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The predictability of successful osseointegrated implant rehabilitation of the edentulous jaw as described by Branemark et al.,1 introduced a new era of management for the edentulous predicament. Implant rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla remains one of the most complex restorative challenges because of the number of variables that affect both the aesthetic and functional aspect of the prosthesis.2 Among the prosthesis designs used to treat the edentulous maxilla are fixed or removable implant-supported restorations. Since the aesthetic requirements and preoperative situation of each patient varies, considerable time must be spent on accurate diagnosis to ensure patient desires are satisfied and predictable outcomes are achieved. The purpose of this article is to compare the treatment options and prosthesis designs for the edentulous maxilla. Emphasis will be placed on diagnosis and treatment planning. Criteria will be given to guide the practitioner in deciding whether a fixed or removable restoration should be placed. This objective will be accomplished through the review of cases with regard to varying design considerations and factors that influence the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnic density thesis suggests a protective health benefit for ethnic minorities living in places with higher concentration of co-ethnic residents. This paper aims to make a step change in the examination of this thesis by proposing ethnic diversity rather than co-ethnic density will be more protective for mental health. The paper proposes ethnic diversity could be a community asset that benefits the health of all people in a neighbourhood regardless of their own ethnic group. Individual data is taken from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, 2009-2019 linked to aggregate data from the 2001 and 2011 Censuses to test the association between co-ethnic density, ethnic diversity and mental health using the General Health Questionnaire 12-item scale. The paper takes a novel approach by measuring pre-existing (in 2001) and change in (2001-2011) co-ethnic density and ethnic diversity. Moderating effects of individual ethnic group, neighbourhood deprivation and perceived social cohesion are tested. Results show lower pre-existing co-ethnic density is related to lower mental health amongst the White British ethnic group but not in most ethnic minority groups. Greater pre-existing ethnic diversity in more deprived neighbourhoods is associated with better mental health regardless of individual ethnic group. A point of contention in the findings is no association between change in ethnic diversity and mental health., (© 2024. W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute.)

We used the UK Household Longitudinal Study to examine whether community type (inland or coastal) in adolescence (10-15 years) was associated with five adult health outcomes assessed over 11 waves of follow-up (2009-22). When the analyses were stratified on area deprivation, four of the five health outcomes - self-rated, long-standing illness, psychological distress and mental functioning - showed worse health in increasingly more deprived communities, and to a greater extent in the most deprived communities that are coastal. For all but self-rated health, associations were robust to additional adjustment for adolescent gender, ethnicity, household income, tenure, and life satisfaction., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Eye strain when performing tasks reliant on a digital environment can cause discomfort, affecting productivity and quality of life. Digital eye strain (the preferred terminology) was defined as "the development or exacerbation of recurrent ocular symptoms and/or signs related specifically to digital device screen viewing". Digital eye strain prevalence of up to 97% has been reported, due to no previously agreed definition/diagnostic criteria and limitations of current questionnaires which fail to differentiate such symptoms from those arising from non-digital tasks. Objective signs such as blink rate or critical flicker frequency changes are not 'diagnostic' of digital eye strain nor validated as sensitive. The mechanisms attributed to ocular surface disease exacerbation are mainly reduced blink rate and completeness, partial/uncorrected refractive error and/or underlying binocular vision anomalies, together with the cognitive demand of the task and differences in position, size, brightness and glare compared to an equivalent non-digital task. In general, interventions are not well established; patients experiencing digital eye strain should be provided with a full refractive correction for the appropriate working distances. Improving blinking, optimizing the work environment and encouraging regular breaks may help. Based on current, best evidence, blue-light blocking interventions do not appear to be an effective management strategy. More and larger clinical trials are needed to assess artificial tear effectiveness for relieving digital eye strain, particularly comparing different constituents; a systematic review within the report identified use of secretagogues and warm compress/humidity goggles/ambient humidifiers as promising strategies, along with nutritional supplementation (such as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and berry extracts)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest James S. Wolffsohn: 3m (F), AOS (C), Aston Vision Sciences (S), Atia Vision (C), Bausch & Lomb (C), Alcon (C,F), Allergan (F), CooperVision (C,F), CSIDryEye (C), DopaVision (C), Eyoto (S), Johnson & Johnson Vision (F), Rayner (F), M2C Pharmaceuticals (C,F), Medmont (C), Novartis (C,F), NuVision (C,F), Santen (C), Scope Ophthalmics (C,F), SightGlass (F, C), TFOS (S), Théa Laboratories (C,F), Topcon (F), The Eye Doctor (F), Veluon (F), Wolffsohn Research Limited (S), WO2019/001928 A1 (P), WO2019193051A1 (P). Gareth Lingham: None (N). Laura E. Downie: Alcon (F), Azura Ophthalmics (F), BCLA (R), CooperVision (F), Cornea and Contact Lens Society of Australia (R), Medmont International (R), NHMRC Australia (F), Novartis (F), TFOS (S), dry eye diagnostic method (P). Byki Huntjens: Alcon (C), Bausch and Lomb (C), CooperVision (C), Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Institute (C). Takenori Inomata: Novartis (F), Santen (F,C), Lion Corporation (F), SEED Company (F), Johnson & Johnson (F), Hogy Medical Co (F), Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (F), Renatech (P), Kowa (P), InnoJin (E). Saleel Jivraj: IMED Pharma (F, C), The Body Doctor (F), DryiRelief App (I), My Myopia Management App (I), Optometrist Calgary (P), Alcon (C). Emmanuel Kobia-Acquah: None (N) Alex Muntz: Azura Ophthalmics (F), . Karim Mohamed-Noriega:None (N) Sotiris Plainis: None (N). Michael Read: Johnson & Johnson Vision (F), Coopervision (C), Menicon (F), Visco Vision inc (F), US10959973B2 (P). Rony R. Sayegh: Novartis (C), Allergan (C), US20220175516A1 (P). Sumeer Singh: None (N). Tor P. Utheim: ABIGO (F), Alcon (F,C), Allergan (F), AMWO (F), Bausch&Lomb (F), Bayer (F,C), European school for advanced studies in ophthalmology (F,C), InnZ Medical (F), Medilens Nordic (F), Medistim (F), Novartis (F,C), Santen (F,C), Specsavers (F,C), Shire Pharmaceuticals (F,C), Thea Laboratoires (F,C). Jennifer P. Craig: Adelphi Values Ltd (R), Alcon (F,R,C), Asta Supreme (R), Azura Ophthalmics (F,R), E-Swin (F,R), Johnson & Johnson Vision (R), Manuka Health (F), Medmont International (R), Novoxel (R), Oculeve (F), Photon Therapeutics (R), Resono Ophthalmic (F,R), TFOS (S), Théa Laboratories (F,R), Topcon (F,R), TRG Natural Pharmaceuticals (F,R)., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

