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Abstract Background Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) is an important mediator of the T cell receptor (TCR) and growth factor signaling. PLCγ1 is activated by Src family kinases (SFKs) and produces inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a pleiotropic enzyme with broad substrate specificity and non-catalytic activities that mediate various functional protein-protein interactions. Therefore, IPMK plays critical functions in key biological events such as cell growth. However, the contribution of IPMK to the activation of PLCγ1 in TCR signaling remains mostly unelucidated. The current study aimed to elucidate the functions of IPMK in TCR signaling and to uncover the mode of IPMK-mediated signaling action in PLCγ1 activation. Methods Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute hepatitis model was established in CD4+ T cell-specific IPMK knockout mice (IPMKΔCD4). Histological analysis was performed to assess hepatic injury. Primary cultures of naïve CD4+ T cells were used to uncover the role of mechanisms of IPMK in vitro. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, and flow cytometry were performed to analyze the TCR-stimulation-induced PLCγ1 activation and the downstream signaling pathway in naïve CD4+ T cells. Yeast two-hybrid screening and co-immunoprecipitation were conducted to identify the IPMK-binding proteins and protein complexes. Results IPMKΔCD4 mice showed alleviated ConA-induced acute hepatitis. CD4+ helper T cells in these mice showed reduced PLCγ1 Y783 phosphorylation, which subsequently dampens calcium signaling and IL-2 production. IPMK was found to contribute to PLCγ1 activation via the direct binding of IPMK to Src-associated substrate during mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68). Mechanistically, IPMK stabilizes the interaction between Sam68 and to PLCγ1, thereby promoting PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Interfering this IPMK-Sam68 binding interaction with IPMK dominant-negative peptides impaired PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that IPMK non-catalytically promotes PLCγ1 phosphorylation by stabilizing the PLCγ1–Sam68 complex. Targeting IPMK in CD4+ T cells may be a promising strategy for managing immune diseases caused by excessive stimulation of TCR.

Purpose This study aims to explore the factors influencing nursing professionalism among nursing students, focusing on the image of nurses, satisfaction with their major, and career metacognition. Methods We conducted a descriptive survey with 185 nursing students from D city and K region on June 10–30, 2024. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 27.0 (IBM Corp.), employing descriptive statistics, t tests, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting nursing professionalism among nursing students. Results The regression analysis revealed that the image of nurses (β=.69, p

Candida albicans, a part of normal flora, is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and causes severe health issues in immunocompromised patients. Its pathogenicity is intricately linked to the transcriptional regulation of its metabolic pathways. Paf1 complex (Paf1C) is a crucial transcriptional regulator that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. The objective of this study was to explore the role of Paf1C in the metabolic pathways and how it influences the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Paf1C knockout mutant strains of C. albicans (ctr9Δ/Δ, leo1Δ/Δ, and cdc73Δ/Δ) were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. To investigate the effect of Paf1C on pathogenicity, macrophage interaction assays and mouse survival tests were conducted. The growth patterns of the Paf1C knockout mutants were analyzed through spotting assays and growth curve measurements. Transcriptome analysis was conducted under yeast conditions (30°C without serum) and hyphal conditions (37°C with 10% FBS), to further elucidate the role of Paf1C in the pathogenicity of C. albicans. CTR9 deletion resulted in the attenuation of C. albicans virulence, in macrophage and mouse models. Furthermore, we confirmed that the reduced virulence of the ctr9Δ/Δ mutant can be attributed to a decrease in C. albicans cell abundance. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that metabolic processes required for cell proliferation are impaired in ctr9Δ/Δ mutant. Notably, CTR9 deletion led to the downregulation of methionine biosynthetic genes and the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway-related hypha essential genes, which are pivotal for virulence. Our results suggest that Ctr9-regulated methionine metabolism is a crucial factor for determining C. albicans pathogenicity.

The lateral collateral ligament complex of the elbow is pivotal for maintaining the stability of the elbow joint. The open technique for reconstructing the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) is a standard procedure to treat elbow instability caused by LUCL deficiency. Nevertheless, as arthroscopy procedures in the elbow have advanced, we describe an arthroscopic technique to reconstruct the LUCL with suture anchors and bone tunnel techniques.

Abstract Although alternative splicing (AS) is a major mechanism that adds diversity to gene expression patterns, its precise role in generating variability in ribosomal proteins, known as ribosomal heterogeneity, remains unclear. The ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24) gene, encoding a ribosomal component, undergoes AS; however, in-depth studies have been challenging because of three microexons between exons 4 and 6. We conducted a detailed analysis of RPS24 AS isoforms using a direct approach to investigate the splicing junctions related to these microexons, focusing on four AS isoforms. Each of these isoforms showed tissue specificity and relative differences in expression among cancer types. Significant differences in the proportions of these RPS24 AS isoforms between cancerous and normal tissues across diverse cancer types were also observed. Our study highlighted a significant correlation between the expression levels of a specific RPS24 AS isoform and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process in lung and breast cancers. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing AS of ribosomal protein genes and highlights the biological implications of RPS24 AS isoforms in tissue development and tumorigenesis.

Abstract145 fungal isolates were obtained from three sampling sites situated within the Nam River basin, located in the southern region of South Korea. Through ITS sequence analysis, the fungal isolates were identified to comprise 55 species of ascomycetes and 11 species of basidiomycetes. The 55 species of ascomycetes exclusively belong to the phylum Pezizomycotina, comprising 33 species of Dothideomycetes, 6 species of Eurotiomycetes, and 16 species of Sordariomycetes. Regarding their plant pathogenicity, an investigation into the fungi’s ability to penetrate solid media revealed Nigrospora chinensis as displaying the highest growth, followed by Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, various Curvularia species, Diaporthe species, and Alternaria alternata. Further research associating this penetration ability with fungal pathogenicity is deemed necessary. Among the 10 fungal species exhibiting penetration abilities, an examination of their capability to degrade biological polymers revealed that two strains of D. phaseolorum displayed exceptional polymer degradation. These strains exhibited remarkable abilities in decomposing malachite green and crystal violet, both recalcitrant dyes. This study underscores the potential utilization of fungal diversity in freshwater environments as a foundational approach to address freshwater pollution issues.

