador, E. 2002. “Los campamentos romanos de campaña (castra aestiva): Evidencias científicas y carencias académicas.” Nivel Cero 10: 49–87.Peralta Labrador, E. 2007. “Equipamiento Militar Romano De La Conquista De La Antigua Cantabria.” Sautuola: Revista Del Instituto De Prehistoria Y Arqueología Sautuola 13: 493–511.Peralta Labrador, E., J. Camino Mayor, and J. Torres-Martínez. 2019. “Recent Research on the Cantabrian Wars: The Archaeological Reconstruction of a Mountain War.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 32: 421–438. doi:10.1017/S1047759419000217.Peralta Labrador, E., J. Á. Hierro Gárate, and E. Gutiérrez Cuenca. 2011. “Las monedas de los campamentos romanos de campaña de las Guerras Cántabras del asedio de La Loma, Castillejo y El Alambre.” Lucentum 30 (30): 151–172. doi:10.14198/LVCENTVM2011.30.07.Philpott, R. A. 1998. “New Evidence from Aerial Reconnaissance for Roman Military Sites in Cheshire.” Britannia 29: 341–353. doi:10.2307/526830.Poux, M. 2008. Sur les traces de César. Militaria tardo-républicains en contexte gaulois. Glux-en-Glenne: Bibracte, Centre Archéologique Européen.Reddé, M. 1995. “Titulum et clavicula. À propos des fouilles récentes d’Alésia.” Revue Archéologique de l’Est et du Centre-Est 46 (2): 349–356.Reddé, M. 2008. “Les camps militaires républicains et augustéens: Paradigmes et réalités archéologiques.” SALDVIE 8: 61–71.Reddé, M., R. Brulet, R. Fellmann, J. K. Haalebos, and S. Von Schnurbein. 2006. Les fortifications militaires. Bordeaux: Ausonius. L’architecture de la Gaule romaine Daf 100.Rodríguez Colmenero, A., and S. Ferrer Sierra, Eds. 2006. Excavaciones arqueológicas en Aquis Querquennis. Actuaciones en el campamento romano (1975-2005). Lugo: Unión Fenosa - Grupo Arqueolóxico Larouco - Universidade de Santiago de Compostela - Fundación Aquae Querquennae - Vía Nova.Rodríguez Morales, J., J. L. Fernández Montoro, J. Sánchez Sánchez, and L. Benítez de Lugo Enrich. 2012. “Los clavi caligarii o tachuelas de cáliga: Elementos identificadores de las calzadas romanas.” Lucentum 31 (31): 147–164. doi:10.14198/LVCENTVM2012.31.08.Roymans, N., and M. Fernández-Götz. 2015. “Caesar in Gaul: New Perspectives on the Archaeology of Mass Violence.” In TRAC 2014: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference (Reading 2014), edited by T. Brindle, M. Allen, E. Durham, and A. Smith, 70–80. Oxford: Oxbow Books. doi:10.16995/TRAC2014_70_80.Roymans, N., and M. Fernández-Götz. 2019. “Reconsidering the Roman Conquest: New Archaeological Perspectives.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 32: 415–420. doi:10.1017/ S1047759419000205. 24 J. FONTE ET AL. Sánchez-Palencia, F. J., and B. X. Currás. 2015. “Campamentos romanos en zonas mineras del cuadrante noroeste de la Península Ibérica.” In Las Guerras Astur-Cántabras, edited by J. Camino Mayor, E. Peralta Labrador, and J. F. Torres Martínez, 273–284. Gijón: KRK Ediciones.Sánchez-Pardo, J., R. Blanco-Rotea, J. Costa-García, J. Sanjurjo-Sánchez, V. Barrientos-Rodríguez, and F. Alonso-Toucido. 2020. “Hacia Una Reinterpretación De La Secuencia De Ocupación Del Yacimiento De a Cidadela (A Coruña).” SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 1 (29): 157–188. doi:10.12795/spal.2020.i29.06.Šašel Kos, M. 2011. “The Roman Conquest of Dalmatia and Pannonia under Augustus – Some of the Latest Research Results.” In Fines imperii – Imperium sine fine? Osnabrücker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption, edited by G. Moosbauer and R. Wiegels, 107–117. Vol. 14. Rahden/Westf:Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.Stallibrass, S., and R. Thomas, Eds. 2008. Feeding the Roman Army. The Archaeology of Production and Supply in NW Europe. Oxford: Oxbow.Strobel, K. 2009. “Augustus und die Annexion des Alpenbogens. Die Einrichtung der Provinzen Raetia und Noricum.” Germania 70 (2): 437–509. doi:10.11588/ger.2009.71030.Torres-Martínez, J. F., M. Fernández-Götz, A. Martínez-Velasco, D. Vacas, and E. Rodríguez-Millán 2016. From the Bronze Age to the Roman Conquest: The Oppidum of Monte Bernorio (Northern Spain). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82: 363–382. 10.1017/ppr.2016.11Verhoeven, G., M. Doneus, C. Briese, and F. Vermeulen. 2012. “Mapping by Matching: A Computer Vision-based Approach to Fast and Accurate Georeferencing of Archaeological Aerial Photographs.” Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (7): 2060–2070. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.022.Vicente García, V. 2020. “Los campamentos romanos de campaña en el “Bellum Cantabricum”: Estado actual de la investigación y novedades arqueológicas.” Brocar. Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica 44 (44): 281–296. doi:10.18172/brocar.4560.Vicente García, V., and S. Díaz Jiménez. 2021. “Nuevas evidencias arqueológicas en la provincia de Soria: Posibles aportaciones para el estudio de la presencia militar romana en la Submeseta Norte.” BSSA Arqueología 87: 1–29. doi:10.24197/ba.LXXXVII.0.1-29Vidal.Volken, S., and M. Volken. 2008. Les clous de chaussures, témoins du cheminement des voyageurs, 391–396. Aosta: Alpis Poenina, Grand Saint-Bernard, une Voie à Travers l’Europe.Welfare, H., and V. G. San. 1995. Roman Camps in England. The Field Archaeology. London: Royal Comission of the Historical Monuments of England.Zanier, W. 2016. Der Spätlatène und frühkaiserzeitliche Opferplatz auf dem Döttenbichl südlich von Oberammergau. München: Verlag C. H. Beck. A new Roman military site was recently detected in Galicia, Spain, an area where the army presence had been challenging to trace until date. O Penedo dos Lobos is a playing-card shaped camp with very distinctive, fortified entrances. The archaeological survey conducted on this site in the summer of 2018 allowed us to recover some elements of Roman militaria, as well as numismatic evidence dating back to late 1st c. BC, thus suggesting a connection with the Cantabrian-Asturian Wars of Augustan times. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the specific task undertaken by the military contingent that occupied this site. Besides its historical implications, a focus will be given to the methodology applied for the archaeological survey of this site. This has shed new light on the Roman military presence in Galicia, allowing its integration into wider European debates on Roman conquest and expansion Recientemente se detectó un nuevo sitio militar romano en Galicia, un área donde la presencia del ejército había sido difícil de rastrear hasta la fecha. O Penedo dos Lobos es un campamento en forma de naipe con entradas fortificadas muy distintivas. El estudio arqueológico realizado en este sitio en el verano de 2018 nos permitió recuperar algunos elementos de militaria romana, así como pruebas numismáticas que datan de finales del siglo I a. C. que sugieren una conexión con las guerras cántabro-astures de la época de Augusto. Sin embargo, aún existe cierta incertidumbre sobre la tarea específica que llevó a cabo el contingente militar que ocupó este sitio. Además de sus implicaciones históricas y arqueológicas, nos centraremos en detalle en la metodología aplicada en el estudio de este sitio. Esto nos ha permitido arrojar nueva luz sobre la presencia militar romana en Galicia, permitiendo su integración en los debates europeos más amplios sobre la conquista y la expansión romana This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie [grant agreement No 794048]; the postdoctoral research programme of the Regional Government of Galicia (Xunta de Galicia, Spain) [Grant agreements n. ED481B 2016/117-0 and IN606B 2016/002] SI