There are mixed findings on whether neighbourhood income inequality leads to better self-rated health (SRH) or not. This study considers two hypotheses: individuals living in more unequal neighbourhoods have better SRH and the level of neighbourhood income inequality and its impact on SRH is moderated by household and neighbourhood level income related variables. Data from Waves 8-10 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study for respondents living in England at wave 8 were used. Neighbourhood income inequality was measured using Gini coefficients of household income from the Pay As You Earn and benefits systems for Lower Super Output Areas. Longitudinal ordinal multilevel models predicted self-rated health in 2016-18, 2017-19 and 2019-20 by income inequality and its interaction with household income, neighbourhood median income and neighbourhood deprivation, conditional on individual educational attainment, age, sex, ethnic group, years lived in current residence, region of residence and study wave. There were 24,889 respondents analysed over three waves. SRH was worse for those living in more income equal neighbourhoods. There was no indication that neighbourhood inequality was moderated by household income, neighbourhood median income or neighbourhood deprivation. These findings are in line with the balance of existing evidence and support policy interventions that aim to create mixed communities for the purpose of improving population health., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: To examine the pathways between life course socioeconomic position (SEP) and general and oral health, assessing the role of two competing theories, social causation and health selection, on a representative sample of individuals aged 50 years and over in England., Methods: Secondary analysis from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Wave 3 data (n = 8659). Structural equation models estimated the social causation pathways from childhood SEP to adult self-rated general health and total tooth loss, and the health selection pathways from childhood health to adult SEP., Results: There were direct and indirect (primarily via education, but also adult SEP, and behavior) pathways from childhood SEP to both health outcomes in older adulthood. There was a direct pathway from childhood health to adult SEP, but no indirect pathway via education. The social causation path total effect estimate was three times larger for self-rated general health and four times larger for total tooth loss than the health selection path respective estimates., Conclusions: The relationship between SEP and health is bidirectional, but with a clearly stronger role for the social causation pathway., Competing Interests: None. No competing interests were reported by the authors of this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Purpose: To explore the journey taken by patients in a range of different countries to manage their dry eye symptoms., Method: Members of the general public who responded positively to the question "Do your eyes ever feel dry?" completed a questionnaire describing their demographics, the impact of their symptomology, the advice they have received and the management options they have tried. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was also completed., Results: A total of 916 individuals (Canada = 235, Mexico = 127, New Zealand = 157, Taiwan = 246, UK = 151) of similar age distribution (median 38 years, IQR: 27-50) completed the survey. The reported duration of symptoms was longest in Canada (median 4 years, range 2-10) and least in Taiwan (2 years, range 1-3; p < 0.001), and similar trends were observed for symptom severity (p = 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between countries with respect to the impact of symptoms on quality of life (median 3/10; p = 0.08). Less than half of the individuals in any country had consulted with a health professional. About half had tried a treatment for their dry eye symptoms, with artificial tears being the most common treatment, followed by warm compresses, and both therapies were rated as reasonably effective (median 5-7/10)., Conclusion: Many people with dry eye symptoms are not consulting health care professionals who can confirm the diagnosis, exclude differential diagnoses, and offer a wide range of treatments targeted at the dry eye subtype., (Copyright © 2021 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

There is an overreliance on concurrent neighbourhood deprivation as a determinant of health. Only a small section of the literature focuses on the cumulative exposure of neighbourhood deprivation over the life course. This paper uses data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, a British birth cohort study, linked to 1971-2011 Census data at the neighbourhood level to longitudinally model self-rated health between ages 23 and 55 by Townsend deprivation score between ages 16 and 55. Change in self-rated health is analysed using ordinal multilevel models to test the strength of association with neighbourhood deprivation at age 16, concurrently and cumulatively. The results show that greater neighbourhood deprivation at age 16 predicts worsening self-rated health between ages 33 and 50. The association with concurrent neighbourhood deprivation is shown to be stronger compared with the measurement at age 16 when both are adjusted in the model. The concurrent association with change in self-rated health is explained by cumulative neighbourhood deprivation. These findings suggest that neglecting exposure to neighbourhood deprivation over the life course will underestimate the neighbourhood effect. They also have potential implications for public policy suggesting that neighbourhood socioeconomic equality may bring about better population health.

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose.