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It is widely accepted that in many aquatic ecosystems bacterioplankton is dependent on and regulated by organic carbon supplied by phytoplankton, leading to coupled algae-bacteria relationship. In this study, an in-depth analysis of this relationship has been carried out by combining two approaches: (i) a correlation analyses between heterotrophic bacterial production (BP) vs. primary production (PP) or algal excretion of organic carbon (EOC), (ii) the balance between bacterial carbon demands (BCD) and the supply of C as EOC, measured as BCD:EOC ratio. During the study period (2013-2016), the algae-bacteria relationship was constantly changing from a coupling in 2013, uncoupling in 2014 and 2015, and an incipient return to coupling (in 2016). Our results show that top-down control (bacterivory) by algal mixotrophy acts as a decoupling force since it provides a fresh C source different to algal EOC to satisfy bacterial carbon demands. Notably, a relationship between the BCD:EOC ratio and the ecosystem metabolic balance (Primary production (PP): respiration (R)) was found, suggesting that PP:R may be a good predictor of the algae-bacteria coupling. This analysis, including the comparison between basal and potential ecosystem metabolic balance, can be a tool to improve knowledge on the interaction between both biotics compartments, which the traditional analyses on coupling may not capture.

This paper presents a high aluminium yield route for the large-scale production of nanostructured alumina with high morphological purity. Morphologically selective hydrothermal formation of alumina nanorods can be achieved at low pH values (< 3.5), with a low NaOH:Al ratio (0.77:1) however, it presents a low aluminium yield (35 wt%) with a significant proportion of aluminium remaining unreacted in the solution. Higher yields can be achieved at higher pH levels but at a price of leading to mixed, uncontrolled morphologies. In this work, we demonstrate a semi-continuous system where the synthesis supernatant solution is recycled whilst maintaining the initial NaOH:Al ratio constant, leading to > 95 wt% aluminium yield. The -Al2O3 materials produced by the recycle procedure possess the same crystallinity, surface area and morphology as the -Al2O3 nanorods obtained from the batch hydrothermal route. We have explored the potential accumulation of spectator ions from recycling the supernatant and no effect on the recycled product quality has been determined. As such, we demonstrate herein the economic feasibility of hydrothermal methods for manufacturing of nanostructured -Al2O3 nanorods, which could be applied to other industrially relevant metal oxides, as the recycle assays validate the shift from a conventional batch to a semi-continuous process, simultaneously reducing waste streams and improving atom efficiency.

Antecedentes: Los casos esporádicos de diarrea en niños pequeños son muy frecuentes, sobre todo por rotavirus, Campylobacter y Salmonella. Se pretende identificar los factores asociados con estos procesos. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles. Casos de diarrea hospitalizados menores de 3 años. Entrevista realizada inmediatamente al ingreso, antes de conocer el resultado del coprocultivo. Se investigaron factores de susceptibilidad, de alimentación y ambientales. Se ha distinguido en niños mayores y menores de 1 año. Resultados: Un total de 117 pacientes (rotavirus, 31; Campylobacter, 28; Salmonella, 21; negativos, 37) y 84 controles. Se identificaron varios factores protectores como lactancia materna y toma previa de antibiótico. Factores de riesgo relacionados como la exposición a productos cárnicos (por ingesta o ambiental en la cocina), a algunos animales domésticos o asistencia a guarderías. Hubo diferencias por tipo de germen y por grupo de edad. En el grupo de pacientes con el coprocultivo negativo no se identificaron factores de riesgo. Conclusión: Se discuten las dificultades que plantea el estudio epidemiológico de este tipo de casos. Se interpretan los hallazgos por grupos de microorganismos, por grupo de edad, y se plantea su aplicación en el control y prevención de estos procesos. : Background: Sporadic cases of diarrhea in preschool children are highly frequent, especially those caused by rotavirus, Campylobacter and Salmonella. The aim of this study was to identify some of the factors associated with these processes. Material and methods: A case-control study of hospitalized incident cases aged less than 3 years old was performed. Questionnaires were administered at admission, before the results of stool tests were known. Susceptibility, food exposure, and environmental factors were investigated. Infants aged less than 1 year were analyzed separately. Results: A total of 117 patients (rotavirus in 31, Campylobacter in 228 and Salmonella in 21, negative results in 37) and 84 controls were studied. Several protective factors, such as breast feeding and prior antibiotic use, were identified. Risk factors for diarrhea were exposure to meat products (eating or environmental exposure in the kitchen), some kinds of pets, and attendance at day care. Differences were found by etiology and age. In the culture-negative group, no risk factors were identified. Conclusion: The problems posed by epidemiological study of this issue are discussed. The main findings in each group of cases are interpreted and proposals are made for their application in the control and prevention of these diseases.

