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2. Blood Microbiota and Its Products: Mechanisms of Interference with Host Cells and Clinical Outcomes.

Author

Santacroce, Luigi, Charitos, Ioannis Alexandros, Colella, Marica, Palmirotta, Raffaele, and Jirillo, Emilio

Subjects
EXTRACELLULAR vesicles, FLUORESCENCE in situ hybridization, ERYTHROCYTES, T cells, RIBOSOMAL DNA
Abstract

In healthy conditions, blood was considered a sterile environment until the development of new analytical approaches that allowed for the detection of circulating bacterial ribosomal DNA. Currently, debate exists on the origin of the blood microbiota. According to advanced research using dark field microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy, so-called microbiota have been detected in the blood. Conversely, others have reported no evidence of a common blood microbiota. Then, it was hypothesized that blood microbiota may derive from distant sites, e.g., the gut or external contamination of blood samples. Alteration of the blood microbiota's equilibrium may lead to dysbiosis and, in certain cases, disease. Cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, kidney, neoplastic, and immune diseases have been associated with the presence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and/or their products in the blood. For instance, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and endotoxins may contribute to tissue damage, fueling chronic inflammation. Blood bacteria can interact with immune cells, especially with monocytes that engulf microorganisms and T lymphocytes via spontaneous binding to their membranes. Moreover, LPSs, extracellular vesicles, and outer membrane vesicles interact with red blood cells and immune cells, reaching distant organs. This review aims to describe the composition of blood microbiota in healthy individuals and those with disease conditions. Furthermore, special emphasis is placed on the interaction of blood microbiota with host cells to better understand disease mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Current View on Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects.

Author

Arrigoni, Roberto, Ballini, Andrea, Jirillo, Emilio, and Santacroce, Luigi

Subjects
BACTERIAL cell membranes, HUMAN microbiota, ANTIVIRAL agents, MARINE bacteria, MARINE plants, EFFLUX (Microbiology)
Abstract

Nowadays, infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins represent a serious medical problem worldwide. In fact, the development of antibiotic resistance is responsible for the emergence of bacterial strains that are refractory even to new classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic suggests that new viruses can emerge and spread all over the world. The increase in infectious diseases depends on multiple factors, including malnutrition, massive migration of population from developing to industrialized areas, and alteration of the human microbiota. Alternative treatments to conventional antibiotics and antiviral drugs have intensively been explored. In this regard, plants and marine organisms represent an immense source of products, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, lanthipeptides, and terpenoids, which possess antibacterial and antiviral activities. Their main mechanisms of action involve modifications of bacterial cell membranes, with the formation of pores, the release of cellular content, and the inhibition of bacterial adherence to host cells, as well as of the efflux pump. Natural antivirals can interfere with viral replication and spreading, protecting the host with the enhanced production of interferon. Of note, these antivirals are not free of side effects, and their administration to humans needs more research in terms of safety. Preclinical research with natural antibacterial and antiviral compounds confirms their effects against bacteria and viruses, but there are still only a few clinical trials. Therefore, their full exploitation and more intensive clinical studies represent the next steps to be pursued in this area of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Exploitation of Natural By-Products for the Promotion of Healthy Outcomes in Humans: Special Focus on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms and Modulation of the Gut Microbiota.

Author

Santacroce, Luigi, Bottalico, Lucrezia, Charitos, Ioannis Alexandros, Castellaneta, Francesca, Gaxhja, Elona, Topi, Skender, Palmirotta, Raffaele, and Jirillo, Emilio

Subjects
WASTE recycling, CIRCULAR economy, DIETARY fiber, GUT microbiome, UNSATURATED fatty acids, GRAPES
Abstract

Daily, a lot of food is wasted, and vegetables, fruit, and cereals as well as marine products represent the major sources of unwanted by-products. The sustainability, waste recovery, and revalorization of food by-products have been proposed as the main goals of the so-called circular economy. In fact, food wastes are enriched in by-products endowed with beneficial effects on human health. Grape, olives, vegetables, and rice contain different compounds, such as polyphenols, dietary fibers, polysaccharides, vitamins, and proteins, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting pro-oxidant genes and the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kβ) pathway, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Dietary fibers act upon the gut microbiota, expanding beneficial bacteria, which contribute to healthy outcomes. Furthermore, marine foods, even including microalgae, arthropods, and wastes of fish, are rich in carotenoids, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, and chitooligosaccharides, which afford antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection. The present review will cover the major by-products derived from food wastes, describing the mechanisms of action involved in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the modulation of the gut microbiota. The effects of some by-products have also been explored in clinical trials, while others, such as marine by-products, need more investigation for their full exploitation as bioactive compounds in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. Is Tirzepatide the New Game Changer in Type 2 Diabetes?