The use of vegetation indices to highlight archaeological features from remote sensing (RS) sensors is increasingly in demand, especially due to the possibility of obtaining high-resolution multispectral images with drones. The objective of this work is divided in two steps: i) to test techniques for the semi-automatic identification of crop marks in a study zone, in Salvada, Portugal, and; ii) to develop a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) open-source application, named ArchMarks, under QGIS software, to enhance the identification of archaeological crop marks using RS data/techniques, integrating the automatic creation of indices and the identification techniques tested before. ArchMarks aims to compute several vegetation and soil indices from multispectral imagery considering four bands (Red, Green and Blue and Near InfraRed (NIR)) for enhancing the identification of archaeological crop marks. In order to define the best approach to implement in the plugin, some tests were performed with two algorithms available in QGIS: ContrastEnhancement and WatershedSegmentation. High-resolution aerial imagery (25-50 cm spatial resolution) was obtained from Web Map Service (WMS) services in addition to Sentinel-2 satellite image, whose spatial resolution is of 10 meters in the Red Green Blue-Near InfraRed bands. The application is free and can be adapted to other region of interest. In the future, the plugin will be improved with a methodology to download remote sensing data (aerial images and satellite data) from WMS sources, band stacking, and machine learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, to automatically classify archaeological traces on the vegetation or bare soil.

Findings of Iron Age metallurgical activities related to tin metal and mining are very rare. In the present work, we present a detailed study of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort, dated to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period, located in a place where 20th century tin mining work took place. Elemental and microstructural analysis by portable, micro and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF, micro-XRF and WDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrometer (SEM-EDS) showed that metallurgical debris found at the archaeological site is related to tin smelting and binary and ternary bronze productions. Analysis of the artefacts of diverse typologies found at the site showed that a variety of metals and alloys were in circulation and use. Samples of tin ores (cassiterite) from the region were analyzed for comparison with an archaeological tin slag from the site. The analytical results point to the production of tin metal using local cassiterite and the production of bronze by directly adding cassiterite into a smelting process. Furthermore, data of remote sensing (airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and historical aerial imagery) and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping were combined with archival mining documentation and maps to retrieve a landscape context for the site. The study showed that the place of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort (NW Iberia) was mined periodically over time. publishersversion published

International audience; Unevenly distributed in Europe, tin, which is indispensable for the production of bronze, is abundant in Western Iberia. This wealth is already known to classical authors, but only the Late Bronze / Iron Age mine of Logrosán (Cáceres, ES) has been excavated to date (Comendador et al. 2017; Rodríguez Díaz et al. 2016). At the same time, analyses of tin slags, still partly unpublished, confirm the local processing of cassiterite (tin ore: SnO2) during the Late Iron Age/beginning of Roman period in the Northwest of Iberian Peninsula (Figueiredo et al. 2018). On the other hand, the distribution of the Sn content in bronzes from Late Bronze Age (LBA) Western Iberia is close to a normal distribution (∼12.7 ± 1.9 wt%) (Figueiredo et al. 2011), and the tin content is slightly higher than the tin content in coeval European LBA artefacts (Figueiredo et al. 2010), which can be an argument for easy availability/local exploitation of cassiterite as early as the Late Bronze Age (Fernández Miranda et al. 1995). However, the question of the location of the ancient mining remains, as well as that of their dating. Mining activity, which is dependent on the location of mineral resources, is in fact rooted in the structuring of the territory. This implies the establishment of nearby habitats for the miners and workshops to produce metal from the ore. All these elements structure the landscape and leave a lasting imprint (Stöllner 2003, p. 429-431), identifiable by remote sensing, survey and GIS spatial analysis. Here, we present the first results of an ongoing research to locate and study protohistoric tin mines in the north-western Iberian Peninsula. The cross-referencing of mining data with Iron Age settlements makes it possible to delimit areas where mining may have taken place before the Roman conquest. However, the diachronic nature of many of these mines does not allow them to be directly associated with the settlements. We will therefore focus the presentation on the methodology used to reconstruct the phases of alluvial tin mining, using airborne LiDAR data and/or historic aerial imagery. These geographical datasets allow us to select the locations for future excavations in order to date the oldest parts of the mines. This research is part of the project IberianTin (PTDC/HAR-ARQ/32290/2017), funded by FEDER through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia). We also acknowledge the Cenimat/i3N through the project UID/CTM/50025/2019 funded by FCT/MCTES and the ICT through the project COMPETE 2020 (UID/GEO/04683/2013) with reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690.