Plant-based diets that replace animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins have received increased attention for cardiovascular protection. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an essential role in the maintenance of endothelial function. However, under higher oxidative stress, NO generation produces peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant and vasoconstrictor. Diet-replaced protein sources has been reported to decrease oxidative stress. However, the effects of plant-based protein on NO and peroxynitrite have not yet been clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of plant- and animal-based-protein meals for a day on NO, peroxynitrite, and NO/peroxynitrite balance. A crossover trial of two meal conditions involving nine healthy men was performed. Participants ate standard meals during day 1. On day 2, baseline measurements were performed and the participants were provided with plant-based-protein meals or animal-based-protein meals. The standard and test meals consisted of breakfast, lunch, and dinner and were designed to be isocaloric. Plant-based-protein meals contained no animal protein. Blood samples were collected in the morning after overnight fasting before and after the test meals consumption. In the plant-based-protein meal condition, serum NOx levels (the sum of serum nitrite and nitrate) significantly increased, while serum peroxynitrite levels did not change significantly. Animal-based-protein meals significantly increased serum peroxynitrite levels but showed a trend of reduction in the serum NOx levels. Furthermore, serum NO/peroxynitrite balance significantly increased after plant-based-protein meals consumption, but significantly decreased after animal-based-protein meals consumption. These results suggest that, compared with animal-based-protein meals, plant-based-protein meals increase NO levels and NO/peroxynitrite balance, which reflects increased endothelial function.

Abstract Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) leverage digital technologies to reduce dependency on study sites and intermediaries. DCT should be balanced with accessibility and data reliability while meeting regulatory requirements. Here, we conducted a pilot study for functional constipation symptoms to investigate the feasibility of DCT. The study was an open, fully remote, randomized clinical trial in participants who had functional constipation symptoms. Electronic consent was obtained remotely, and study volunteers were screened through web‐based questionnaires. Subjects were randomized to either receive Lactobacillus and vitamin C supplements or vitamin C alone in a 1:1 ratio, which were delivered directly to subjects. Subjects kept track of bowel diaries daily during the 1‐week baseline and 2‐week treatment period using mobile applications. Bowel symptoms and the validity of the records were descriptively evaluated. A total of 30 subjects were randomized and completed the study. A total of 26.7% of subjects resided outside of the metropolitan area. Two‐week Lactobacillus treatments increased the number of defecations (+0.80 vs. +0.46 times per week) and decreased the defecation time (−3.94 h vs. −1.62 h) compared to the comparator group. Overall, 67.1% of bowel diary records were completed in accordance with the schedule whereas 32.9% were not. Implementation of DCTs can facilitate geographic accessibility but should be guaranteed for data reliability. Prompt detection of errors and response using objective metrics would be required.

Abstract This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of lactotripeptide (LTP) ingestion, physical activity (PA) intervention, and combined intervention on the fatigue status of middle-aged and older adults. A total of 78 middle-aged and older adults (63 ± 8 years of age) were randomly assigned to four groups: placebo, LTP, placebo with PA intervention (placebo + PA), and LTP with PA intervention (LTP + PA). All participants ingested the placebo or LTP tablets daily (three tablets/day). The placebo + PA and LTP + PA groups participated in a weekly supervised exercise class and were instructed to increase their moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA at home. The visual analog scale, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Profile of Mood States second edition (POMS2), and Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II) were administered before and after the intervention. No significant interactions or main effects were observed between LTP ingestion and PA intervention on any of the fatigue scales. The main-effect analyses revealed that the PA intervention improved the total mood disturbance score of the POMS2 (F = 5.22, P = 0.03) and BDI-II score (F = 4.81, P = 0.03). After the post hoc paired comparisons, the total mood disturbance and BDI-II scores improved more with the combined intervention than with the PA intervention alone (percentage difference between the effect of combined intervention and PA intervention alone was 3.7% for total mood disturbance score and 13.7% for BDI-II score). The present study suggests that eight weeks of LTP ingestion and PA intervention did not have a significant effect on fatigue status. However, the PA intervention improved mood status and depressive symptoms, and these effects were enhanced by LTP ingestion.

Abstract Inappropriate activation of intrarenal renin–angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS). We aimed to examine the cross-sectional associations of urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) excretion, a biomarker of intrarenal RAS activity, with central (aortic) and renal hemodynamic parameters in middle-aged and older adults, including patients with chronic kidney disease. Aortic and renal hemodynamic parameters were measured using applanation tonometry and duplex ultrasonography in 282 participants. Urinary AGT, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured for each participant. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that urinary AGT levels were associated with aortic blood pressures, pulsatile measures of renal blood flow, plasma NT-proBNP and urinary L-FABP levels after adjusting for potential covariates, including age, sex, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and medication use. Additionally, when classified based on GFR stages and urinary AGT levels, plasma NT-proBNP and urinary L-FABP levels increased in participants with lower GFR and higher AGT groups. Our findings suggest that urinary AGT excretion is a shared determinant of central (aortic) and renal hemodynamics in middle-aged and older adults, providing clinical evidence for the potential role of intrarenal RAS activity in the development of CRS.

During the Covid 19, students and instructors experienced double-way synchronization distance classes. Recently, the metaverse was drawn much attention to the online virtual world as a channel for social interaction. It has received renewed interest as a new method of surmounting the limitations of external activities after the pandemic. A few studies have focused on the usability of metaverse in a classroom, but no attention was paid to its applicability to Art History as well as to the higher level of education. In order to compensate for the limitations of two-way synchronized remote learning in university art history classes, Gather.Town was adopted as a metaverse platform in both Western modern art history classes and art history methodology classes. In this study, we surveyed and interviewed students who used both WebEx and Gather.Town. This study examines students’ experiences in accessibility, social presence, convenience of interaction, interest and immersion, and satisfaction when the students use the metaverse platform, Gather.Town. The examination of this study confirms that the virtual space of metaverse was more helpful in making students feel a sense of presence, interaction, and engagement than WebEx and demonstrates the possibility of this platform as a sustainable and valid tool in Art History Education.