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, primary, Disoteo, Olga Eugenia, additional, De Geronimo, Vincenzo, additional, De Tullio, Anna, additional, Giagulli, Vito Angelo, additional, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, additional, De Pergola, Giovanni, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, and Triggiani, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2024
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12. Predicting Factors of Worse Prognosis in COVID-19: Results from a Cross-sectional Study on 52 Inpatients Admitted to the Internal Medicine Department

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, primary, Solimando, Antonio Giovanni, additional, Stragapede, Assunta, additional, De Tullio, Anna, additional, Laraspata, Cristiana, additional, Laudadio, Carola, additional, Giagulli, Vito Angelo, additional, Prete, Marcella, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Saracino, Annalisa, additional, Racanelli, Vito, additional, and Triggiani, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2024
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15. Sarcopenia and Diabetes: A Detrimental Liaison of Advancing Age

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, primary, Disoteo, Olga Eugenia, additional, De Tullio, Anna, additional, De Geronimo, Vincenzo, additional, Giagulli, Vito Angelo, additional, Monzani, Fabio, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Cozzi, Renato, additional, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, additional, De Pergola, Giovanni, additional, and Triggiani, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2023
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16. Associations between "Cancer Risk", "Inflammation" and "Metabolic Syndrome": A Scoping Review.

Author

Vitale, Elsa, Rizzo, Alessandro, Santa, Kazuki, and Jirillo, Emilio

Subjects
METABOLIC syndrome, DISEASE risk factors, TYPE 2 diabetes, DISEASE complications, INFLAMMATION
Abstract

Simple Summary: Individuals with metabolic syndrome exhibit simultaneously pro-thrombotic and a pro-inflammatory conditions which more probably can lead to cardiovascular disease progression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer. The present scoping review is aimed at highlighting any relations between cancer risk, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. A total of 20 manuscripts were identified and, among them, we identified some associations with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cancer in general. Therefore, it could be deducted that cancer and its related progression may also depend on a latent chronic inflammatory condition associated with other concomitant conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Therefore, prevention may potentially help individuals to protect themselves from cancer. Background: Individuals with metabolic syndrome exhibit simultaneously pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory conditions which more probably can lead to cardiovascular diseases progression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer. The present scoping review is aimed at highlighting the association between cancer risk, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Methods: A search strategy was performed, mixing keywords and MeSH terms, such as "Cancer Risk", "Inflammation", "Metabolic Syndrome", "Oncogenesis", and "Oxidative Stress", and matching them through Boolean operators. A total of 20 manuscripts were screened for the present study. Among the selected papers, we identified some associations with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cancer in general. Conclusions: Cancer and its related progression may also depend also on a latent chronic inflammatory condition associated with other concomitant conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Therefore, prevention may potentially help individuals to protect themselves from cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists boost erectile function in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus complaining of erectile dysfunction: A retrospective cohort study.

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, Bartolomeo, Nicola, De Tullio, Anna, De Pergola, Giovanni, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, Jirillo, Emilio, Piazzolla, Giuseppina, Triggiani, Vincenzo, and Giagulli, Vito Angelo

