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This paper assesses the possibility of utilisation of clay–waste tyre rubber mixes as construction materials for geotechnical structures. Rubber granulates (Rg) and rubber fibres (Rf) were blended with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% clay content. The various combinations of clay–rubber granulates (CRg) and clay–rubber fibres (CRf) were subjected to the sequence of compaction, strength, consolidation and swelling pressure tests. A linear decrementing trend of compaction parameters was observed with an increase in Rg and Rf contents. An insignificant rise in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) of clay was observed with the addition of Rg and Rf up to 5 and 2.5%, respectively. Higher inclusions had reduced the UCS and STS of clay. However, a continual increase in failure strain was observed with an increase in Rg and Rf contents. The compression index of CRg and CRf mixtures was found to increase with the increase of Rg and Rf contents. A continuous decrease in the soaked California bearing ratio and swelling pressure (σs) of CRg and CRf mixtures was observed with the increase in Rg and Rf contents. In view of code requirements, the pre-requisite treatment of CRg and CRf mixtures should be carried out before field applications.

This paper reports the strength and ductility behaviour of rubber-granulate-reinforced cemented clayey soil and rubber-fibre-reinforced cemented clayey soil. The load–deformation behaviour of specimens was analysed in terms of absolute toughness and toughness index (TI) for further screening of the curves. A 5·08 and 3·46% improvement in the unconfined compressive strength and 16·74 and 8·60% improvement in the split tensile strength of the clayey soil was observed with the addition of rubber granulates and fibres up to 2·5 and 5%, respectively. However, increasing the content of granulates and fibres led to reductions in strength. The rate of strength reduction in granulate-reinforced soil was found to be higher than in that containing fibre. The absolute toughness and TI of soil mixed with 5 and 7·5% of granulates and fibres were found to be higher compared to values for other inclusions. Overall, the inclusion of rubber particles led to a decrease in initial stiffness, improved ductility and strain hardening in specimens subject to compressive load. However, in comparison with the ductile behaviour of fibre-reinforced soil under tensile loads, granulates were found to be ineffective in changing the soil's brittle behaviour.

Background – Traumato RLN in thyroid surgery is a fearful deadly complication which can be avoided by having knowledge about various anatomical variations that the nerve has. The present hospital basedMaterial and Methods – prospective study was conducted over 50 cases undergoing thyroid surgery, those who were admitted under Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi (U.P.) of both sex. The study aimed at determining the variations of recurrent laryngealAim - nerve in thyroid surgery. –RLN can have various branching pattern, variable position, course of nerve and tracheal deviation.All theseResult variations increases the incidence of trauma to RLN. In this study, we conclude that the chances of damage increases if patient hasConclusion - one or more than one of these variations. So the preoperative knowledge of these variations will help to avoid damage to RLN.

The geotechnical behavior of fly ash mixed with lime and alccofine is discussed in this paper. The specimens were prepared and cured using the burlap technique for 7, 14, and 28 days. The results of this study showed that the unconfined compression strength, split tensile strength, California bearing ratio, and flexural strength of a fly ash containing 6% lime and 2% alccofine (referred to as the “reference mix”) improved as the curing time increased. After the durability cycles, the reference mix showed a significant increase in the unconfined compressive strength. For the unconsolidated undrained and consolidated drained triaxial tests, the deviator stress and cohesion increased while the friction angle decreased as the curing time increased. The volumetric strain response of the reference mix shows an initial compression followed by large dilation. In the consolidated drained test, the dilatancy behavior of the reference mix suppressed, as the curing time increased. The improved behavior of the fly ash–lime–alccofine mix could boost the construction of rural roads.

Psoriasis is an autoimmune, chronic proliferative, inflammatory skin disease with high comorbidity. Psoriasis is not a curable disease; it can only be managed. Cyclosporine A (CyA) is one of the FDA-approved immunosuppressant drug used in severe Psoriasis. Till date only oral route is used for its administration. Administration of CyA by this route causes serious side effects such as hypertension and renal toxicity. Due to these side effects, a number of researches have been done and taking place in the current times for the dermal delivery of CyA for the management of psoriasis. Dermal delivery of CyA is not an easy task because of its physiochemical properties like high molecular weight, lipophilicity and resistance offered by stratum corneum (SC). Because of the above problems in the dermal delivery a number of new approaches such as nanolipid carriers, microemulsion, liposomes, niosomes etc. are explored. To those deep findings for psoriasis management with dermal delivery of CyA have not been discussed. This comprehensive review includes all the studies, advancements and their critical findings which took place in the recent times for the dermal delivery of CyA and along with the suitable modification needed for the efficient dermal delivery of CyA are also suggested.