Introduccion: Los polipos de colon sesiles y/o planos de gran tamano (mayores de 30 mms) son un desafio endoscopico, tanto para predecir la existencia de malignidad y/o invasion submucosa, como para su resecabilidad. La reseccion endoscopica mucosa (REM) es una tecnica util y aceptada para este tipo de lesiones. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la REM en los polipos de gran tamano en nuestro centro. Material y Metodo: De forma prospectiva desde enero 2015 a junio 2015 se incluyeron 13 pacientes (6 hombres y 7 mujeres, edad media 73 anos). Se realizaron 15 resecciones, dos polipos sesiles (Is) y 13 planos (la mayoria IIa o IIa + Is). Tamano medio de las lesiones 43 mms (30 – 60 mms). La localizacion mas frecuente de las lesiones fue sigma (40%), colon derecho-ciego (40%). La principal indicacion para la realizacion de la colonoscopia fue la rectorragia. Se usaron endoscopios de alta definicion Olympus 190 HQ con NBI para determinar resecabilidad. Resultados: Se consiguio la reseccion completa en todos los pacientes (REM en fragmentos 100%), en el 50% de los casos se trato con Argon los bordes de la reseccion. Dos complicaciones (13%) ambas por hemorragia que se resolvieron por via endoscopica. La histologia de las lesiones; adenoma tubular o tubulo-velloso (40%), adenoma tubulo-velloso con displasia de alto grado (20%), adenocarcinoma intramucoso (26,6%), adenocarcinoma pT1 (submucosa, 13,3%). En el seguimiento se han realizado endoscopia a los 3 meses en 6 pacientes (tejido residual o recurrencia 20%). Conclusiones: La seguridad y eficacia de la REM para polipos de gran tamano es alta en nuestra serie, aunque se requiere mayor numero de casos y un seguimiento de todas las resecciones. La REM es una tecnica compleja no exenta de complicaciones que requiere una curva de aprendizaje.

The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the ewe's coat color (brown, white, spotted, Blackbelly, and black) on age at first lambing (AFL, n = 578), prolificacy (PRO, n = 475), and lambing interval (LI, n = 438) in a flock of hair sheep in Campeche, México. As a secondary objective, the effects of lambing year, lambing month, and the ewe's lambing number (primiparous, multiparous) were also evaluated. Data collected on reproductive characteristics during 5 years (2006-2010) from 340 ewes and their lambs were analysed. The sheep were managed under semi-extensive conditions; ewes and their lambs were allowed to graze during the day and were penned overnight. The statistical analysis was performed with the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical package utilizing fixed effects models. Overall least-squares means for AFL, PRO, and LI were 463.9±13.0 days, 1.71±0.60 lambs born per ewe lambing, and 295,7±17,9 days, respectively. The ewe's coat color had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on AFL and LI; the lowest averages for AFL were for white (435.8±1.4), brown (438.5±2,4) and spotted (439.7±3.6) ewes, while for LI the lowest averages were for spotted (284.9±6.9), white (288.8±1.6), and black (291.7±5.8) ewes. Significant effects ((P≤0.05) of lambing year, lambing month, and lambing number were found on the three characteristics. Due to their lowest averages being obtained at first lambing and lambing interval, it is concluded that white and spotted ewes in this flock should be preferred for a selection program in an attempt to decrease the average of both characteristics. &nbsp, El objetivo principal fue evaluar el efecto del color de la oveja (café, blanco, pinto, Blackbelly, y negro) en edad al primer parto (EPP, n = 578), prolificidad (PRO, n = 475) e intervalo entre partos (IEP, n = 438) en un rebaño de ovinos de pelo en Campeche, México. De manera secundaria se evaluaron año de parto, mes de parto, y número de parto de la oveja (primíparas, multíparas). Se analizaron datos de características reproductivas de cinco años (2006-2010) de 340 ovejas y sus crías. El rebaño se manejó bajo condiciones semiextensivas; las ovejas y sus crías pastoreaban durante el día y se encerraban toda la noche. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con el procedimiento GLM del paquete estadístico SAS mediante modelos de efectos fijos. Las medias generales de cuadrados mínimos de EPP, PRO e IEP fueron 463,9±13,0 días, 1,71±0,60 corderos nacidos por oveja parida, y 295,7±17,9 días, respectivamente. El color de la oveja influyó (P≤0,05) en EPP e IEP; los menores promedios para EPP fueron para las ovejas blancas (435,8±1,4), café (438,5±2,4) y pintas (439,7±3,6), mientras que en IEP los menores promedios fueron para las ovejas pintas (284,9±6,9, blancas (288,8±1,6), y negras (291,7±5,8). Hubo efectos significativos (P≤0,05) de año de parto, mes de parto, y número de parto en las tres características. Por sus menores promedios obtenidos en edad al primer parto e intervalo entre partos, se concluye que en este rebaño las ovejas blancas y pintas deberían preferirse en un programa de selección en un intento por disminuir los promedios de ambas características. &nbsp