Abstract

Introduction: The pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction (ED) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is challenging as ED has a multifactorial etiology. The therapeutic potential of certain antihyperglycemic medications, such as glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs), has yet to be entirely studied in this setting. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 108 outpatients (median age 60 [56, 65] years) with T2D complaining of ED. Data were extracted from a database referring to patients with a 1‐year follow‐up on stable treatment with metformin alone (n = 45) and GLP‐1RAs as an add‐on to metformin (n = 63). Erectile function was assessed by the 5‐item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5) at baseline and after 1 year of stable treatment. Values were compared between baseline (T0) and after 12 months of treatment (T12). Results: ED was confirmed in all at baseline, with an IIEF5 score range between 13 and 19 points. After 12 months of treatment, glucose management was better in patients treated with GLP‐1RAs plus metformin (HbA1c T0: 8.3 ± 0.2 vs. HbA1c T12: 7% ± 0.3%, p < 0.0001) than in those on metformin alone (HbA1c T0: 7 ± 0.5 vs. HbA1c T12: 7.3 ± 0.4, p = 0.0007). GLP‐1RAs plus metformin over metformin alone resulted in a significant weight loss (−5.82 ± 0.69 kg, p < 0.0001), reduction in waist circumference (−4.99 ± 0.6 cm, p < 0.0001), improvement in HbA1c (−0.56% ± 0.13%, p < 0.0001), and fasting plasma glucose (−25.54 ± 3.09 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), increase in total (+41.41 ± 6.11 ng/dL, p < 0.0001) and free (0.44 ± 0.09 ng/dL, p < 0.0001) testosterone levels, and gain in self‐reported erectile function (IIEF5 score: +2.26 ± 0.26, p < 0.0001). The gain in the IIEF5 score was more relevant in patients with higher baseline IIEF5 score (estimated coefficient: 0.16 ± 0.08, p = 0.045), those having carotid stenosis (0.50 ± 0.24, p = 0.045), and showing weight loss from baseline (−0.08 ± 0.03, p = 0.013). The leading determinant of the final IIEF5 score was a 1‐year treatment with GLP‐1RAs plus metformin over metformin alone (2.74 ± 0.53, p < 0.0001). Discussion: GLP‐1RAs plus metformin over metformin alone improved ED regardless of different background characteristics of patients and partially irrespective of therapeutic targets achieved after 12 months of treatment. GLP‐1RAs may have induced positive vasculature effects, resulting in improved erectile function in T2D. Conclusion: Due to the retrospective nature of the study, a potential cause–effect relationship between the use of GLP‐1RAs plus metformin over metformin alone in improving ED cannot be verified and confirmed. Randomized clinical trials are needed to provide evidence supporting the use of GLP‐1RAs for treating ED in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Sarcopenia and Diabetes: A Detrimental Liaison of Advancing Age.

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, Disoteo, Olga Eugenia, De Tullio, Anna, De Geronimo, Vincenzo, Giagulli, Vito Angelo, Monzani, Fabio, Jirillo, Emilio, Cozzi, Renato, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, De Pergola, Giovanni, and Triggiani, Vincenzo

Abstract

Sarcopenia is an age-related clinical complaint characterized by the progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and strength over time. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with faster and more relevant skeletal muscle impairment. Both conditions influence each other, leading to negative consequences on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, general health status, risk of falls, frailty, overall quality of life, and mortality. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for research articles, scientific reports, observational studies, clinical trials, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to review the evidence on the pathophysiology of di-abetes-induced sarcopenia, its relevance in terms of glucose control and diabetes-related outcomes, and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The review comprehensively addresses key elements for the clinical definition and diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia, the pathophysiological correlation be-tween T2D, sarcopenia, and related outcomes, a critical review of the role of antihyperglycemic treatment on skeletal muscle health, and perspectives on the role of specific treatment targeting myokine signaling pathways involved in glucose control and the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and trophism. Prompt diagnosis and adequate management, including lifestyle inter-vention, health diet programs, micronutrient supplementation, physical exercise, and pharmaco-logical treatment, are needed to prevent or delay skeletal muscle deterioration in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. The dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist Tirzepatide vs GLP-1 receptor agonists as add-on to basal insulin in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A rapid review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, primary, De, Tullio Anna, additional, Disoteo, Olga, additional, De, Geronimo Vincenzo, additional, Piazzolla, Giuseppina, additional, De, Pergola Giovanni, additional, Angelo, Giagulli Vito, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, additional, Sabba, Carlo, additional, and Triggiani, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2023
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29. Chronic Stress as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: Endocrine, Metabolic, and Immune Implications

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, Giagulli, Vito Angelo, De Pergola, Giovanni, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, Jirillo, Emilio, Vitale, Elsa, and Triggiani, Vincenzo

Abstract

Background: Chronic stress is a condition of pressure on the brain and whole body, which in the long term may lead to a frank disease status, even including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Stress activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis with release of glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines, as well as activation of the inflammatory pathway of the immune system, which alters glucose and lipid metabolism, ultimately leading to beta-cell destruction, insulin resistance and T2D onset. Alteration of the glucose and lipid metabolism accounts for insulin resistance and T2D outcome. Furthermore, stress-related subversion of the intestinal microbiota leads to an imbalance of the gut-brain-immune axis, as evidenced by the stress-related depression often associated with T2D.A condition of generalized inflammation and subversion of the intestinal microbiota represents another facet of stress-induced disease. In fact, chronic stress acts on the gut-brain axis with multiorgan consequences, as evidenced by the association between depression and T2D.Oxidative stress with the production of reactive oxygen species and cytokine-mediated inflammation represents the main hallmarks of chronic stress. ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokines represent the main hallmarks of stress-related disorders, and therefore, the use of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances (nutraceuticals) may offer an alternative therapeutic approach to combat stress-related T2D. Single or combined administration of nutraceuticals would be very beneficial in targeting the neuro-endocrine-immune axis, thus, regulating major pathways involved in T2D onset. However, more clinical trials are needed to establish the effectiveness of nutraceutical treatment, dosage, time of administration and the most favorable combinations of compounds. Therefore, in view of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the use of natural products or nutraceuticals for the treatment of stress-related diseases, even including T2D, will be discussed. Several evidences suggest that chronic stress represents one of the main factors responsible for the outcome of T2D.