The investigation aims to check the effect of variation of gypsum and water content on the engineering properties of expansive soil by different experiments, namely, mini compaction test, Atterberg limit’s test, and unconfined compressive strength test along with microstructural analysis. The effect of gypsum (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%), water content (ωopt − 3%, ωopt, and ωopt + 3%), and curing period up to 28 days on the strength of bentonite-gypsum mixtures was highlighted. The results of bentonite-gypsum mixtures showed an increment in maximum dry unit weight and decrement in the optimum water content up to 4% inclusion of gypsum. A gradual reduction in the liquid limit and plastic limit of bentonite-gypsum mixtures was observed with the increase in gypsum content and curing period. The unconfined compressive strength of the bentonite-gypsum mixtures increased continuously with the increase in gypsum content, water content, and curing period. The microstructural behavior of bentonite-gypsum mixtures showed evidence of pozzolanic product formation along with densification of the composite. The multiple regression analysis was also carried out to establish the relationship between the strength and maximum dry unit weight, liquidity index, and the additive content as well as curing period.

Purpose: This study aims to study the load – settlement behaviour of circular footing rested on encased single stone column. Design/methodology/approach: The effect of vertical, horizontal and combined verticalhorizontal encasement of stone column on the load carrying capacity were examined numerically. The effect of stone column dimension (80 mm and 100 mm), length (400 mm and 500 mm), and spacing of reinforcement on the load carrying capacity and reinforcement ratio were assessed. Findings: The obtained results revealed that the load carrying capacity of geotextile encased stone columns are more than ordinary stone columns. For vertically encased stone columns as the diameter increases, the advantage of encasement decreases. Whereas, for horizontally encased stone column and combined vertical- horizontal encased stone column, the performance of encasement intensifies as the diameter of stone column increases. The improvement in the load carrying capacity of clay bed reinforced with combined verticalhorizontal encased stone columns are higher than vertical encased stone columns or horizontal encased stone column. The maximum performance of encasement was observed for VHESC1 of D = 80 mm. Research limitations/implications: For this study, the diameter of footing and stone column was kept same. The interface strength factor between stone column and clay bed was not considered. Practical implications: The encased stone column could be use improve the laod bearing capacity of weak soils. Originality/value: Many studies are available in literature regarding use of geosynthetic as vertical encasement and horizontal encasement of stone column. The study on combined effect of vertical and horizontal encasement of stone column on load carrying capacity of weak soil is very minimal. Keeping this in view, the present work was carried out.

In this study, the local softening characteristic of saturated soft clay was examined through a series of dynamic triaxial test under varying confining pressures. Additionally, the stress strain relationship and pore water pressure development during the process of softening zone formation were recorded. Using the energy based pore pressure model, it has been seen that the pore water pressure and energy dissipation has very good correlation for saturated sands and silty soils. The experimental results prove that the local softening and the development of pore water pressure have a good correlation. The different dynamic stress makes the soil sample to reach the same damage level. The softening area made by the smaller dynamic stress is more clear and concentrated than larger stress.

Purpose This paper aims to estimate the bearing capacity of a surface strip and circular footings lying on layered sand using numerical limit analysis. Design/methodology/approach Lower and upper bound limit analysis, as well as finite elements and second-order conic programming (SOCP), are used in this analysis. The yield criterion of Mohr-Coulomb is used to model soil behavior. Using this technique, stringent lower and upper bounds on ultimate bearing capacity can be achieved by assuming an associated flow law. Findings The obtained results indicate that the exact collapse load is typically being bracketed to within 6% about a mean of both the bounds. The obtained results are compared with the existing literature wherever applicable. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has used lower and upper bound limit analysis, as well as finite elements and SOCP, to estimate the bearing capacity of a surface strip and circular footings lying on layered sand.