Insights of the chemical mechanism for the hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured alumina are elucidated for the first time, demonstrating the effect of the NaOH : Al molar ratio not only on the resulting morphology of the material but also on the product yield. Highly uniform pure g-Al2O3 nanorods are synthesised under acidic conditions (pH < 4), while basic medium (pH > 9) lead to g-Al2O3 nanoplates. Maximisation of the morphological purity leads to a decrease in the overall aluminium yield which can be overcome by successful reusability of the synthesis medium in an effort to increase efficiency (yield and productivity) and minimise waste production towards feasible large-scale manufacturing of nanostructured materials.

Intestinal subocclusion is a clinical picture characterized by an incomplete interruption of the distal progression of the intestinal contents, and it may be due to multiple causes. We present here the case of a 20-year-old male with severe hemophilia A who developed symptoms of periumbilical abdominal pain and intestinal subocclusion. The CT scan revealed submucosal hemorrhage in the jejunum and dilatation of the proximal segments. A conservative treatment with plasmatic factor VIII was applied and the patient showed good response to the treatment and resolution of the intramural hematoma. With this case we want to highlight this intestinal manifestation of hemophilia, its atypical clinical behavior as intestinal subocclusion and its good response to a conservative treatment with factor VIII, as opposed to surgery as the first therapeutic option. We also offer a review of the last cases of hematomas in the gastrointestinal tract in hemophiliac patients.

SUMMARY 1. We investigated the simultaneous effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment in rats on glutathione metabolism, oxidative status and their interorgan relationship in the liver and kidney. 2. Reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively), lipid peroxidation and the activity of several enzymes of the glutathione cycle were evaluated in adult Wistar rats treated daily (i.p.) with saline, CsA vehicle (olive oil) or CsA (10 and 20 mg/kg per day) for either 1 or 4 weeks (short- and long-term treatments, respectively). 3. Cyclosporine A treatment elicited a significant depletion in liver GSH content and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio that was unrelated to either the time of treatment or the dose used; these effects were already evident after 1 week of treatment. Renal GSH levels remained unaffected or increased, while those of GSSG increased markedly in all CsA-treated rats, leading to decreases in the GSH/GSSG ratio, except in rats treated in the short term with the lower dose of CsA. These changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio were time and dose dependent. Short-term CsA treatment using the higher dose and long-term treatment with both doses of CsA progressively enhanced lipid peroxidation, which was reflected by increased levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in both hepatic and renal homogenates. Hepatic γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity was increased after long-term treatment with both doses of CsA, whereas the activity of GSH hepatic peroxidase and GSH transferase was not significantly modified in any of the experimental groups. In contrast, renal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity decreased in a progressive fashion, with the magnitude of this decrease being dose and time dependent. The plasma levels of total glutathione increased only in rats treated in the long term, regardless of the dose of CsA used, and remained unaltered in animals treated in the short term. 4. In summary, the data collected indicate that CsA treatment alters the interorgan homeostasis of glutathione and the oxidative status of the rat liver and kidney, which is associated with increases in lipid peroxidation in both organs, and also induces modifications in the activity of some enzyme related to the glutathione cycle.