Abásolo Álvarez JA (1990) El conocimiento de las vías romanas. Un problema arqueológico. In: Simposio sobre la red viaria en la Hispania romana. Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza, pp 7–20Google Scholar Alonso Trigueros JM (2014) Modelo gráfico para la datación de las vías romanas empedradas a partir del estudio de sus estados de frecuentación y del análisis superficial de roderas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid. Available at http://oa.upm.es/32697/. Accessed on 12 May 2018 De Gruchy MW (2016) Beyond replication: the quantification of route models in the North Jazira, Iraq. J Archaeol Method Theory 23(2):427–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-015-9247-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar Del Olmo Martín J (2006) Arqueología Aérea de las Ciudades Romanas en la Meseta Norte. Algunos ejemplos de urbanismo de la primera Edad del Hierro, segunda Edad del Hierro y Romanización. In: Moreno Gallo I (ed) Nuevos Elementos de Ingeniería Romana, III Congreso de las Obras Públicas Romanas. Junta de Castilla y León / Colegio de Ingenieros Técnicos de Obras Públicas, Astorga, pp 313–340, Available at http://www.traianvs.net/pdfs/2006_12olmo.pdf. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Estefanía Álvarez D (1960) Vías romanas de Galicia. Zephyrus 11:5–104Google Scholar Fábrega-Álvarez P (2006) Moving without destination. A theoretical GIS–based determination of movement from a given origin. Archaeol Comput Newsl 64:7–11. Available from http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/15993. Accessed on 12 May 2018.Google Scholar Fábrega-Álvarez P, Fonte J, González García FJ (2011) Las sendas de la memoria. Sentido, espacio y reutilización de las estatuas-menhir en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Trab Prehist 68(2):313–330. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2011.11072CrossRefGoogle Scholar Fasolo M (2014) Infrastructure in the Roman world: roads and aqueducts. In: Smith C (ed) Encyclopedia of global archaeology. Springer, New York, pp 3873–3882. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1458CrossRefGoogle Scholar Fernández Ochoa C, Morillo Cerdán Á, Gil Sendino F (2012) El «Itinerario de Barro». Cuestiones de autenticidad y lectura. Zephyrus 70:151–179Google Scholar Fonte J, Parcero-Oubiña C, Costa-García JM (2017) A GIS-based analysis of the rationale behind Roman roads. The case of the so-called via XVII (NW Iberian Peninsula). Mediterr Archaeol Archaeometry 17(3):163–189. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1005562CrossRefGoogle Scholar Fontes L, Alves M, Martins CMB, Delfim B, Loureiro E (2011) Paisagem, povoamento e mineração antigas no vale alto do rio Terva, Boticas. In: CMB M, AMS B, Martins JIFP, Carvalho J (eds) Povoamento e Exploração dos Recursos Mineiros na Europa Atlântica Ocidental. CITCEM/APEQ, Braga, pp 203–219Google Scholar Fontes, LFO, Andrade F (2012) O traçado da via romana Bracara-Asturica, por Aguae Flaviae, no concelho de Boticas. Unidade de Arquelogia, Universidade do Minho, Braga. Available at http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/16561. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Frachetti MD (2006) Digital archaeology and the scalar structure of pastoral landscapes. In: Evans TL, Daly P (eds) Digital archaeology: bridging method and theory. Routledge, London, pp 128–147Google Scholar Frachetti MD, Smith CE, Traub CM, Williams T (2017) Nomadic ecology shaped the highland geography of Asia’s Silk Roads. Nature 543(7644):193–198. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21696CrossRefGoogle Scholar Franco Maside RM (2000) Rutas naturais e vías romanas na provincia de A Coruña. Gallaecia 19:162–166. Available at https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=83901. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Franco Maside RM (2001) La vía per loca maritima: un estudio sobre vías romanas en la mitad Norocidental de Galicia. Gallaecia 20:224–229. Available at https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=83925. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Gethin B, Toller H (2014) The Roman marching camp and road at Loups Fell, Tebay. Britannia 45:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X13000548CrossRefGoogle Scholar Gómez Vila J (2005) Vías romanas de la actual provincia de Lugo. University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Available at https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/handle/10347/9615. Accessed on 12 May 2018 González Álvarez D (2011) Vías romanas de montaña entre Asturias y León: La integración de la «Asturia transmontana» en la red viaria de Hispania. Zephyrus 67:171–192Google Scholar Güimil-Fariña A, Parcero-Oubiña C (2015) “Dotting the joins”: a non-reconstructive use of Least Cost Paths to approach ancient roads. The case of the Roman roads in the NW Iberian Peninsula. J Archaeol Sci 54:31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.030CrossRefGoogle Scholar Herzog I (2013) The potential and limits of optimal path analysis. In: Bevan A, Lake M (eds) Computational approaches to archaeological spaces. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek (CA), pp 179–211Google Scholar Herzog I (2014) A review of case studies in archaeological least cost analysis. Archeologia e Calcolatori 25:223–239. Available at http://www.archcalc.cnr.it/indice/PDF25/12_Herzog.pdf. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Herzog I (2017) Reconstructing pre-industrial long distance roads in a hilly region in Germany, based on historical and archaeological data. Stud Digit Herit 1(2):642–660. https://doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23283CrossRefGoogle Scholar Howey MCL (2007) Using multi-criteria cost surface analysis to explore past regional landscapes: a case study of ritual activity and social interaction in Michigan, AD 1200–1600. J Archaeol Sci 34(11):1830–1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar Howey MCL (2011) Multiple pathways across past landscapes: circuit theory as a complementary geospatial method to least cost path for modeling past movement. J Archaeol Sci 38(10):2523–2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.024CrossRefGoogle Scholar Howey MCL, Brouwer Burg M (2017) Assessing the state of archaeological GIS research: unbinding analyses of past landscapes. J Archaeol Sci 84:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar Lemos FS (1993) Povoamento romano de Trás-os-Montes Oriental. Universidade do Minho, BragaGoogle Scholar Lemos FS (2000) A Via Romana entre Bracara Augusta e Asturica Augusta, por Aquae Flaviae. Revista de Guimarães 110:15–51Google Scholar Limp WF (2016) Measuring the face of the past and facing the measurement. In: Forte M, Campana S (eds) Digital methods and remote sensing in archaeology. Springer, Cham, pp 349–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40658-9_16CrossRefGoogle Scholar Llobera M, Fábrega-Álvarez P, Parcero-Oubina C (2011) Order in movement: a GIS approach to accessibility. J Archaeol Sci 38(4):843–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.11.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar Llobera M, Sluckin TJ (2007) Zigzagging: theoretical insights on climbing strategies. J Theor Biol 249:206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.07.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar Loewinsohn E (1965) Una calzada y dos campamentos romanos del conuentus asturum. Arch Esp Arqueol 38:26–43Google Scholar Lynch J, Parcero-Oubiña C (2017) Under the eye of the Apu. Paths and mountains in the Inka settlement of the Hualfín and Quimivil valleys, NW Argentina. J Archaeol Sci Rep 16:44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.09.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar Maciel T, Maciel MJ (2004) Estradas romanas no território de Vinhais: a antiga rede viária e as suas pontes. Câmara Municipal de Vinhais, VinhaisGoogle Scholar Mlekuž D (2014) Exploring the topography of movement. In: Polla S, Verhagen P (eds) Computational approaches to movement in archaeology. Theory, practice and interpretation of factors and effects of long term landscape formation and transformation. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110288384.5CrossRefGoogle Scholar Moreno Gallo I (2006) Vías romanas. Ingeniería y técnica constructiva. CEHOPU/Ministerio de Fomento, MadridGoogle Scholar Moreno Gallo I (2011a) Identificación y descripción de la vía de Astorga a Braga por Chaves. De Asturica a Veniata. In: Vías romanas en Castilla y León. Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, pp 2–38. Available at http://www.viasromanas.net/pdf/00_Vias_romanas_en_Castilla_y_Leon.pdf. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Moreno Gallo I (2011b) Vías romanas en Castilla y León. Available at http://www.viasromanas.net/. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Opitz R, Limp F (2015) Recent developments in high-density survey and measurement (HDSM) for archaeology: implications for practice and theory. Annu Rev Anthropol 44(1):347–364. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013845CrossRefGoogle Scholar Polla S, Verhagen P (eds) (2014) Computational approaches to the study of movement in archaeology, theory, practice and interpretation of factors and effects of long term landscape formation and transformation. De Gruyter, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110288384CrossRefGoogle Scholar Rabanal Alonso MA (2006) Las vías romanas en las provincias de Zamora y León. Instituto de Estudios Zamoranos “Florian de Ocampo”/Diputación de Zamora/UNED, ZamoraGoogle Scholar Rodríguez Colmenero A, Ferrer Sierra S, Álvarez Asorey R (2004) Miliarios e outras inscricións viarias romanas no Noroeste Hispánico (conventus Bracarense, Lucense y Asturicense). Consello da Cultura Galega, Santiago de Compostela. Available at http://consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/CCG_2004_Miliarios-e-outras-inscricions-viarias-romanas-do-noroeste-hispanico-conventos-bracarense-lucense-e-asturicense.pdf. Accessed on 12 May 2018 Roldán Hervás JM (1975) Itineraria Hispana. Fuentes antiguas para el estudio de las vías romanas en la península ibérica. Universidad de Valladolid, ValladolidGoogle Scholar Roldán Hervás JM, Caballero Casado C (2014) Itineraria Hispana. Estudio de las vías romanas en Hispania a partir del Itinerario de Antonino, el Anónimo de Rávena y los Vasos de Vicarello. El Nuevo Miliario 17:1–255Google Scholar Sáez Taboada B (1999) Vías 19 y 20: Trazado y función. University of Sevilla, SevillaGoogle Scholar Small F (2016) The lost Roman road from Chichester to Arundel. Hist Engl Res 4:3–8. Available at https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/historic-england-research-4. Accessed on 12 May 2018Google Scholar Supernant K (2017) Modeling Métis mobility? Evaluating least cost paths and indigenous landscapes in the Canadian west. J Archaeol Sci 84:63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar Surface-Evans S (2012) Cost catchments: a least cost application for modeling hunter-gatherer land use. In: White DA, Surface-Evans SL (eds) Least cost analysis of social landscapes: Archaeological case studies. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 128–151Google Scholar Van Lanen RJ, Jansma E, Van Doesburg J, Groenewoudt BJ (2016) Roman and early-medieval long-distance transport routes in north-western Europe: modelling frequent-travel zones using a dendroarchaeological approach. J Archaeol Sci 73:120–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar Van Lanen RJ, Kosian MC, Groenewoudt BJ, Jansma E (2015a) Finding a way: modeling landscape prerequisites for Roman and early-medieval routes in the Netherlands. Geoarchaeology 30(3):200–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21510CrossRefGoogle Scholar Van Lanen RJ, Kosian MC, Groenewoudt BJ, Spek T, Jansma E (2015b) Best travel options: modelling Roman and early-medieval routes in the Netherlands using a multi-proxy approach. J Archaeol Sci Rep 3:144–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.024CrossRefGoogle Scholar Verbrugghe G, De Clercq W, Van Eetvelde V (2017) Routes across the Civitas Menapiorum: using least cost paths and GIS to locate the Roman roads of Sandy Flanders. J Hist Geogr 57:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2017.06.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar Verhagen P, Jeneson K (2012) A Roman puzzle. Trying to find the via Belgica with GIS. In: Chrysanthi A, Murrieta Flores P, Papadopoulos C (eds) Thinking beyond the tool. Archaeological computing and the interpretive process. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 123–130Google Scholar Verhagen P, Whitley T (2012) Integrating archaeological theory and predictive modeling: a live report from the scene. J Archaeol Method Theory 19:1–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-011-9102-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar Vicente González JL (2013) Vías romanas del Noroeste Hispano: génesis, trazado y una nueva metodología para su estudio. Revista Mapping 22(160):48–67. Available at http://www.jlvg.es/Publicaciones/2013_05_06_VIAS_ROMANAS_NW_HISPANO_JLVG.pdf. Accessed on 12 May 2018Google Scholar White DA, Surface-Evans SL (eds) (2012) Least cost analysis of social landscapes. Archaeological case studies. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake CityGoogle Scholar GIS-based digital modelling tools, such as the well-known least cost paths (LCP), have been widely used in archaeology in recent years as ways of approaching forms of mobility in the past. Roman roads are among the best-known examples of ancient networks of paths and have been widely studied using such approaches. In this paper, we shall make a general re ection on the applicability of those tools for the modelling and analysis of ancient routes, with a special focus on Roman roads. Drawing from a case study in the NW Iberian Peninsula, we shall discuss certain aspects related to the potential and limits of Cumulative Costs, LCP and other related tools for the modelling and analysis of ancient roads. We will illustrate how the use of tools which explore potential mobility in less restricted ways can help to overcome some of the limitations of LCP.

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data is increasingly distributed freely for ever larger territories, albeit usually in only low resolution. This data source is extensively used in archaeology; however, various remains of past human activities are not recorded in sufficient detail, or are missing completely. The main purpose of this paper is to present a cost-effective approach providing reliable and accurate 3D documentation of the deserted medieval settlement of Hound Tor, a complex site consisting of preserved stone building walls and field system remains. The proposed procedure integrates ALS data with structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry into a single data source (point cloud). Taking advantage of the benefits of both techniques (reclassified ALS data documents the hinterland, while SfM records the residential area in high detail), an enhanced 3D model has been created surpassing the available ALS data and reflecting the actual state of preserved features. The final outputs will help with the management of the site, its presentation to the general public, and also to enrich understanding of it. As both data sources are currently easily accessible and the proposed procedure has only limited budget requirements, it can be easily adopted and applied extensively (e.g., for virtual preservation of threatened complex sites and areas).

Provenance and production of tin in the Ancient World has since long been a major topic of discussion among archaeologists. In Western Europe, where significant tin ore (cassiterite) deposits are known, only a few remains of ancient tin production, such as tin slags, have been detected. In the present work, elemental and microstructural analyses by WDXRF, SEM-EDS and XRD were performed on recently recognised tin slags from the Iron Age Carvalhelhos hillfort located in NW Iberia, a territory that represents the largest extension with tin mineralisation in Western Europe. Elemental and microstructural characterisation of cassiterite collected in a pilot field survey in the region of the hillfort are presented and discussed, as well as two ceramic fragments that could be part of a smelting structure and an iron slag from the settlement. Results show that the tin slags have variable but high contents in Sn, similarly to Pre-Medieval tin slags found in other Western European areas, but also high contents of Ta and Nb, which specifically distinguish them from other tin slags, such as those found in SW Britain. Tin ores from the hillfort region frequently have Ta and Nb in cassiterite solid solution or as inclusions of columbite group minerals, relating well with the Carvalhelhos tin slags. Up to present, the Carvalhelhos slags are amongst the very few ancient tin slags known in Western Europe, and their study can contribute to a better knowledge on ancient tin sources and trade routes.

Resumo: Com este trabalho pretendemos apresentar tres novas zonas mineiras auriferas e estanhiferas de epoca Romana no alto vale do Tâmega (concelhos de Montalegre e Boticas, Norte de Portugal). Atraves de uma metodologia interdisciplinar, integrando diferentes metodos e tecnicas arqueologicas, geologicas e geoespaciais, realizamos uma analise e caracterizacao destas zonas mineiras. No final, efetuamos algumas consideracoes historicas sobre as mesmas. Palavras-chave: Mineracao Romana, ouro, estanho, metodologia interdisciplinar. Abtsract: New evidence of Roman gold and tin mining in the upper Tâmega valley (Montalegre and Boticas, Northern Portugal) With this work, we intend to present three new Roman gold and tin mining areas in the upper Tâmega valley (Montalegre and Boticas municipalities, Northern Portugal). Through an interdisciplinary methodology, integrating different archaeological, geological and geospatial methods and techniques, we carry out an analysis and characterization of these mining areas. In the end, we make some historical considerations about them. Keywords: Roman mining, gold, tin, interdisciplinary methodology.

O presente trabalho apresenta os primeiros resultados de um estudo arqueometalurgico detalhado, ainda em curso, efetuado sobre um conjunto de achados metalicos encontrado no sitio de Moinhos de Golas, freguesia de Solveira, concelho de Montalegre. Este, genericamente, atribuido a Proto-historia foi ja objeto de uma primeira publicacao (FONTE et al. 2013).A colecao e composta por 35 objetos, entre os quais se encontram armas, artefactos de adorno e utensilios, entre outros de dificil classificacao funcional.Foram efetuadas radiografias por raios X, analises elementares por micro-EDXRF e observacoes microestruturais por microscopia otica na maioria dos artefactos. As imagens radiograficas revelaram algumas heterogeneidades estruturais nalgumas pecas e as analises elementares demonstraram que a maioria dos artefactos foi produzida numa liga de bronze binaria (Cu-Sn), sendo, no entanto, de destacar o uso de outros metais e ligas, como, por exemplo, cobre e latao. Foram, ainda, observadas microestruturas associadas a diferentes processos de manufatura que poderao envolver ciclos de martelagem e recozimento, com ou sem operacoes de acabamento. Palavras-chave: Arqueometalurgia, Bronze, Composicao elementar, Tecnicas de manufatura, Tecnicas analiticas First results of an archaeometallurgical study of a collection from Moinhos de Golas archaeological site (Montalegre, Portugal) The present work presents the first results of a detailed archaeometallurgical study, still ongoing, on a group of metallic findings from Moinhos de Golas archaeological site (Montalegre, Portugal), generically attributed to the Protohistory, and previously presented in a paper dealing with its discovery (FONTE et al. 2013).The collection is composed by 35 objects, which include weapons, ornaments and tools, among other objects of a more difficult classification.The archaeometallurgical study involved X-ray radiography, elemental analysis by micro-EDXRF and microstructural observations by optical microscopy. The radiographies revealed some structural heterogeneities in some artefacts and the elemental analysis showed that most of the artefacts were produced in a binary bronze alloy (Cu-Sn), being others made in copper and brass. Microstructures associated with different manufacturing processes were observed, which may involve hammering and annealing cycles with or without finishing operations. Keywords: Archaeometallurgy, Bronze, Alloy composition, Manufacturing techniques, Analytical techniques

In this work, we study a possible Roman military settlement located on the eastern slope of the Padrela Mountain, named Alto da Cerca (Valpaços, Portugal). The use of a non-invasive methodology allowed us to characterise the site archaeologically and to differentiate it in relation to the local settlement network. Considering that the Roman army was directly involved in control tasks and protection of mining areas, but also in logistical issues and technical and administrative planning, as well as administration and territorial organization, we seek to contextualize the settlement in relation to the Roman mining district of Tresminas., Pretendemos com este trabalho dar a conhecer um possível assentamento militar romano localizado na vertente Oriental da serra da Padrela: o Alto da Cerca (Valpaços, Portugal). O uso de uma metodologia não-invasiva permitiu-nos caracterizar arqueologicamente este sítio e diferenciá-lo em relação à rede de povoamento local. Tendo em consideração que o exército romano estaria directamente envolvido em tarefas de controlo e proteção das zonas mineiras, mas também com questões logísticas e técnico-administrativas de planificação, administração e organização territorial, procuramos contextualizar este assentamento em relação ao distrito mineiro romano de Tresminas.

International audience; The northwestern Iberian Peninsula has been well known for its mineral wealth since classical times, including for gold and for tin. In fact, the Iberian tin belt is the largest in western Europe (covering an area of c.200,000 km2), containing tin deposits that were accessible from ancient times. Nevertheless, few archaeological studies have been dedicated to ancient tin mining in the region, unlike gold mining, for which major mining complexes are known from Roman times (e.g. Las Médulas, N Spain, and Três Minas, N Portugal). In this paper, evidence for tin mining in different periods, from the Bronze Age to modern times, is discussed, based on selected casestudies, using various approaches developed for the study of ancient and modern tin mining, by members of the present Iberian Tin Research Group. An introduction to the geographical and geological contexts of Iberian tin, and the history of investigation on Iberian tin mining, is included.

10 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 láminas., [ES] Se da a conocer la Pedra da Póvoa (Póvoa, Ribeira de Pena), un monolito inédito, grabado con motivos abstractos y un zoomorfo. Consideramos posible fecharlo en la Edad del Hierro del Noroeste Peninsular. Se presentan las condiciones del hallazgo, emplazamiento y descripción tecno-morfológica de los grabados y se plantean algunas consideraciones en torno a su contextualización crono-estilística., [EN] This paper offers a preliminary study of Pedra da Póvoa, a carved monolith displaying curvilinear motifs and one deer, possibly dated to the Iron Age, which was recently discovered in Northern Portugal. It provides an account of the find conditions, spatial environment, a description of the engravings and a preliminary discussion of its chronological and stylistic contexts.

21 páxinas, 9 figuras., [GA] O texto pretende contribuir para uma reflexão e discussão em torno dos sistemas defensivos, particularmente em relação às muralhas, de Trás-os-Montes Ocidental (Norte de Portugal), que serão relacionadas a um tipo específico de actividade produtiva e interpretadas enquanto elementos de distinção social das comunidades que habitavam nesta área na proto-história., [EN] The text seeks to discuss the defensive systems, particularly in relation to the ramparts of Western Trás-os-Montes (North of Portugal), which will be related to a specific type of productive activity and interpreted as elements of social distinction of the communities that lived in this area in protohistory.

During the Portuguese War of Restoration (1640–1668), a series of fortifications were built along the Spanish-Portuguese border. The archaeological study of these sites combines different disciplines (landscape archaeology, archaeology of architecture, geospatial technologies, and documentary studies), with the aim of recovering the record of an ancient fortified landscape. This project revealed the construction of a number of small fortifications around the fortress of San Luís Gonzaga (Valença, Portugal), most of which disappeared after the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668. In the area of Campos (Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal), we were able to document what was probably a Modern Age fortification by analysing historic aerial photography, despite the recent construction of an industrial estate. It was also located inside a larger, square structure, which we identified as a possible Roman camp. In this paper, we discuss both fortifications, the methodological process that was developed in order to identify and study them, their possible interpretation, and how they interact with each other.

En los últimos años hemos asistido a un incremento exponencial del número de evidencias arqueológicas relacionadas con la presencia del ejército romano en el noroeste peninsular. En este trabajo analizamos un conjunto de recintos identificados en el oriente gallego mediante el empleo de una metodología específica que aúna técnicas de teledetección y métodos de prospección arqueológica convencional. Estos yacimientos podrían identificarse como asentamientos militares romanos, de acuerdo con sus particulares características morfo-tipológicas. En las siguientes líneas se describen las estructuras arqueológicas documentadas, se analiza su patrón de asentamiento y se estudian sus relaciones con el territorio circundante con la ayuda de diversas tecnologías de información geográfica. ENG:NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA FOR THE STUDY OF THE ROMAN MILITARY PRESENCE IN EASTERN GALICIAABSTRACTThe archaeological evidence related to the presence of the Roman army in NW Iberia has exponentially increased in recent years. In this paper, we analysed a number of sites identified in the Galician easternmost territories by using a specific methodology which combines remote sensing techniques and conventional archaeological survey methods. These enclosures could be identified as Roman military sites, according to their particular morpho-typological characteristics. The goal of this work is to describe the documented archaeological structures, but also to analyse the settlement pattern of these sites, and to study their relations with the surrounding territory, thanks to the help of various geographic information technologies. KEYWORDSArchaeology; Survey; Remote Sensing; GIS; Fortifications; Roman period; NW Iberia

Herdade da Contenda (HC), located in Moura municipality, Beja district (Alentejo province) in the south of Portugal (southwestern Iberia Peninsula), is a national hunting area with 5270ha. The development of an integrated system that aims to make the management of the natural and cultural heritage resources will be very useful for an effective management of this area. This integrated system should include the physical characterization of the territory, naturalcon servation, land use and land management themes, as well the cultural heritage resources . This paper presents a new tool for an integrated environmental management system of the HC, which aims to produce maps under a GIS open source environment (QGIS). The application is composed by a single button which opens a window. The window is composed by twelve menus (File, DRASTIC, Forest Fire Risk, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) ,Bioclimatic Index, Cultural Heritage, Fauna and Flora, Ortofoto, Normalizes Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Land Use Land Cover Cover (LULC) and Help. Several inputs are requires to generate these maps, e.g. DEM, geologic information, soil map, hydraulic conductivity information, LULC map, vulnerability and economic information, NDVI. Six buttons were added to the toolbar which allows to manipulate the information in th emap canvas: Zoom in, Zoom out, Pan, Print/Layout and Clear. This integrated and open source GIS environment management system was developed for the HC area, but could be easily adapted to other natural or protected area.Desp ite the lack of data, the methodology presented fulfills the objectives. Keywords: QGIS, Environment management, protected/nature areas, DRASTIC, RUSLE, Forest fire, Cultural heritage

International audience

International audience; The Iberian Peninsula, namely the NorthWestern Iberian area, is one of the richest regions in tin ores-cassiterite-in the European territory. However, the strong mining activity linked to tungsten in the first half of the twentieth century, and the coincidence of these mineralizations with tin ones, has led to the covering or destruction of many possible evidences of ancient mining works. Nevertheless, in written documents related to many of these recent mining sites, there are frequent reports about earlier local evidence of mining exploitations, leading to the frequent expression of "reopening of the mine". In this work we present a state of the art of the possible pathways of investigation open for the study of mining and metallurgy of Iberian tin. Some of these lines have been explored in recent research conducted by the members of the Cassiteros Group. We address issues related to mining landscapes and possible circuits of goods exchange, the existence/absence of metallurgical materials related with tin production in archaeological sites, the finding of ancient materials/artefacts in "reopened" mines in the twentieth century and a brief introduction to the issue of tin in the recent economy (XX century), emphasizing the importance that this metal may have played in ancient as well as in recent NorthWestern Iberian economy. At the same time, we present a proposal on the potential use of these resources, both in terms of the historiography of European pre and proto-history, as in the heritage sector.; La Península Ibérica, y más concretamente el noroeste ibérico, constituye una de las regiones más ricas en minerales de estaño-casiterita-del territorio Europeo. La fuerte actividad minera ligada al wolframio en la primera mitad del siglo XX, dada la coincidencia de estas mineralizaciones con las de estaño, propició la ocultación o destrucción de posibles evidencias de minería antigua. Sin embargo, son recurrentes los relatos y documentos escritos sobre evidencias más antiguas de explotación, anteriores a la "reapertura" de muchos de estos enclaves mineros. En el presente trabajo presentaremos un estado de la cuestión de las posibles vías de investigación abiertas para el estudio de la minería y la metalurgia del estaño Ibérico. Algunas de estas líneas de trabajo han sido exploradas en investigaciones recientes efectuadas por miembros del Grupo Cassiteros. Abordamos cuestiones relacionadas con paisajes mineros y posibles circuitos de intercambio de bienes, la existencia/ausencia de materiales metalúrgicos relacionados con la producción de estaño en yacimientos arqueológicos, el hallazgo de materiales/artefactos antiguos en minas "reabiertas" en el siglo XX, así como una pequeña introducción a la cuestión del estaño en la economía reciente (siglo XX), dando énfasis a la importancia que este metal pudo tener en la economía antigua y reciente del Noroeste Peninsular. Al mismo tiempo, presentamos una propuesta sobre las posibilidades de valorización de estos recursos, tanto en el ámbito de la historiografía de la pre y protohistoria europea, como en el ámbito patrimonial.

A Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Terva é conhecida pelos vestígios de Mineração de Época Romana que se podem encontrar na bibliografia. Neste trabalho é dado especial destaque à investigação que tem sido levada a cabo nesta região, nomeadamente em termos de anomalias geoquímicas e a sua relação com as explorações mineiras. Recentemente as campanhas de prospecção na zona permitiram identificar em profundidade a mineralização em ouro, pontualmente muito rica (50 g/t). Para além disso o ouro aparece de uma forma mais grosseira, por vezes em pequenas pepitas de quase meio milímetro. Todos os dados depois de integrados num Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), permitiram a clarificação de alguns aspectos que parecem dúbios no terreno, nomeadamente as estruturas que correspondem efectivamente a antigas minas de ouro e as que correspondem a prospecção mineira ou outras actividades. The Rio Terva drainage basin is known for many different Roman Gold Mine vestiges that can be found in the bibliography. This work is about research done in the region, principally in geochemistry anomalies and their relationship with the mining exploitations. The recent exploration campaigns in the area were able to identify in deep a gold mineralization, punctually very rich (50 g/t). There are also coarse gold as small nuggets of almost half millimetre. All these data were integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) project, in order to clarify some doubts from the field work, principally in relation with the identification of real ancient gold mines instead of exploration works or another kind of structures.

[ES] El presente artículo discute distintas propuestas interpretativas que han sido publicadas tras la aparición, en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica, de las llamadas estatuas-menhir. Inicialmente se repasa la caracterización de estos monumentos y se analiza la regularidad que nos ha llevado a considerarlas parte de un mismo problema histórico. Partiendo del estudio del contexto territorial y paisajístico analizamos la relación entre la localización de las estatuas-menhir y la movilidad en la zona de estudio. Nuestro objetivo final es plantear la posible pervivencia temporal de estos monumentos y explorar los procesos de variación de su sentido que se han podido generar en relación con los cambios de contexto y dinámica socio-cultural., [EN] This paper discusses several interpretative proposals that have been published about the appearance, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, of the so called menhir-statues. Initially we review the characterization of these monuments and we analyze the regularity that has led us to consider them as part of the same historic problem. Based on the study of territorial and landscape context we analyze the relationship between the location of the menhir-statues and mobility in the study area. The ultimate goal is to analyze the possible temporary survival of these monuments and to explore the processes of variations of meaning that could have been generated in relation to context changes and socio-cultural dynamics.

O turismo é um dos factores de maior crescimento e um dos principais promotores da economia do país. A vertente de Turismo em Espaço Rural e do Turismo de Natureza apresenta crescimentos significativos tanto da procura, quanto do número de camas disponibilizadas. É neste contexto de crescimento que se considera pertinente avaliar o custo/benefício e a viabilidade económica da implementação de uma empresa na área de Turismo em Espaço Rural. O concelho de Castanheira de Pêra, em plena Serra da Lousã, regista, por um lado, uma procura crescente das actividades e dos espaços lúdicos recentemente criados e, por outro, uma fraca resposta ao nível do alojamento. Assumidas estas premissas considerou-se pertinente equacionar a sua implementação nesta região. A empresa a criar, “Refúgios de Xisto”, é uma startup na área do turismo, que pretende proporcionar hospedagem e actividades lúdicas no âmbito do turismo em espaço rural e turismo de natureza. Para tal será restaurado um pequeno lugarejo com casas típicas de montanha, construídas em xisto, utilizando técnicas e materiais locais, procurando respeitar a traça arquitectónica da região e a preservação do meio ambiente. Este projecto procura apresentar uma visão holística do negócio, integrando um conjunto de dimensões fundamentais à sua sustentabilidade. Deste modo, para além da necessária análise financeira, são apontadas algumas estratégias de negócio como uma franca aposta na comunicação e marketing, nas redes de parceria e na qualidade dos serviços. Tourism is one of the biggest growing markets and a big contributor for the country’s gross domestic product. Tourism in Rural Area and Nature Tourism have shown increasing growth in supply and demand. In this growing context, it´s wise to ponder the cost/ profit, and the economic benefit of the implementation of a business in this market. The village of Castanheira de Pêra has had a rising in tourism over the last years pushed by the Water Park, Praia das Rocas, which had over 400 mil tickets sold since 2005. The company, “Refúgios de Xisto”, it´s a startup in the tourism market that intends to provide accommodation and extra services for those how want to relax and recharge, nature lovers our adventure seekers. The company is rebuilding some typical houses, made from schist, as the local craftsman used to do, in the most eco-friendly manner. This project wants to show the elements of this business and what it takes to make it sustainable and profitable. It´s pointed out some business strategies like the importance of marketing and communication, partnership networks and the quality of services.

Generally seen as natural peripheries, upland landscapes present particular challenges both in terms of living, and of recording past human activity within. LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology has now brought considerable improvement in our ability to record and map surviving archaeological features, but not necessarily increased our appreciation of local agency. Though the iconic landscape around the Iron Age Dacian capital of Sarmizegetusa Regia (Romania) and its Roman conquest have long caught the attention of specialists and the wider public, both previous research and more recent results from an airborne LiDAR survey leave considerable gaps in our understanding of networking potential across this challenging landscape. Based on LiDAR and satellite-generated high- and mid-resolution topographic data, our paper employs an innovative combination of GIS (geographic information system) spatial analysis tools to examine the spatial relationships between Roman military bases, Dacian targets, and the wider landscape as an integral part of a wider interdisciplinary archaeological research. This helped us formulate and test spatial and historical hypotheses, according to which all known and potential Roman military bases in the study area functioned as part of a system where each contributed individual advantages in securing their domination across the landscape. Our research highlighted the advantages and challenges for Comărnicelu as one of the key Roman logistical nodes, and for the attackers at Şesului and Muncelu working in tandem to besiege and subdue Sarmizegetusa Regia. Our study raises doubts with respect of the fall and destruction of the hillfort at V&acirc, rfu lui Hulpe as a result of a Roman siege, making space for alternative political narratives. Ultimately, our findings help build a better understanding of this iconic world heritage landscape and its Roman conquest.

Northwest Iberia can be considered as one of the main areas where tin was exploited in antiquity. However, the location of ancient tin mining and metallurgy, their date and the intensity of tin production are still largely uncertain. The scale of mining activity and its socio-economical context have not been truly assessed, nor its evolution over time. With the present study, we intend to present an integrated, multiscale, multisensor and interdisciplinary methodology to tackle this problem. The integration of airborne LiDAR and historic aerial imagery has enabled us to identify and map ancient tin mining remains on the Tinto valley (Viana do Castelo, northern Portugal). The combination with historic mining documentation and literature review allowed us to confirm the impact of modern mining and define the best-preserved ancient mining areas for further archaeological research. After data processing and mapping, subsequent ground-truthing involved field survey and geological sampling that confirmed cassiterite exploitation as the key feature of the mining works. This non-invasive approach is of importance for informing future research and management of these landscapes. publishersversion published