One of the crucial factors that has gained widespread popularity during the tunnelling construction process is the face stability of tunnel that mainly depends upon the support pressure to be applied at the face of tunnel against the overburden pressure and surcharge loading acting on the earth surface. In this study, stability of different cross sections of tunnels has been investigated in cohesionless soil (loose and medium dense sand) using the Finite Element Analysis software Plaxis 2D V20. Tunnel having cross sectional dimension B as width, D as height positioned at a depth H from the surface of ground. Due to the overburden pressure acting on the face of the tunnel, a suitable uniform compressive pressure is applied at the tunnel periphery in form of lining or anchorage system against the collapse. Variation of deflection at periphery of tunnel is presented for different combinations of H/D and Ф (angle of internal friction of soil), and lining thickness. It is observed that at a particular lining thickness with the increase in H/D, the displacement at the crown in tunnel increases and this could be resisted by increasing the lining thickness. The crown deflection of circular tunnel at particular H/D, lining thickness and Ф was less as compared to semi-circular and square tunnel.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to perform comprehensive investigation to assess the mechanical properties of nano-modified ternary cement concrete blend. Nano silica (NS) (1%, 2% and 3%) and waste marble dust powder (MD) (5%, 10% and 15%) was incorporated as a fractional substitution of cement in the concrete matrix. Design/methodology/approach In this experimental study, 10 cementitious blends were prepared and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and static modulus of elasticity. The microstructural characteristics of these blends were also explored using a scanning electron microscope along with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray reflection. Findings The results indicate an enhancement in mechanical properties and refinement in pore structure due to improved pozzolanic activities of NS and the filling effect of MD. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has reported the mechanical and microstructural behavior of concrete containing marble and NS.

Fatigue and drowsiness detection techniques based on the external features are under progress, and the methods of facial feature extraction require further development. This paper discusses the innovative processes, efficient methods, and recent advancements in the field of drowsiness and fatigue detection. In this proposed model, a wide application is planned in the field of artificial intelligence by defining the fundamentals of human-computer interaction, facial expression recognition and driver fatigue-sleepiness determination. This research outlines an efficient and effective three-phase strategy for detecting drowsiness. Viola Jones is used to detect facial traits in these three phases. Detection of yawning and tracking once the face has been identified, the segmenting the skin, the system becomes lighting invariant portion by itself, focusing on the chromatic components based on skin, and to reject most of non-face image backdrops. The color eye tracking and yawning detection are carried out by template matching with the correlation coefficient. The vectors of features based on each of the above phases is concatenated, and a binary result is obtained. The analysis of sound and successive frames into fatigue and non-fatigue states has been classified. If the time in fatigue state exceeds the threshold, the system will sound an alarm.

Background: Tuberculosis is a greatest threat to human health. It requires urgent need to seek new devise alternate strategies and ant-tubercular compounds. In the present scenario, Nonmaterias, have opened new avenues in medicine, diagnosis and therapeutics. Objective: In view of this, the current study aims to synthesize gold nanoparticles and determine its efficacy to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesized from medicinal plant, such as Ocimum gratissimum linn, were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RV strain). Gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, SEM and TEM. TEM results revealed that the GNPs were found spherical in structure and around 10-25 nm in diameter. UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibited an absorption peak at 348 nm. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy showed the GNPs have coated with phytoconstituents (terpenoids) that indicate the role of bio-molecules responsible for efficient stabilization and capping of the gold nanoparticles. In vitro model was designed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each sample by Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) slope method. Results: The results showed that the presence of ursolic acid in ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts was found to be 2.89% and 1.97%, respectively. GNPs of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic exhibited anti-tubercular activity, with MIC 2.5 µg/ml and 20 µg/ml, respectively. While ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts showed such activity at concentrations 50 µg/ml and 75 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: GNPs synthesized from ethanolic extract showed profound efficiency to kill mycobacteria. As in this method no chemical reagents were used, the synthesized gold nanoparticles have potential for biological applications. There is an urgent need to further development of nano-antibiotic for tuberculosis.