99Tc m -tetrofosmin is a new myocardial perfusion agent that has excellent physical and pharmacokinetic characteristics for performing tomographic myocardial perfusion studies. The aim of this study was to compare the behaviour of 99 Tc m -tetrofosmin and 201 Tl in the assessment of ischaemia and viability in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Twenty consecutive patients who had suffered infarction and been referred for assessment of ischaemia and myocardial viability were enrolled into the study. Each patient underwent two stress tests performed no more than 10 days apart, one with a 201 Tl exercise-reinjection-redistribution method and one with a 99 Tc m -tetrofosmin short protocol (exercise-rest). The results were quantified using polar maps to represent images for stress, rest and reversibility. The post-stress images showed there was a slight tendency to overestimate defect size with 99 Tc m -tetrofosmin in the lateral region (P < 0.006). We found no significant differences between the two tracers when comparing reversibility. The same defect sizes at rest were obtained when the maps for 201 Tl with uptake of 50% were compared with those for 99 Tc m -tetrofosmin with uptake of 45%. Agreement between the two agents for assessment of viability was 93%. We conclude that the quantitative assessment of myocardial ischaemia and uptake of 99 Tc m -tetrofosmin at rest are comparable to those obtained with 201 Tl in patients who have suffered myocardial infarction.

Introduccion y objetivos Estudiar el rendimientodiagnostico de la tomogammagrafia miocardicacon tecnecio-99m-metoxi-isobutil isonitrilo en ladeteccion de enfermedad individualizada de las arteriascoronarias epicardicas y su valor en la prediccionde enfermedad multivaso. Metodo Se han estudiado 231 pacientes (58 ± 10anos, 26% mujeres) consecutivos sin infarto previoen los que se disponia de una tomogammagrafiamiocardica de esfuerzo y reposo y coronariografia(104 multivaso, 45 monovaso y 82 sin lesiones coronarias).Los resultados de la tomogammagrafiase evaluaron de forma semicuantitativa medianteuna puntuacion proporcional a la extension y severidadde los defectos postesfuerzo (puntuacion maxima:65). Se realizo un analisis bi y multivariableentre los pacientes con enfermedad multivaso ycon enfermedad de un vaso. Resultados La sensibilidad y especificidad de latomogammagrafia para la deteccion de estenosis > 50% en la arteria descendente anterior fuerondel 74% y 85%, para la coronaria derecha del 79% y85% y para la arteria circunfleja del 45% y 96%respectivamente. La tomogammagrafia mostro unasensibilidad del 65%, especificidad del 87%, un valorpredictivo positivo del 81% y un valor predictivonegativo del 76% para la deteccion de enfermedadmultivaso. El analisis bivariable mostro diferencias significativasentre los pacientes de un vaso y multivasoen cuatro parametros: descenso del ST > 1 mm (p =0,01), descenso del ST corregido por la frecuenciacardiaca (p = 0,005), defectos reversibles en masde una region (p = 0,009), y puntuacion de la tomogammagrafia(p = 0,002). En el analisis multivariable la probabilidad de enfermedadmultivaso fue del 90% cuando se asociabadescenso del ST > 1 mm y una puntuacion > 20 en la tomogammagrafia. Cuando estos dos criteriosno se cumplian esta probabilidad fue del 16%. Conclusion Los resultados de la tomogammagrafiamiocardica en la deteccion de enfermedad coronariapor vasos son globalmente buenos exceptopara la circunfleja que presenta una menor sensibilidad.La interpretacion conjunta del ECG de esfuerzoy de la tomogammagrafia permitio una mejordiscriminacion de los pacientes con enfermedadmultivaso.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de época y tipo de nacimiento, sexo y padre de las crías sobre el peso al nacimiento (PN; n = 394), ganancia diaria de peso predestete (GDP; n = 218) y peso al destete (PD; n = 218) en un rebaño de ovinos Pelibuey ubicado en el trópico húmedo de México. Para PN, PD y GDP se emplearon modelos lineales de efectos fijos que incluyeron la época de nacimiento (En): (seca, lluvias y nortes), tipo de nacimiento (Tn) (únicos y múltiples), sexo (Sx) de la cría (hembra y macho), padre (Pc) de la cría (nueve carneros Pelibuey canelo en PN y siete en GDP y PD). El modelo para PD incluyó además el efecto de PN como covariable. La En afectó (p 0.01) el PN y el PD, el Tn afectó (p 0.01) el PN y la GDP, el Sx del cordero no afectó ninguna de las tres variables analizadas (p 0.05) y el padre del cordero afectó la variación en GDP y PD (p 0.01). El PN como covariable afectó el PD (p 0.01). Se concluye que la época y tipo de nacimiento de los corderos tienen un efecto importante sobre las características de crecimiento predestete. Los corderos que nacieron en la época climática de lluvias muestran un menor peso al destete con respecto a los nacidos en seca y nortes. Los corderos provenientes de un tipo de nacimiento múltiple muestran una menor GDP predestete que los corderos de nacimiento simple. El carnero progenitor de los corderos ejerció influencia sobre la GDP predestete y PD. El PN es una variable importante para determinar el PD.

10 páginas.-- 3 figuras.-- 2 tablas.-- 49 referencias.-- El autor González Grau, Juan Miguel pertenece actualmente al Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, We examined grazing of marine viruses and bacteria by natural assemblages and cultures of phagotrophic nanoflagellates. Ingestion rates were determined using fluorescently labelled viruses (FLVs) and bacteria (FLB), and 50 or 500 nm diameter fluorescent microspheres (FMs). Calculated clearance rates of viruses by natural nanoflagellate assemblages were about 4 % of those for bacteria when the bacteria and viruses were present at natural concentrations. Different viruses were ingested at different rates with the smallest virus being ingested at the slowest rate. Further, we found differences in digestion times for the same flagellates grazing on different viruses and for different flagellate assemblages grazing on the same viruses. FMs of 50 nm diameter were used as a control for egestion of undigested particles. As rates of digestion were greater than those for ingestion both processes would occur simultaneously; hence, our estimates of grazing rate are likely conservative. Ingestion rates were positively correlated with the concentration of 50 nm FMs. Discrimination against 50 nm FMs in favor of FLVs was also observed. Our calculations suggest that viruses may be of nutritional significance for phagotrophic flagellates. When there are 10(6) bacteria ml-1 and 10(7) to 10(8) Viruses ml-1, viruses may represent 0.2 to 9 % of the carbon, 0.3 to 14 % of the nitrogen and 0.6 to 28 % of the phosphorus that the flagellates obtain from ingestion of bacteria. This study demonstrates that both natural assemblages and cultures of phagotrophic nanoflagellates consume and digest a variety of marine viruses, thereby deriving nutritional benefit and serving as a natural sink for marine viral particles. In addition, these results imply that some nanoflagellates are likely capable of consuming a wide spectrum of organic particles in the colloidal size range., This research was supported by grants OCE-9018833 (NSF) and N00014-90-5-1280 (ONR) to C.A.S., OCE-8816428 (NSF) and OCE-8823091(NSF) to Evelyn and Barry Sherr, and a postdoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science to J.M.G. Contribution no. 845 of the Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin.

The effects of pregnancy on kidney transplant recipients have been widely described, although its impact on the mother, the fetus and the graft is still debated. Experience in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation is limited, with few reported cases, which increases uncertainty about guidelines to follow in this situation. We describe a case of successful pregnancy in a 35 year-old patient who underwent simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation 34 months before delivery. After modifications in immunosuppressive therapy (with tacrolimus and mycophenolate, the latter being switched to azathioprine), pregnancy evolved favourably. Delivery was by caesarean section due to fetal distress at 38 weeks of gestational age. Five months after delivery the child shows normal development while both pancreas and kidney grafts show normal function.

