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Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) to synthesize valuable ammonia (NH3) is considered as a green and appealing alternative to enable an artificial nitrogen cycle.

Doxycycline hydrochloride (DCH) could be continuously removed by Bacillus thuringiensis S622 with the in-situ biogenic manganese oxide (BioMnOx) via oxidizing/regenerating. The DCH removal rate was significantly increased by 3.01-fold/1.47-fold at high/low Mn loaded via the integration of biological (intracellular/extracellular electron transfer (IET/EET)) and abiotic process (BioMnOx, Mn(III) and •OH). BioMnOx accelerated IET via activating coenzyme Q to enhance electrons transfer (ET) from complex I to complex III, and as an alternative electron acceptor for respiration and provide another electron transfer transmission channel. Additionally, EET was also accelerated by stimulating to secrete flavins, cytochrome c (c-Cyt) and flavin bounded with c-Cyt (FlavinsCyts). To our best knowledge, this is the first report about the role of BioMnOx on IET/EET during antibiotic biodegradation. These results suggested that Bacillus thuringiensis S622 incorporated with BioMnOx could adopt an alternative strategy to enhance DCH degradation, which may be of biogeochemical and technological significance.

Productivity of hybrid cottonseed by steady male sterile line is considered as an effective strategy in heterosis utilization. The male sterility was obtained by glyphosate application on transgenic glyphosate-tolerant (TGT) cotton line GRR, and its phenotypes were stable and apparent from previous primarily study. Systematic characterizations and safety assessments on the male sterility must accelerate its utilization and release in hybrid cottonseeds productions. In this study, featured characteristics in the male sterility were revealed from morphological phenotype, microsporogenesis, expressing pattern of exogenous G6-EPSPS mRNA, antioxidant enzymes response. Additionally, safety assessments on the male sterility obtained from GRR, based on outcrossing rate test, yield and fiber quality traits, in comparison with conventional manual emasculating, which were conducted for 3 seasons. The results indicated that the male sterile is stable with typical characteristics as following: (1) shorter and fusion filaments, larger distance between androecium and stigma, and anther indehiscence; (2) pre-degradation on tapetum and “cavitation” pollen during microsporogenesis; (3) Higher increasing expression efficiency of G6-EPSPS, as much as approximate 8 times, in pistil versus stamen in GRR-GT (GRR after glyphosate) was revealed, comparing with the control GRR (4) APX activity increased in stamens while decreased in other organs, in GRR-GT versus GRR. GRR-GT is safe as complete abortion and capable in cotton heterosis utilization, since there were no negative effects on F1 yield traits and significance in fiber quality parameters, in comparison with conventional manual emasculation. In details, the all fiber lint yields and Micronaire values ranged from 1536.80 ± 115.64 to 1883.90 ± 18.58 kg/ha and 4.60 ± 0.10 to 5.10 ± 0.79 respectively.

A single up-flow thiosulfate-driven nitrate denitratation coupled with the sulfurized Anammox (TDSA) with the core–shell structure (S0@ Anammox granules) provided a chemical/energy-saving way for the removal of high-content ammonium with nitrate as electron acceptor. Approximately 83.66% total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) could be achieved by the sulfurized Anammox encrusted by S0/Sn2− at a high loading rate (2.6 kg-N/(m3·d)) via resisting high concentration of free ammonia (FA) (22.35 mg/L), mainly through S2O32−, S0/Sn2− -driven partial denitrification-Anammox (PDN-Anammox) process. Moreover, S0/Sn2−-PDN-Anammox was largely restricted when intermittently aerated, but still resulting in 74.47% TNRE due to the partial nitrification-Anammox (PN-Anammox). The sequencing analysis revealed that Anammox bacterium (Candidatus_Kuenenia) and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium (Thiobacillus) coexisted, in which Anammox process occurred mainly via NO instead of NH2OH. This study provided a new perspective for high concentration nitrogen wastewater removal in engineering applications.

Membrane-bound fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are of great importance and play multiple roles in plant growth and development. In the present study, 39 full-length FAD genes, based on database searches, were identified in tetraploid upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and were phylogenetically clustered into four subfamilies. Genomic localization revealed that 34 genes were mapped on 22 chromosomes, and five genes were positioned on the scaffold sequences. The FAD genes of G. hirsutum in the same subfamily had similar gene structures. The structures of paralogous genes were considerably conserved in exons number and introns length. It was suggested that the FAD gene families in G. hirsutum might be duplicated mainly by segmental duplication. Moreover, the FAD genes were differentially expressed in different G. hirsutum tissues in response to different levels of salt and cold stresses, as determined by qRT-PCR analysis. The identification and functional analysis of FAD genes in G. hirsutum may provide more candidate genes for genetic modification.

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a superfamily of enzymes which play important role in the scavenging of active aldehydes molecules. In present work, a comprehensive whole-genomic study of ALDH gene superfamily was carried out for an allotetraploid cultivated cotton species, G. hirsutum, as well as in parallel relative to their diploid progenitors, G. arboreum and G. raimondii. Totally, 30 and 58 ALDH gene sequences belong to 10 families were identified from diploid and allotetraploid cotton species, respectively. The gene structures among the members from same families were highly conserved. Whole-genome duplication and segmental duplication might be the major driver for the expansion of ALDH gene superfamily in G. hirsutum. In addition, the expression patterns of GhALDH genes were diverse across tissues. Most GhALDH genes were induced or repressed by salt stress in upland cotton. Our observation shed lights on the molecular evolutionary properties of ALDH genes in diploid cottons and their alloallotetraploid derivatives. It may be useful to mine key genes for improvement of cotton response to salt stress.

The off-shell amplitudes in Witten's open bosonic string field theory are calculated in a way which is explicitly independent of world-sheet parametrization. The off-shell four-tachyon and two-tachyon two-vector particle amplitudes are computed. Some of the properties of the amplitudes are discussed.