This paper focuses on the effect two forms of waste rubber tyres of granulate (Rg) and fibre (Rf) categories on the compaction–strength–consolidation–swell–durability behaviour of uncemented/cemented clayey soil. The effect of incorporation of five proportions 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% Rg/Rf (by weight of soil) and three proportions 0%, 3% and 6% cement (by weight of soil) was assessed. Reduction in maximum dry unit weight (γmax) and optimum water content (ωopt) of clayey soil and cemented clayey soil was observed with the incorporation of ruuber granulates (Rg) and rubber fibres (Rf). Both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and split tensile strength (STS) of the clayey soil were primarily controlled by the amount of cement and waste rubber tyres and it was found to be decreased with the enhancement in rubber content. But addition of Rg and Rf was found to improve the ductility and strain hardening behaviour of cemented clayey soil, prosperously under unconfined compression. Inclusion Rg was found to be ineffective to overshadow the brittleness of the cemented clayey soil subjected to tensile loads. The inclusion of higher rubber content had lowered the strength of cemented significantly. Decline in the California bearing ratio (CBR) value, swelling pressure (σs) and increment in the compression index (Cc) and weight loss during wet/dry cycles were observed with the incorporation of Rg and Rf in cemented clayey soil. The results of all performed tests were cross checked and compared with various Indian standards to reach at the optimum dose of Rg and Rf that can be added to cemented clayey soil for its possible applications in back filling, construction of embankment (for rural roads), sub-grade course, sub-base course and slide slope of canal. The form of waste rubber tyre i.e. Rg and Rf had significant effect on the geotechnical characteristics of cemented clayey soil. Overall, Rf had outperformed the Rg, considering all evaluated geotechnical properties. Maximum dose of Rg and Rf to be added in cemented clayey soil should not be more than 5% and 7.5%, respectively.

A fingerprint is a unique biometric feature of the individual. It is also known that fingerprints have differences in male and female with respect to ridgeline details. Some studies in mach...

The utilisation of end-of-life tires nowadays has become a matter of great distress across the globe when left unattended. These tires have been proved to be a malady on the environment causing severe pollution and health hazards. Hence, the potential use of end-of-life tires has been crucial, especially due to the uncontrolled population rise in urban areas which demands construction on undesirable soil. This paper examines the load–deformation behaviour of rubber fibre–reinforced cemented clayey soil through laboratory tests such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and split tensile strength (STS) tests. The clayey soil was stabilised with 3 and 6% cement content, and the inclusion level of rubber fibres was kept at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%. A total of 360 specimens, 180 specimens each for the UCS and STS tests, were prepared in accordance with their optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The study revealed that adding rubber fibres (up to 2.5%) to clayey soil leads to marginal improvement in UCS and STS. Note that by inclusion of rubber fibres to cemented clayey soil causes a decrease of UCS and STS. Maximum increase of absolute toughness and toughness index of cemented clayey soil was observed with the addition of 7.5% rubber fibres. Test results showed that inspite of the decrease in UCS and STS of cemented clayey soil with the augmentation of rubber fibre content, there were decreases in initial stiffness and improvements on ductility and hardening in the post-peak region. From this study, it could be concluded that rubber fibres up to 7.5% can be incorporated in the cemented clayey soil.

Solid lipid nanoparticles are one of the developed technologies for addressing the bioavailability and targeting issues of drug delivery. In this review article, we attempted to incorporate all the essential details of SLNs like various methods of preparation, different models of SLNs, updated characterization methods, in-vivo behavior (Uptake), their applications, route of administration as well as advancements taken place in the field of delivery of biological drugs like gene vector, new adjuvant for vaccines, protein, and peptide with SLNs. Surface modified SLNs hold excellent potential for targeted and controlled drug delivery which is discussed and summarized. Based on the available data, the future success of SLNs is widened because they could be easily fabricated with various functionalities which would display enormous potential for targeting and diagnosing various diseases. This review would help the budding researchers to find out the unexplored areas of SLNs with the present discussion that reframes the potential of SLNs by gathering the various research findings of SLNs in tabular form along with the approved patent technologies of SLNs.

Present study focuses on developing region-specific New Generation Ground Motion Prediction Models using Artificial intelligence technique for North India purely based on a measured ground motion data from specific region. Simple single hidden layered feed forward multilayer perceptron networks with back-propagation learning algorithm are used. A total of 280 data points of recorded strong motion data from the Kangra and Uttar Pradesh (UP) arrays, made available by the Program for Excellence in Strong Motion Studies (PESMOS), were used to train these networks. The first model predicts Moment Magnitude for a given Hypocentral Distance and Peak Ground Acceleration. The second model predicts Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for a given Hypocentral Distance (HPD) and Moment Magnitude (MM). Performance analysis, Uncertainty analysis and analysis of interactive effects have been done to test the reliability of the generated models. Optimization analysis was also performed to predict possible inputs of the models for a given set of outputs. Models have performed reasonably well for the given amount of non-linearity in the data.

Metro underground tunnels are life line in many major cities across the world. Therefore vulnerability of these structures against the earthquakes is very critical. In this chapter, Seismic analysis of Delhi metro underground tunnels have been performed by finite element method. Chamoli earthquake (1999) of lower Himalaya, India has been taken for the analysis. Parametric study was also conducted by considering the parameters like volume loss during construction, depth of overburden, interfacial characteristics between soil and the tunnel liner, thickness of RC liners, peak ground acceleration, and damping. Values of the vertical stress concentration were found to increase with increase in volume loss during the construction. This observation is true for both elastic and elasto-plastic behavior of soil. Maximum dynamic axial force in RC liners has been found to increase with the ratio of depth of overburden to the tunnel size, whereas both shear force and bending moment in lining of tunnel have been found to reduce as this ratio attains value of 2 and 2.5 respectively. Dynamic forces in RC liners tend to reduce as the value of interaction factor at the interface between the tunnel and RC liners reduces from 1 to 0.1. Increasing the thickness of RC liners causes the axial force in RC liners to reduce but bending moment has been found to increase. These points need to be borne in mind while designing the support systems for the tunnels.

This paper presents the results of pressure settlement behavior of strip footing resting on poorly graded sand reinforced with tire strips in layers to improve the bearing capacity. The tire strips of length 3B, 4B and 5B (B = width of footing) and 70 mm width were used. The tire strips were placed at 0.4B, 0.6B, and 0.8B from the base of the footing. The tests were carried at 14, 14.2, and 14.3 kN/m3 dry unit weight of sand. From this investigation, it was observed that the bearing capacity of reinforced soil increases with the increase in length of reinforcement, depth of reinforcement, and dry unit weight of sand. With increase in the depth of reinforcement layer, length of reinforcement and number of layer significant reduction in the settlement of sand was observed. It was observed that the settlement reduction effect was higher at higher unit weights.

The expansive soils are subjected to change in volume due to variation in water content which results in problems such as high compressibility, reduced bearing capacity, differential settlement etc. Motivated by the issue, this experimental study aims to evaluate the mechanical behavior of bentonite- cement mixtures subjected to change in moisture content. Compaction, Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted to assess the influence of cement content (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by dry weight of soil), water content (ωopt−3%, ωopt and ωopt +3%) and curing period on the mechanical behaviour of the bentonite soil. The results revealed that with addition of cement, the maximum dry unit weight of the bentonite increased and optimum water content decreased. A continuous reduction the liquid limit was observed with the inclusion of cement. Whereas, up to 6% incorporation of cement had led to increment in plastic limit of bentonite. The upsurge in the strength of bentonite was observed with addition of cement and prolongation curing period. The rise in strength of bentonite-cement specimens prepared at ωopt +3% were higher than that of specimens prepared at ωopt and ωopt −3% water content.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that has affected mankind. The anti-TB treatment has been used from ancient times to control symptoms of this disease but these medications produced some serious side effects. Herbal products have been successfully used for the treatment of TB. Gold is the most biocompatible metal among all available for biomedical purposes so Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have sought attention as an attractive biosynthesized drug to be studied in recent years for bioscience research. GNPs are used as better catalysts and due to unique small size, physical resemblance to physiological molecules, biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity extensively used for various applications including drug and gene delivery. Greenly synthesized GNPs have much more potential in different fields because phytoconstituents used in GNP synthesis itself act as reducing and capping agents and produced more stabilized GNPs. This review is devoted to a discussion on GNPs synthesis with herbs for TB. The main focus is on the role of the natural plant bio-molecules involved in the bioreduction of metal salts during the GNPs synthesis with phytoconstituents used as antitubercular agents.

An experimental program was undertaken to study the effect of inclusion of pond ash and randomly distributed polypropylene fibres on the strength behaviour of cement-stabilized clayey soil. In the present investigation, 19 combinations of fibre-reinforced cement-stabilized clayey soil-pond ash mixes at three different percentages of pond ash (i.e. 10, 20 and 30%) and two different percentages of polypropylene fibres (i.e. 0.5 and 1%) of length 6 and 12 mm with 5% cement content were prepared. The combinations of clayey soil-cement-pond ash-fibres were subjected to a series of standard proctor test, unconfined compressive strength and split tensile strength tests. Based on favourable test results obtained, it can be concluded that partial replacement of cement-stabilized clayey soil by pond ash with the inclusion of polypropylene fibres causes a significant increase in strength, decrease in the stiffness, and rate of loss of post-peak strength. The fibre inclusion changed the brittle behaviour of the composite to ductile. The inclusion of 1% fibres of 6 mm length or 0.5% fibre of 12 mm length has the same impact on the unconfined compressive strength and split tensile strength of the mixtures. The study demonstrates that pond ash can be used successfully as partial replacement of the clayey soil by using reinforcement and cement.

Day by day, the quantum of “end-of-life tires” (ELT) is increasing at a rapid rate across the globe. The conventional methods, namely landfilling, stockpiling, and burning adopted for the management or disposal of this hazardous waste, are proven to have a greater amount of adverse impact on the environment, ecological systems, and health of human beings. The feasible and voluminous utilization of this inexpedient hazardous waste is only possible either in concrete industries or as an amendment of soil to attain the cleaner production for the rubber manufacturing and tire retreading and regrooving industries. Besides that, it could resolve the problems of authorities associated with the environmental aspect of waste rubber tire disposal. This paper enlightens the published research work carried out by geotechnical investigator’s fraternity on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soil containing various forms of end-of-life tires, namely shreds, granulates (crumbles), fibres (buffings), chips, and ash. The effects of different forms of end-of-life tires on Atterberg’s limits, compaction parameters, shear strength, tensile strength, consolidation, swelling, permeability, California bearing ratio, durability, dynamic properties, and microstructure of fine-grained soil have been reviewed. Review reveals that inclusions of ELT in fine-grained soil have a promising future for its disposal, but still more in-depth investigations are required to solidify the conclusions drawn by past investigators for its popularization as construction material for embankments of highways and railways, as base and sub-base material for roads, and as filler material behind retaining wall.

The environmentally friendly and safe disposal of waste discarded rubber tyres are becoming a matter of serious concern across the globe because of its detrimental effect on health, environment and ecological systems. The paper aims at assessing the impact of waste rubber tyre inclusion on the geotechnical properties of clayey soil. Discarded rubber in the form of crumb rubber of size ranging between 0.8 and 2 mm varying from 0 to 10% was used in this investigation. Several tests, namely compaction, unconfined compressive strength, split tensile strength, California bearing ratio, consolidation and swelling pressure, along with microstructural studies have been carried out on different combinations of clayey soil and crumb rubber. The results of the study demonstrate that the inclusion of crumb rubber reduces the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content of the clay. The addition of crumb rubber up to 5% in the clay causes an insignificant increase in the unconfined compressive strength and split tensile strength. Compared with the clayey soil, the inclusion of crumb rubber up to 5% improves the California bearing ratio of the clayey soil in unsoaked condition. It has also noticed that addition of crumb rubber helps in reducing the compression index and swelling pressure of the clayey soil.

The proper disposal of discarded waste tires is becoming a serious matter of concern worldwide as huge proportion of this waste is being generated which makes the proper disposal virtually infeasible. About 1000 million of waste tires are discarded every year, and by the year 2030, it will turn up to 1200 million per year. If this enormous quantum of waste remains unattended, it would led to serious health and environmental problems. The investigation aims at appraising the compaction and strength characteristics of clayey soil incorporated with waste crumb rubber and cement for its sustainable use in geotechnical application. A series of unconfined compression strength and split tensile strength tests were carried out on clayey soil incorporated with two percentages of cement (3 and 6%) by weight and four percentages of crumb rubber (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%) by weight. Moreover, scanning electron microscope analysis was also carried out to get better intuition about the behaviour of the composite. Test results suggested that crumb rubber (up to 5%) could be mixed with uncemented/cemented clay soil with the congruent impression. The inclusion of discarded waste tires in cemented clay would be one of the congenial methods for the disposal of this waste as it substantially reduces the deleterious influence of waste tire disposal on human health and ecology.

Clivus chordomas are locally aggressive benign, with primary bone tumor arising from remnant of notochord anywhere from the coccyx to the base of the skull, in either a midline or paramedian position. The tumors show rare presentation and relatively common recurrence rate. Intracranial chordomas usually arise from the region around the clivus and account for about a third of all chordomas. Clival chordomas rarely metastasize and become symptomatic after local invasion to cranial nerves and skull base structure. Diagnosis is based on computed tomography scan/magnetic resonance imaging findings and histopathological examination of soft tissue mass. Complete surgical resection is the primary line of management with or without radiotherapy. We are presenting a case of clival chordoma of a 35-year-old female who presented with diminished vision and headache since 6 months. After evaluation, the patient was treated with endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection of the tumor. After surgery, the patient showed relief from headache and slight improvement in vision loss. How to cite this article Yadav JS, Kumar V, Selvaraj S, Bhan C, Pandey M. Endoscopic Removal of Clival Chordoma. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2017;10(1):28-31.