An improved high-performance liquid chromatography separation was developed to detect and quantify beta-exotoxin production in Bacillus thuringiensis culture supernatants. Exotoxin production was assigned to a plasmid in five strains, from three subspecies (B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1, B. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi serotype 9, and B. thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis serotype 10). A new exotoxin, called type II beta-exotoxin in this report, was discovered in B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni serotype 8ab, purified, and partially characterized. This material is more specific than type I beta-exotoxin and is very active against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

Until the introduction of capsule endoscopy (CE), studies of gastrointestinal transit times were based on indirect data or data obtained with radiographic techniques. We analyzed gastric and intestinal transit times through the images obtained with EC and evaluated the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and abdominal perimeter on these times.Of the total number of procedures performed over one year, we reviewed 89 in which CE reached the blind gut. Transit times through the pylorus and the ileocecal valve, as well as a series of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients, were recorded.The mean age of the patients was 59.2 years with a mean BMI of 25.5. Gastric transit times ranged from 0.7 to 171 min (mean 22.6) while small intestine transit times ranged from 91 to 416 min (mean 283.3). No significant associations were found between gastric and intestinal transit times with age, sex, BMI, or abdominal perimeter. A significant negative correlation (p0.05) was found between transit time of CE through the stomach with respect to the time taken between the pylorus and the cecal pole.CE is a good method to study gastrointestinal transit times directly and could lead to greater knowledge of the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal entities. Age, sex and nutritional status do not seem to influence intestinal kinetics. In contrast, longer or shorter gastric emptying times have an inverse effect on the transit of CE through the small intestine.

To determine the relevance of the different ocular optical components in the refractive state of young adults, paying special attention to the corneal topography represented by the asphericity value.Corneal topographies and ultrasonic biometries were obtained from 109 university students with different refractive errors (spherical equivalent range: +3.25 D to -11.00 D). A regression study was performed in order to establish the relationships between corneal asphericity and refractive error, as well as other ocular optical components related to the emmetropization mechanism of the eye.The mean asphericity values were -0.23 (SD 0.08, range: -0.42 to -0.03). All the values correspond to the mathematical description of the prolate ellipse, most commonly accepted for the normal human cornea. The statistical correlation between asphericity and equivalent refractive error was not significant, but a significant correlation was found for the asphericity with respect to the radius of curvature, vitreous chamber depth and axial length.1) The asphericity values support the generalised morphology of the prolate cornea as the standard. The influence of this configuration on the contact lens fit, refractive surgery or the visual performance of the eye are discussed. 2) Results suggest that, although a relationship between axial length and corneal topography actually exists, it is not likely that the latter has implications for the emmetropization mechanisms which determine the refractive state of the adult eye.

espanolLas odontalgias atipicas cronicas obligan en muchos casos al paciente a ir saltando por consultas de diferentes especialistas, sin encontrar la causa, ni el tratamiento apropiado a su padecimiento. Presentamos tres casos clinicos en los cuales queda demostrada como causa de una odontalgia atipica cronica una fisura de la corona del diente. Pensamos que dicha fisura, cuando se prolonga en profundidad, puede afectar a dentina o pulpa y ser el motivo de ese dolor atipico durante incluso anos, terminando en mas de un caso en fractura del diente. Proponemos un diagnostico temprano de este tipo de etiologia, realizacion de una endodoncia y colocacion de una funda metal-porcelana de proteccion. EnglishIn many cases chronic atypical odontalgia make patients visit several different specialists' surgeries, being unable to find the reason or the suitable treatment for the pain. We present three clinical cases in which a fissure in the tooth crown is proved to be the cause of the chronic atypical odontalgia. We think that when this fissure deepens it can affect dentin or pulp and thus not only cause this atypical pain for years but also result in tooth fracture in more than one case. We propose an early diagnosis of this type of etiology, the performance of an endodontic treatment and the placement of a protective metal-porcelain cap