Recent research has revealed that subtle imperceptible perturbations can deceive well-trained neural network models, leading to inaccurate outcomes. These instances, known as adversarial examples, pose significant threats to the secure application of machine learning techniques in safety-critical systems. In this paper, we delve into the study of one-pixel attacks in deep neural networks, recently reported as a kind of adversarial examples. To identify such one-pixel attacks, most existing methodologies rely on the differential evolution method, which utilizes random selection from the current population to escape local optima. However, the differential evolution technique might waste search time and overlook good solutions if the number of iterations is insufficient. Hence, in this paper, we propose a gradient ascent with momentum approach to efficiently discover good solutions for the one-pixel attack problem. As our method takes a more direct route to the goal compared to existing methods relying on blind random walks, it can effectively identify one-pixel attacks. Our experiments conducted on popular CNNs demonstrate that, in comparison with existing methodologies, our technique can detect one-pixel attacks significantly faster.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus parauberis is the dominant etiological agent of streptococcosis, the most devastating bacterial disease in the olive flounder farming industry in South Korea. In this study, the distribution of serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in S. parauberis isolates obtained between 1999 and 2021 was thoroughly investigated to gain insight into the dynamics of their presence and the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Disk diffusion testing of 103 isolates against 10 antimicrobial agents was performed, and epidemiological cut-off values generated through normalized resistance interpretation analysis were used to classify wild-type (WT) and non-wild-type (NWT) populations. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were implemented to achieve an understanding on the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns. PCR-based serotyping showed that serotype Ia (67.1%) was the most prevalent in South Korea, followed by serotypes Ib/Ic (25.2%) and II (7.7%). The highest proportion of isolates was assigned to NWT against amoxicillin (80.6%), followed by oxytetracycline (77.7%) and erythromycin (48.5%). The time-scale data showed that recently obtained serotypes Ib/Ic and II isolates tended to be categorized as NWT populations resistant to more antibiotics, possibly due to microbial adaptation to antibiotic pressure. ARGs responsible for resistance to oxytetracycline and erythromycin were found only in NWT populations in serotype Ia [tet(S) and erm(B), respectively], and serotype II [tet(M) and mef(J)-msr(I), respectively]. We also found that the mef-msr gene pair in S. parauberis serotype II might be involved in low-level resistance to erythromycin. IMPORTANCE This study presents serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility data along with the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of Streptococcus parauberis, which is an important bacterial fish pathogen worldwide. In particular, almost all oxytetracycline and erythromycin non-wild-type (NWT) populations harbored tet(S) or tet(M), and erm(B) or mef(J)-msr(I), respectively. Interestingly, these ARGs were distributed in a highly serotype-dependent manner, resulting in a clear correlation between the antibiogram and serotype distribution. Moreover, recent isolates belonging to serotypes Ib/Ic and II tended to be more frequently categorized as NWT against antimicrobials, including amoxicillin and cefalexin compared to old isolates, while a dramatic decrease in erythromycin and clindamycin NWT frequencies was observed in recent serotype Ia isolates, which lacked erm(B). These variations might be attributed to shifts in the antibiotics employed in South Korean aquaculture over time. The overall findings would provide important background knowledge for understanding the epidemiology of S. parauberis infection in aquaculture.

Abstract Endotracheal tube (ET) misplacement is common in pediatric patients, which can lead to the serious complication. It would be helpful if there is an easy-to-use tool to predict the optimal ET depth considering in each patient’s characteristics. Therefore, we plan to develop a novel machine learning (ML) model to predict the appropriate ET depth in pediatric patients. This study retrospectively collected data from 1436 pediatric patients aged

Abstract Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional regulation that leads to the complexity of the transcriptome. Despite the growing importance of AS in cancer research, the role of AS has not been systematically studied, especially in understanding cancer molecular classification. Herein, we analyzed the molecular subtype-specific regulation of AS using The Cancer Genome Atlas data and constructed a web-based database, named Alternative Splicing for Cancer Molecular Classification (AS-CMC). Our system harbors three analysis modules for exploring subtype-specific AS events, evaluating their phenotype association, and performing pan-cancer comparison. The number of subtype-specific AS events was found to be diverse across cancer types, and some differentially regulated AS events were recurrently found in multiple cancer types. We analyzed a subtype-specific AS in exon 11 of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7) as an example of a pan-cancer AS biomarker. This AS marker showed significant association with the survival of patients with stomach adenocarcinoma. Our analysis revealed AS as an important determinant for cancer molecular classification. AS-CMC is the first web-based resource that provides a comprehensive tool to explore the biological implications of AS events, facilitating the discovery of novel AS biomarkers.

Objective The Korean Knee Society (KKS) score is used for functional evaluation during follow‐up after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but it is time‐consuming to measure and is limited by its subjective nature. We investigated whether the global gait asymmetry index (GGA) that can be obtained using the Kinect‐V2 system could overcome the KKS limitations. Methods Forty‐three patients who underwent TKA from January 2019 to December 2019 were included. Postoperatively, regular follow‐up was performed at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, and at 4, 6, and 12 months. At each follow‐up visit, the KKS was measured, and the walking path was followed with six Kinect‐V2 systems. After allowing the participants to walk naturally, the range of motion of each joint of the lower extremity and GGA were obtained. Changes in the KKS and GGA scores and measurement times were investigated until the final follow‐up. A statistical model was made to predict the KKS from the GGA score using data at all observed time points, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey's post‐hoc tests and Pearson correlation tests were used for evaluation. Results Both the KKS and GGA scores improved significantly from 4 weeks postoperatively until the final follow‐up. The measurement time was significantly shorter for the GGA (9.3 ± 1.4 min) than for the KKS (32.4 ± 9.2 min; P

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that morphological changes in the suprascapular notch are closely associated with suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome (SNES). Thus, we hypothesized that the suprascapular notch cross-sectional area (SSNCSA) could be a good diagnostic parameter to assess SNES. Methods We acquired suprascapular notch data from 10 patients with SNES and 10 healthy individuals who had undergone shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (S-MRI) and had no evidence of SNES. T2-weighted coronal magnetic resonance images were acquired from the shoulder. We analyzed the SSNCSA at the shoulder on S-MRI using our image-analysis program (INFINITT PACS). The SSNCSA was measured as the suprascapular notch, which was the most affected site in coronal S-MRI images. Results The mean SSNCSA was 64.50 ± 8.93 mm2 in the control group and 44.94 ± 10.40 mm2 in the SNES group. Patients with SNES had significantly lower SSNCSA (P < 0.01) than those in the control group. Receiver operating curve analysis showed that the best cut-off of the SSNCSA was 57.49 mm2, with 80.0% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity, and an area under the curve of 0.92 (95% CI [0.79, 1.00]). Conclusions The SSNCSA was found to have acceptable diagnostic properties for detecting SNES. We hope that these results will help diagnose SNES objectively.

Background and Objectives: Supine-to-prone hypotension is caused by increased intrathoracic pressure and decreased venous return in the prone position. Dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn) indicates fluid responsiveness and can be used to predict hypotension. This study aimed to investigate whether Eadyn can predict supine-to-prone hypotension. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, observational study, 47 patients who underwent elective spine surgery in the prone position were enrolled. Supine-to-prone hypotension is defined as a decrease in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) by more than 20% in the prone position compared to the supine position. Hemodynamic parameters, including systolic blood pressure (SAP), diastolic blood pressure, MAP, stroke volume variation (SVV), pulse pressure variation (PPV), stroke volume index, cardiac index, dP/dt, and hypotension prediction index (HPI), were collected in the supine and prone positions. Supine-to-prone hypotension was also assessed using two different definitions: MAPprone < 65 mmHg and SAPprone < 100 mmHg. Hemodynamic parameters were analyzed to determine the predictability of supine-to-prone hypotension. Results: Supine-to-prone hypotension occurred in 13 (27.7%) patients. Eadyn did not predict supine-to-prone hypotension [Area under the curve (AUC), 0.569; p = 0.440]. SAPsupine > 139 mmHg (AUC, 0.760; p = 0.003) and dP/dtsupine > 981 mmHg/s (AUC, 0.765; p = 0.002) predicted supine-to-prone hypotension. MAPsupine, SAPsupine, PPVsupine, and HPIsupine predicted MAPprone supine, SAPsupine, SVVsupine, PPVsupine, and HPIsupine predicted SAPprone < 100 mm Hg. Conclusions: Dynamic arterial elastance did not predict supine-to-prone hypotension in patients undergoing spine surgery. Systolic arterial pressure > 139 mmHg and dP/dt > 981 mmHg/s in the supine position were predictors for supine-to-prone hypotension. When different definitions were employed (mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg in the prone position or systolic arterial pressure < 100 mmHg in the prone position), low blood pressures in the supine position were related to supine-to-prone hypotension.

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease in salmonids and rainbow trout fry syndrome. This pathogen has attained a global presence and can spread both horizontally and vertically. However, it was not documented in Korea before September 2018. In this study, the objectives were to characterize Flavobacterium psychrophilum strain FPRT1, isolated from diseased rainbow trout genotypically and phenotypically. We also conducted various investigations to better understand its impact and assess potential control measures. We acquired fifty rainbow trout (approximately 70 g in weight) and transferred them to a laboratory aquarium. During the initial acclimation period, we observed mortality and examined affected fish for clinical signs. We isolated the bacterium from the spleen of infected rainbow trout using tryptone yeast extract salts agar supplemented with glucose, naming this FPRT1. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out, and from the result, we selected enrofloxacin to administer to the trout orally to reduce mortality. To evaluate pathogenicity, we exposed the trout to FPRT1 at different water temperatures (8, 15, and 22 °C). Genomic analysis was conducted to identify the serotype and relatedness of FPRT1 to European strains. Affected fish displayed clinical signs, such as ulcerative lesions in the mandible, anemia with pale gills, exophthalmia, and increased mucus secretion. Internal symptoms included pale liver and enlarged spleen. FPRT1 was susceptible to erythromycin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin, but resistant to oxolinic acid and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Oral administration of enrofloxacin resulted in a decrease in mortality from 28% to 6%. Pathogenicity tests revealed varying mortality rates due to FPRT1 at different temperatures. The highest rates were observed at 8 °C (ranging from 43% to 100%) for both intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections, and lower rates occurred at 22 °C (ranging from 0% to 30%), with intramuscular injections displaying higher susceptibility. Genomic analysis identified FPRT1 as serotype 2 and indicated its close genetic relationship with European strains based on the core genome and dispensable genome. The substantial genomic similarity between our strain and European strains suggests the possibility of bacterial spread through the importation of fertilized eggs from Europe. In conclusion, this study highlights the introduction of the previously undocumented pathogen (F. psychrophilum) into Korean rainbow trout populations. The detection of this pathogen and its pathogenicity assessment is not only important for understanding its impact on local aquaculture but also for establishing surveillance and control measures to prevent further transmission and outbreaks in the region.

Abstract Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are good models for heterochromatin study. In S. pombe, H3K9 methylation and Swi6, an ortholog of mammalian HP1, lead to heterochromatin formation. However, S. cerevisiae does not have known epigenetic silencing markers and instead has Sir proteins to regulate silent chromatin formation. Although S. cerevisiae and S. pombe form and maintain heterochromatin via mechanisms that appear to be fundamentally different, they share important common features in the heterochromatin structural proteins. Heterochromatin loci are localized at the nuclear periphery by binding to perinuclear membrane proteins, thereby producing distinct heterochromatin foci, which sequester heterochromatin structural proteins. In this review, we discuss the nuclear peripheral anchoring of heterochromatin foci and its functional relevance to heterochromatin formation and maintenance. Graphical Abstract

Intelligent Tutoring Systems are a genre of highly adaptive software providing individualized instruction. The current study was a conceptual replication of a previous randomized control trial that incorporated the intelligent tutoring system Native Numbers, a program designed for early numeracy instruction. As a conceptual replication, we kept the method of instruction, the demographics, the number of kindergarten classrooms (n = 3), and the same numeracy and intrinsic motivation screeners as the original study. We changed the time of year of instruction, changed the control group to a wait-control group, added a maintenance assessment for the first group of participants, and included a mathematical language assessment. Analysis of within- and between-group differences using repeated measures ANOVA indicated gains of numeracy were significant only after using Native Numbers (Partial Eta Square = 0.147). Results of intrinsic motivation and mathematical language were not significant. The effect size of numeracy achievement did not reach that of the original study (Partial Eta Square = 0.622). Here, we compared the two studies, discussed plausible reasons for differences in the magnitude of effect sizes, and provided suggestions for future research.

Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. However, there is no data on the safety and efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis. In this report, we present two patients with DLBCL and ESRD who were successfully treated with different CAR T-cell products. Patient #1 is a 66 year-old woman with a history of HIV who was treated to complete response with axicabtagene ciloleucel with treatment complicated by grade 1 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and grade 2 immune effector cell-associated neurolotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Patient #2 is 52 year old woman whose ESRD was caused by ifosphamide toxicity and was treated to complete response with lisocabtagene maraleucel and did not experience either CRS or ICANS. Both patients received lymphodepletion chemotherapy with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, which was dose-adjusted for ESRD with scheduled dialysis 12 h after each dose of lymphodepletion chemotherapy. Patients with DLBCL and ESRD can be safely administered both lymphodepletion chemotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy. Additionally, the fact that both patients achieved complete response to therapy suggests that CAR T-cell therapy should be strongly considered in patients with ESRD. Long-term follow up is needed to determine if therapy in this setting is of curative intent.

This study investigated the rate at which radiologists miss or detect incidental breast cancers on chest CT and to compare the CT features between the two groups. This retrospective study evaluated chest CT examinations and medical records of patients who registered with the diagnosis code of “breast cancer” between January 2016 and December 2020, and who had undergone contrast enhanced chest CT 3–18 months before registration, during which they were unaware of any breast lesions. This study found that out of 84 patients, incidental breast cancer lesions were missed in 54 (64.3%) and detected in 30 (53.7%). The initial treatment was delayed in the missed breast lesions group (p = 0.004). Breast lesions of smaller sizes (p = 0.01), or with lower enhancement ratios (p = 0.009), were more likely to be missed. When three radiologists re-read the CTs with more attention to breast area, they detected breast cancers with higher accuracies (90.1%, 87.9%, and 81.3%). In summary, this study revealed that radiologists miss 64.3% of incidental breast cancers on chest CT, especially those of sub-centimeter sizes and weak enhancements.

Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) of ectopic fat in muscles are associated with arterial stiffness in normal-weight individuals. Furthermore, aerobic exercise training-induced changes in IMCL or EMCL content are related to a decrease in arterial stiffness in elderly people. Though arterial stiffness is strongly related with obesity, but the effects of aerobic exercise training on IMCL or EMCL content, with a particular focus on arterial stiffness, in obese individuals remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of aerobic exercise training on IMCL or EMCL content and arterial stiffness in obese individuals. First, in a cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between arterial stiffness and IMCL or EMCL content in 24 overweight and obese men. Secondly, we investigated the effects of aerobic exercise intervention on arterial stiffness and IMCL or EMCL content in 21 overweight and obese men. In the cross-sectional study, EMCL content was positively correlated with baPWV and β-stiffness index, whereas IMCL content was negatively correlated with baPWV. In the intervention study, there were no significant changes in baPWV, β-stiffness index, and IMCL and EMCL contents after aerobic exercise training. However, exercise-induced change in baPWV and β-stiffness index were positively correlated with changes in EMCL content. Moreover, the group of improvements in baPWV was only correlated significantly with reduced EMCL content. These results suggest that IMCL and EMCL contents may affect arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men.

BackgroundArterial cannulation in elderly patients is difficult because of age-related morphological changes. Applying dynamic needle tip positioning (DNTP) that guides the catheter to position inside the vessel sufficiently may aid in successful cannulation.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled patients aged over 70 years, who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with arterial cannulation. The patients were randomly assigned to the DNTP (group D, n = 76) or the conventional short-axis view(group C, n = 75) group. The arterial depth, diameter, and arterial conditions(calcification, segmental stenosis, and tortuosity) were evaluated using ultrasound, before puncture. We recorded the first attempt success, cannulation time, the number of attempts, and cannulation-related complications.ResultsA total of 151 patients were enrolled in this study. The first attempt success rate in group D was significantly higher than that in group C (89% versus 72%; P = 0.0168). The median cannulation time per last attempt in group D versus group C was 25 versus 30 sec(P = 0.0001), and the overall cannulation time was 25 versus 35 sec(P = 0.0001), respectively. Arterial cannulation per last attempt and overall cannulation time were shorter in group D. The number of attempts was higher in group C (P = 0.0038). The occurrence rate of hematoma was significantly lower in group D (16% versus 47%, relative risk = 3.0, P = 0.0001).ConclusionsThe DNTP method may improve the first attempt success rate of arterial cannulation and reduce complications in elderly patients over 70 years of age.

The number of people suffering from hair loss is increasing, and hair loss occurs not only in older men but also in women and young people. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a well-known alopecia inducer. However, the mechanism by which PGD2 induces alopecia is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized CXXC5, a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, as a mediator for hair loss by PGD2. The hair loss by PGD2 was restored by Cxxc5 knock-out or treatment of protein transduction domain–Dishevelled binding motif (PTD-DBM), a peptide activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via interference with the Dishevelled (Dvl) binding function of CXXC5. In addition, suppression of neogenic hair growth by PGD2 was also overcome by PTD-DBM treatment or Cxxc5 knock-out as shown by the wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) model. Moreover, we found that CXXC5 also mediates DHT-induced hair loss via PGD2. DHT-induced hair loss was alleviated by inhibition of both GSK-3β and CXXC5 functions. Overall, CXXC5 mediates the hair loss by the DHT-PGD2 axis through suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) utilize glycolytic metabolism during their activation and anagen induction. However, the role of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, in hair regeneration has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and activity of PKM2 during the depilation-induced anagen progression in mice. We found that TEPP-46, a selective activator of PKM2, enhanced hair re-growth and proliferation of HFSCs. PKM2 expression was increased via up-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is involved in hair regeneration. Moreover, a combined treatment with KY19382, a small molecule that activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and TEPP-46 significantly enhanced hair re-growth and wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN). These results indicate that simultaneous activation of the PKM2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling could be a potential strategy for treating alopecia patients.

BackgroundAlthough there are some controversies regarding whole pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT) due to its gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicities, it is considered for patients with gynecological, rectal, and prostate cancer. To effectively spare organs-at-risk (OAR) doses using multi-leaf collimator (MLC)’s optimal segments, potential dosimetric benefits in volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using a half-beam technique (HF) were investigated for WPRT.MethodsWhile the size of a fully opened field (FF) was decided to entirely include a planning target volume in all beam’s eye view across arc angles, the HF was designed to use half the FF from the isocenter for dose optimization. The left or the right half of the FF was alternatively opened in VMAT-HF using a pair of arcs rotating clockwise and counterclockwise. Dosimetric benefits of VMAT-HF, presented with dose conformity, homogeneity, and dose–volume parameters in terms of modulation complex score, were compared to VMAT optimized using the FF (VMAT-FF). Consequent normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) by reducing the irradiated volumes was evaluated as well as dose–volume parameters with statistical analysis for OAR. Moreover, beam-on time and MLC position precision were analyzed with log files to assess plan deliverability and clinical applicability of VMAT-HF as compared to VMAT-FF.ResultsWhile VMAT-HF used 60%–70% less intensity modulation complexity than VMAT-FF, it showed superior dose conformity. The small intestine and colon in VMAT-HF showed a noticeable reduction in the irradiated volumes of up to 35% and 15%, respectively, at an intermediate dose of 20–45 Gy. The small intestine showed statistically significant dose sparing at the volumes that received a dose from 15 to 45 Gy. Such a dose reduction for the small intestine and colon in VMAT-HF presented a significant NTCP reduction from that in VMAT-FF. Without sacrificing the beam delivery efficiency, VMAT-HF achieved effective OAR dose reduction in dose–volume histograms.ConclusionsVMAT-HF led to deliver conformal doses with effective gastrointestinal-OAR dose sparing despite using less modulation complexity. The dose of VMAT-HF was delivered with the same beam-on time with VMAT-FF but precise MLC leaf motions. The VMAT-HF potentially can play a valuable role in reducing OAR toxicities associated with WPRT.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a major pathogen that causes a high mortality rate in trout farms. However, systemic responses to the pathogen and its interactions with multiple organs during the course of infection have not been well described. In this study, dual-organ transcriptomic responses in the liver and head kidney and hemato-serological indexes were profiled under I. multifiliis infection and recovery to investigate systemic immuno-physiological characteristics. Several strategies for massive transcriptomic interpretation, such as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Poisson linear discriminant (PLDA), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) models were used to investigate the featured genes/pathways while minimizing the disadvantages of individual methods. During the course of infection, 6,097 and 2,931 DEGs were identified in the head kidney and liver, respectively. Markers of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative phosphorylation, and the proteasome were highly expressed. Likewise, simultaneous ferroptosis and cellular reconstruction was observed, which is strongly linked to multiple organ dysfunction. In contrast, pathways relevant to cellular replication were up-regulated in only the head kidney, while endocytosis- and phagosome-related pathways were notably expressed in the liver. Moreover, interestingly, most immune-relevant pathways (e.g., leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis) were highly activated in the liver, but the same pathways in the head kidney were down-regulated. These conflicting results from different organs suggest that interpretation of co-expression among organs is crucial for profiling of systemic responses during infection. The dual-organ transcriptomics approaches presented in this study will greatly contribute to our understanding of multi-organ interactions under I. multifiliis infection from a broader perspective.

Purpose: To commission MCsquare (a multi-cores CPU-based dose calculation engine) for pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy, integrate it into RayStation treatment plan system (TPS) to create a dedicated platform for fast independent dose verification. Method: A MCsquare-based independent dose verification platform (MC2InRS) was developed to realize automatic dose re-calculation for clinical use, including data preparation, dose calculation, 2D/3D gamma analysis. MCsquare was commissioned based on in-air lateral dose profiles, integrated depth dose, and the absolute dose of different beam energies for Proteus ® ONE. MC2InRS was validated with measurement data using various targets and depths in a water phantom. This study also investigated 15 clinical cases to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of MC2InRS platform in clinic practice. Results: Between simulation and measurement, the distal range differences at 80% (R80) and 20% (R20) dose levels for each energy were below 0.05 mm, and 0.1 mm, respectively, and the absolute dose differences were below 0.5%. 29 out of 36 QA planes reached a 100% gamma passing rate (GPR) for 2%/2mm criteria, and a minimum of 98.3% gamma was obtained in water phantom between simulation and measurement. For the 15 clinical cases investigated, the average 2D GPR (2%/2mm) was 95.4%, 99.3% for MCsquare vs. measurement, MCsquare vs. TPS, respectively. The average 3D GPR (2%/2mm) was 98.9%, 95.3% for MCsquare vs. TPS in water, and computed tomography (CT), respectively. Conclusion: MC2InRS, a fast, independent dose verification platform, has been developed to perform dose verification with high accuracy and efficiency for Pencil Bream Scanning (PBS). Its potential to be applied in routine clinical practice has also been discussed.

Assistive technology (AT) is critical for students with disabilities to access and engage in the general education curriculum, but research has consistently reported a lack of AT knowledge among general and special education teachers. This synthesis reviewed the literature on AT instruction in teacher preparation programs. A total of 14 studies were selected using specific selection criteria. Findings indicated that after receiving AT instruction, pre-service teachers showed positive gains in self-reported AT skills/knowledge, assessed AT skills/knowledge, and attitudes/perspectives toward AT, regardless of modality, incorporated instructional methods, or measurement. Despite the promising effects of AT instruction, this synthesis highlights the scarcity of research in the realm of such instruction within teacher preparation programs and emphasizes the need for more robust research methodologies in this area.

Background: Exercise training-induced adaptation of central Blood Pressure (BP) depends on exercise mode. Kendo, a traditional Japanese martial art, is a unique exercise mode because its training encompasses anaerobic and resistance training components. However, the effects of habitual kendo training on central BP have not been established. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the central BP of high-level kendo athletes and age-matched controls without exercise habits. Methods: Thirty-six young university kendo athletes (the kendo athlete group) and 29 young sedentary individuals (the control group) participated in this cross-sectional study. Central hemodynamics were estimated from carotid arterial waveforms via a generalized transfer function. Stroke volume was computed from brachial arterial waveforms using the Modelflow method. Results: Central systolic BP and Central Pulse Pressure (cPP) were higher in the kendo athlete group than in the control group (both, p < 0.01). Central diastolic BP did not differ between the two groups. Stroke Volume Index (SVI; stroke volume adjusted for body surface area) and the maximum rate of aortic pressure rise during systole (dP/dTmax), which reflects left ventricle contractility, were significantly higher in the kendo athlete group than in the control group (p < 0.05), and these parameters showed a significant positive correlation with cPP (SVI: r = 0.34, p < 0.01; dP/dTmax: r = 0.79, p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that habitual kendo training may increase central pulse pressure through increases in left ventricular systolic function. •Kendo is ideal for investigating of training adaptation since it induces the characteristics of anaerobic exercise training and resistance training; that is, kendo athletes had both high anaerobic capacity and high muscle strength compared with sedentary controls. •In the present study, central blood pressure (central systolic blood pressure and central pulse pressure) was significantly higher in the kendo athlete group than in the control group. •Stroke Volume Index (SVI; stroke volume adjusted for body surface area) and the maximum rate of aortic pressure rise during systole (dP/dTmax) but not augmented pressure in the kendo athlete group were also significantly higher than those in the control group. •In addition, SVI and dP/dTmax showed a significant positive correlation with central pulse pressure. •These results suggest that combined anaerobic exercise and muscular strength training may increase central blood pressure through increases in left ventricular systolic function.

Antarctic shelf systems play an important role in organic matter circulation on Earth; hence, identifying the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be a good indicator for understanding its origin, as well as climate change. In this study, to identify the characteristics of DOM in the ice shelf systems, surface water was collected from the open sea (OS) and Marian cove (fjord, FJ). Although there were no differences in DOM characteristics between sampling sites in the quantitative analyses, the DOM in the surface water of each region seemed to be more affected by terrestrial than marine biological sources in optical and molecular properties. This finding indicates that the terrestrial DOM related to mosses based on the results of molecular properties: high levels of lipid-like (35–39%) and unsaturated hydrocarbon-like (UH; 27–34%) in both the OS and the FJ regions and significantly higher tannin-like substance and condensed aromatic structures in the FJ than in the OS region. When comparing the FJ transect samples, those nearest to a glacier (FJ1; 0.93 km from the glacier) showed relatively low salinity, high dissolved organic carbon, and high chromophoric DOM, indicating that terrestrial DOM (possibly produced by moss) inflow occurred with the runoff from the freshly melting land ice and glacier. However, no significant differences in molecular composition were detected, suggesting that terrestrial DOM is introduced into the ice shelf systems by melting land ice, and glacier runoff could be a major source of DOM-rich seawater during austral fall when low marine biological activity occurs. This study has a great significance as background data for DOM characteristics in the ice shelf systems due to the enhanced biological activity during the austral summer.

Background and objective: Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) is a pro-inflammatory adipokine that is upregulated in obesity and plays a role in the progression of cardiometabolic diseases, including diabetes and atherosclerosis. Aerobic exercise is one of the effective strategies for reducing the levels of various pro-inflammatory biomolecules in obese individuals. However, the effects of aerobic exercise training on circulating ANGPTL2 levels in obese individuals remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training on serum ANGPTL2 levels in overweight and obese men. Material and methods: Twenty overweight and obese men (age, 49 ±10 years; body mass index, 27.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2) completed a 12-week aerobic exercise training program (60–85% Heart ratem⁢a⁢x, 40–60 min/day, 3 days/week). Before and after the exercise program, serum ANGPTL2 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Daily step counts and the different physical activities based on the intensity were assessed using a triaxial accelerometer. Results: Serum ANGPTL2 levels were significantly decreased after the 12-week aerobic exercise training program ((3.0 ± 0.6) vs. (2.7 ± 0.7) ng/mL, P < 0.05). Daily step counts ((8362 ± 4551) vs. (10357 ± 3168) steps/day, P < 0.05) and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) time ((58 ± 45) vs. (76 ± 37) min/day, P < 0.001) were significantly increased after the exercise intervention. The changes in serum ANGPTL2 levels were negatively correlated with corresponding changes in daily step counts (partial r = –0.49, P < 0.05) and MVPA time (partial r = –0.47, P < 0.05) after adjustment for age and accelerometer wear time. Conlcusion: These findings collectively suggest that aerobic exercise training, in particular an increase in MVPA, can be associated with decreased circulating levels of ANGPTL2 in overweight and obese men.

This study investigates the effects of a synchronous online intervention that explicitly taught equivalent fractions using virtual manipulatives to fifth-grade students with learning disabilities. Employing a multiple probe across participants single-case design, this study provided 15 fraction lessons via video conferencing programs to three fifth-grade students with learning disabilities. During these online interventions, participants received one-on-one explicit instruction, practiced key concepts using virtual manipulatives, and solved fraction problems using interactive boards. Researcher-developed probes measured the participants' percentages of correct answers across baseline, intervention, and maintenance phases via an online assessment tool. In overall, students' performance improved as the intervention was introduced; however, the extent and maintenance of improvement varied according to the students' participation and perspectives regarding online instruction.

The acquisition of somatic mutations is the most common event in cancer. Neoantigens expressed from genes with mutations acquired during carcinogenesis can be tumor-specific. Since the immune system recognizes tumor-specific peptides, they are potential targets for personalized neoantigen-based immunotherapy. However, the discovery of druggable neoantigens remains challenging, suggesting that a deeper understanding of the mechanism of neoantigen generation and better strategies to identify them will be required to realize the promise of neoantigen-based immunotherapy. Alternative splicing and RNA editing events are emerging mechanisms leading to neoantigen production. In this review, we outline recent work involving the large-scale screening of neoantigens produced by alternative splicing and RNA editing. We also describe strategies to predict and validate neoantigens from RNA sequencing data.

Objective. Thickened inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) is considered as one of the major morphological parameters of adhesive capsulitis (AC). Previous studies reported that the anterior band of inferior glenohumeral ligament thickness (aIGHLT) is correlated with shoulder capsular contracture, luxatio erecta humeri, and AC. However, the thickness varies from the measured angle. To reduce this measurement error, we devised a new morphological parameter, called the anterior band of inferior glenohumeral ligament area (aIGHLA). Methods. The aIGHL samples were collected from 54 patients with AC and from 50 control subjects who underwent shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without any evidence of AC. Coronal T2-weighted MRI images were obtained at the shoulder level from each patient. We measured the aIGHLA and aIGHLT at the maximal view of the IGHL in the coronal plane using our picture archiving and communication system. The aIGHLA was measured at the whole cross-sectional area of the IGHL in the most hypertrophied segment of the coronal MR images. The aIGHLT was measured at the thickest point of the IGHL. Results. The average aIGHLA was 55.58 ± 14.16 mm2 in the control group and 83.71 ± 28.45 mm2 in the AC group. The average aIGHLT was 3.47 ± 0.99 mm in the control group and 4.52 ± 1.02 mm in the AC group. AC patients showed significantly greater aIGHLA (p

Pseudomonas fluorescens, a gram-negative bacterium, has been proven to be a capable protein manufacturing factory (PMF). Utilizing its ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, a type I secretion system, P. fluorescens has successfully produced recombinant proteins. However, besides the target proteins, P. fluorescens also secretes unnecessary background proteins that complicate protein purification and other downstream processes. One of the background proteins produced in large amounts is FliC, a flagellin protein. In this study, the master regulator of flagella gene expression, fleQ, was deleted from P. fluorescens Δtp, a lipase and protease double-deletion mutant, via targeted gene knockout. FleQ directs flagella synthesis, so the new strain, P. fluorescens ΔfleQ, does not produce flagella-related proteins. This not only simplifies purification but also makes P. fluorescens ΔfleQ an eco-friendly expression host because it will not survive outside a controlled environment. Six recombinant growth factors, namely, insulin-like growth factors I and II, beta-nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 1, transforming growth factor beta, and tumor necrosis factor beta, prepared using our supercharging method, were successfully secreted by P. fluorescens ΔfleQ. Our findings demonstrate the potential of P. fluorescens ΔfleQ, combined with our supercharging process, as a PMF.

Aortic pseudoaneurysm after cardiac surgery is a rare entity, but it is potentially fatal due to its clinical course along with higher morbidity and mortality rates. Instead of open surgical repair, percutaneous procedures have been introduced as other options for managing an aortic pseudoaneurysm. In this case report, we describe transesophageal echocardiography guidance for successful percutaneous closure of an aortic pseudoaneurysm located in the left ventricular outflow tract by using a type II Amplatzer vascular plug in a patient in whom open surgical repair was not recommended.

Technology is recognized as a valuable learning tool, but research indicates that students are also distracted by the use of technology in class. Since college students constantly rely on their devices for learning, it has become imperative for instructors to find effective ways of integrating technology into their lessons while reducing digital distractions. In this study, we investigated the effects of behavior strategies related to in-class device usage among undergraduate students. Students were provided with visual prompts corresponding to various class activities to direct their use of devices in class. At the end of the semester, we surveyed the students about their perspectives on the visual prompts strategy for device usage. The majority of students found value in the use of technology devices in class for their learning (efficient work, notetaking, concentration) and indicated overall positive effects of the visual prompts strategy. For successful technology integration in college classrooms, instructors should consider using strategies such as visual prompts to enhance students' learning experience and reduce digital distraction.

Although over-nutrition from overfeeding-induced obesity is known to be highly associated with metabolic and immunological disorders in humans, little is known about overfeeding-induced obesity in fish farming. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in immuno-physiological parameters, to better understand the potential risk of overfeeding–induced obesity in fish. Commercial feed was provided to fish in the overfed group until they refuse to eat, but fish in the control group was fed with the feed at 1% bodyweight per day. The hemato-serological, histological, and immunological changes were observed at weeks 2 and 8. Rainbow trout leukocytes were co-incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), and the phagocytes engulfing the OxLDL and the presence of apoptotic cells were evaluated. The body weight, body mass index (BMI), and hepatosomatic index (HSI) index were significantly higher in the overfed group, and high lipid accumulation and fatty changes were also observed in their livers, indicating that the feeding regime used in this study led to overfeeding-induced obesity. Likewise, much higher numbers of and larger vacuoles were observed in overfed fish macrophages, showing unclear boundaries between the cytoplasm and extracellular space. In the overfed group, the expression of IL-10, HSP70, TLR2, and CD36 was significantly higher, and lymphocyte apoptosis was more evident, indicating that overfeeding-induced obese fish might have immunologic disorders. This was the first study to demonstrate that overfeeding-induced obesity could cause an immune-physiological imbalance in rainbow trout, making them more vulnerable to infectious diseases and various stressful conditions. This study will contribute to improvements in fish nutrition, feeding practices, fish nutrition, and disease prevention in the aquaculture industry.

In a combustion reaction of hydrocarbon fuel, carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas species that is closely related to air pollution generation and combustion efficiency. It has a trade-off with nitrogen oxide and increases rapidly in case of incomplete combustion or in fuel-rich (Φ > 1) environments. Therefore, it is essential to measure CO concentration in order to optimize the combustion condition. In the case of a steel annealing system, the combustion environment is maintained in a deoxidation atmosphere to prevent the formation of an oxide layer on the steel sheet surface. However, it is difficult to measure the CO concentration in a combustion furnace in real-time because of the harsh environment in the furnace. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, which has the advantages of non-invasiveness, fast response, and in situ measurement-based optical measurement, is highly attractive for measuring the concentration of a certain gas species in a combustion environment. In this study, a combustion system of a partially premixed flamed burner was designed to control the equivalence ratio for fuel-rich conditions. CO concentration was measured using a distributed feedback laser with a wavenumber of 4300.7 cm−1 in the mid-infrared region. The results showed that the CO concentration measured at an equivalence ratio of 1.15 to 1.50 was 0.495% to 6.139%. The detection limit in the combustion environment was analyzed at a path length of 190 cm and an internal temperature of 733 K. The ranges of the peak absorbance were derived as 0.064 and 0.787, which were within the theoretical bounds of 10−3 and 0.80 when the equivalence ratio was varied from 1.15 to 1.50.

A geographical source of n-alkanes in marine aerosols was assessed along a North–South transect in the Arctic–Northwest Pacific region. Marine aerosol samples were collected during the ARA08 cruise with the R/V Araon between 28 August and 28 September 2017. We investigated molecular distributions of n-alkanes (homologous series of C16 to C34) and compound-specific stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of n-C27, n-C29, and n-C31. Unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) showed a latitudinal trend from the Arctic Ocean to the northwest Pacific Ocean, highlighting an increasing influence of the plume of polluted air exported from East Asian countries. The anthropogenic input was further evidenced by high U/R ratios (>5) and low CPI17–23 (0.6–1.4). The occurrence of high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanes with high CPI27–31 (>3) indicated the biogenic input of terrestrial higher plant leaf waxes in all studied samples. The δ13C of HMW n-alkanes was influenced by both the relative contributions from the C3/C4 plant sources and from fossil fuel combustions. The back-trajectory analyses provided evidence that changes in molecular distributions and δ13C of n-alkanes were due to the long-range atmospheric transport of anthropogenic and biogenic organic materials from North American and East Asian countries to the Arctic Ocean and the remote northwest Pacific Ocean, respectively.

Bacterial phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is used in various industrial fields because it can catalyze the hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification of phospholipids to their functional derivatives. It also has a role in the degumming process of crude plant oils. However, bacterial expression of the foreign PLA1-encoding gene was generally hampered because intracellularly expressed PLA1 is inherently toxic and damages the phospholipid membrane. In this study, we report that secretion-based production of recombinant PlaA, a bacterial PLA1 gene, or co-expression of PlaS, an accessory gene, minimizes this harmful effect. We were able to achieve high-level PlaA production via secretion-based protein production. Here, TliD/TliE/TliF, an ABC transporter complex of Pseudomonas fluorescens SIK-W1, was used to secrete recombinant proteins to the extracellular medium. In order to control the protein expression with induction, a new strain of P. fluorescens, which had the lac operon repressor gene lacI, was constructed and named ZYAI strain. The bacteriotoxic PlaA protein was successfully produced in a bacterial host, with help from ABC transporter-mediated secretion, induction-controlled protein expression, and fermentation. The final protein product is capable of degumming oil efficiently, signifying its application potential.

Abstract Bacterial populations have a remarkable capacity to cope with extreme environmental fluctuations in their natural environments. In certain cases, adaptation to one stressful environment provides a fitness advantage when cells are exposed to a second stressor, a phenomenon that has been coined as cross‐stress protection. A tantalizing question in bacterial physiology is how the cross‐stress behavior emerges during evolutionary adaptation and what the genetic basis of acquired stress resistance is. To address these questions, we evolved Escherichia coli cells over 500 generations in five environments that include four abiotic stressors. Through growth profiling and competition assays, we identified several cases of positive and negative cross‐stress behavior that span all strain–stress combinations. Resequencing the genomes of the evolved strains resulted in the identification of several mutations and gene amplifications, whose fitness effect was further assessed by mutation reversal and competition assays. Transcriptional profiling of all strains under a specific stress, NaCl‐induced osmotic stress, and integration with resequencing data further elucidated the regulatory responses and genes that are involved in this phenomenon. Our results suggest that cross‐stress dependencies are ubiquitous, highly interconnected, and can emerge within short timeframes. The high adaptive potential that we observed argues that bacterial populations occupy a genotypic space that enables a high phenotypic plasticity during adaptation in fluctuating environments.