Different warm-up protocols (WUP) have been most commonly researched and it has been clearly demonstrated that some of these WUP elicit PAP however limited data are available about the best pre-conditioning activity (type of exercise, duration, volume, intensity). Therefore, our aim was to analyse 4 different WUP in order to examine the subsequent performance in countermovement jump (CMJ) and sprint performance at the same time, together with lactate along with performance in CMJ and sprint, what would be important and interesting information of the PAP-fatigue relationship for each one of protocols. Twelve high level sprinters (age 22 ± 2 y, body mass 70.2 ± 3.6 kg, height 181 ± 5 cm; body fat 7.4 ± 3.1%) took part in this study. Four different pre-conditioning activities (PCA) were designed, and after that, athletes randomly assigned to each one during 4-wk. PCA were squat (SQ) with 80% 1RM, (CMJ) with loads of 100% of body weight (BW), traditional WUP with three progressive sprint races and a specific sprint-based WUP composed by progressive sprint races. PAP effect was verified on CMJ and sprint performance in 0, 4, and 6 min after each WUP and group. CMJ height increased significantly at 0 and 4 min after all PCA protocols, showing a higher improvement in the specific sprint-based WUP (4.3%; p -1 and 7.74 mmol·L -1 elicited PAP on sprint and CMJ performances for different WUP. Using a specific potentiation protocol that could enhance sprint performance would provide vital information, because running speed is critical in many athletic events. The knowledge of acute effects of PAP can be used to improve performance by including resistance exercises, jumps with extra load or sprint in an athlete’s warm-up (Mitchell and Sale, 2011, EJAP , 111 : 1957–63).

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of rest technetium-99m-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) uptake, left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and dysfunctional location in the prediction of myocardial viability. Rest 99mTc-MIBI single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was analysed in 82 patients (59+/-9 years, 70 men, 12 women) with one or more segments showing severe hypokinesia, akinesia or dyskinesia who had undergone coronary revascularization. Before and within 3-6 months after the revascularization, gated blood pool scintigraphy was performed. In the post-revascularization control, contractile recovery was observed in 48.7% (155/318) of the segments with severe hypokinesia, akinesia or dyskinesia. Significant increases in sensitivity (53%, 72% and 91%, P

Three transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) defective interfering RNAs of 21, 10.6 and 9.7 kb (DI-A, DI-B and DI-C, respectively) were isolated. Dilution experiments showed that the largest DI RNA, DI-A, is a self-replicating RNA (replicon), and thus codes for a functional RNA polymerase and all the necessary replication signals. In order to engineer a cDNA encoding the RNA replicon a strategy based on the cloning of DI-C cDNA, followed by the insertion of the sequences required to complete the DI-A sequence has been developed. A cDNA complementary to DI-C RNA was cloned under the control of the CMV promoter (pDI-C-CMV) and rescued with a helper virus. In the ORF 1a of polymerase gene pDI-C-CMV contained a 10 kb deletion and in ORF 1b a 1.1 kb deletion. The consensus sequence corresponding to the deleted regions was cloned, and the deletions in pDI-C-CMV were replaced to yield a complete cDNA clone of DI-A, pDI-A-21-CMV, containing a full-length TGEV polymerase, driven by a CMV promoter. Expression of a functional TGEV polymerase is being investigated.

To evaluate the role of metabolic control at the beginning of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) a cross-sectional study was performed with a retrospective analysis of 24 patients followed for at least seven years. The following parameters were investigated: 1) At IDDM diagnosis, age, sex, metabolic control (basal serum glucose, HbA1, cholesterol, triglycerides) and endogen insulin secretion (EIS). 2) At one year in the follow-up: EIS. 3) Since IDDM diagnosis and every 3-4 months: body mass index, dose and pattern of insulin administration and metabolic control. 4) At seven years in the follow-up: direct ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, microalbuminuria and blood pressure. In the seventh year of follow-up five patients (23.8%; 95% CI: 8.2%-47.2%) developed changes in fluorescein angiography secondary to IDDM. Compared with patients with normal fluorescein angiography their metabolic control was poorer (mean HbA1--seven years--: 11.7 +/- 0.5 versus 9.8 +/- 0.3%; p = 0.01); mean basal glycemia--seven years--: 214 +/- 13.3 versus 174 +/- 7.7 mg/dl; p = 0.03) and their systolic blood pressure (SBP) higher (124 +/- 5.5 versus 111 +/- 2.8 mmHg; p = 0.04). Logistic regression revealed that mean HbA1 values for seven years was the only independent risk factor significantly associated with the development of DR (p = 0.04). The conclusion is that in patients with IDDM of short duration, the development of DR is associated with a deficient glucose control and a higher SBP.