Published
2024
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30. Contributors

Author

Adan, Aysun, primary, Adnan, Mohammed, additional, Alva, Ashwin, additional, Antonopoulou, S., additional, Aquilato, Andrea, additional, Asakura, Hitoshi, additional, Aydın, Sevtap, additional, Bacanlı, Merve, additional, Baliga, Manjeshwar Shrinath, additional, Başaran, Nurşen, additional, Başaran, A. Ahmet, additional, Batista, M.T., additional, Bodnar, Lubomir, additional, Bueno-Silva, Bruno, additional, Chaubey, Pramila, additional, Choi, Changsun, additional, Christensen, Lars Porskjær, additional, Consolaro, Marcia Edilaine Lopes, additional, Costa, G., additional, Cruz, M.T., additional, Doonan, Barbara B., additional, Ezzat, Shahira M., additional, Falk, Michael, additional, Fragopoulou, E., additional, Francisco, V., additional, Freires, Irlan A., additional, García-Mediavilla, M. Victoria, additional, Gautam, S.K., additional, González-Gallego, Javier, additional, Goodlett, Charles R., additional, Guillermo, Cherie, additional, Haniadka, Raghavendra, additional, Hsieh, Tze-chen, additional, Jiang, Fan, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Kamath, Krithika, additional, Khaleed, Mohd, additional, Khoo, Christina, additional, Kitahora, Tetsuji, additional, Kochikuzhyil, Benson Mathai, additional, Kumar, M., additional, Latheef, Latheesh, additional, LeBlanc, Jean Guy, additional, Liu, Haiyan, additional, Magrone, Thea, additional, Mal, G., additional, Mane, Prajwal Prabhudev, additional, Marmouzi, Ilias, additional, Marotta, Francesco, additional, Maskarinec, Gertraud, additional, Mathai, Naveen Joseph, additional, Metalla, M., additional, Miranda, Stela L.F., additional, Muraleedharan, K., additional, Naik, Taresh Shekar, additional, Neves, B.M., additional, Nowacka-Jechalke, Natalia, additional, Nowak, Renata, additional, Oğuz, Osman, additional, Olech, Marta, additional, Pais, Michael L.J., additional, Palatty, Princy Louis, additional, Pingueiro, João M.S., additional, Pourahmad, Jalal, additional, Rajan, Vijisha K., additional, Rao, Suresh, additional, Rao, Pratima, additional, Roper, Randall J., additional, Hussan, K.P. Safna, additional, Salimi, Ahmad, additional, Sánchez-Campos, Sonia, additional, Sangave, Preeti C., additional, de Giori, Graciela Savoy, additional, Seo, Dong Joo, additional, Sharma, D., additional, Shetty, Chetan B., additional, Singh, Ashish K., additional, Singh, B., additional, Solimene, U., additional, Sony, Dargi, additional, Souza, Raquel Pantarotto, additional, Suvarna, Vasanti, additional, Synowiec, Agnieszka, additional, Szarlej-Wcislo, Katarzyna, additional, Tekin, İshak Özel, additional, Tuñón, María J., additional, Wcislo, Gabriel, additional, Wu, Joseph M., additional, Yashavanth, Holalu Shivashankaregowda, additional, and Zhang, Jun, additional

Published
2018
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38. Basal insulin intensification with GLP-1RA and dual GIP and GLP-1RA in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A rapid review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis

Author

Lisco, Giuseppe, primary, De Tullio, Anna, additional, Disoteo, Olga, additional, De Geronimo, Vincenzo, additional, Piazzolla, Giuseppina, additional, De Pergola, Giovanni, additional, Giagulli, Vito Angelo, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Guastamacchia, Edoardo, additional, Sabbà, Carlo, additional, and Triggiani, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2022
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39. Crosstalk between the Resident Microbiota and the Immune Cells Regulates Female Genital Tract Health.

Author

Santacroce, Luigi, Palmirotta, Raffaele, Bottalico, Lucrezia, Charitos, Ioannis Alexandros, Colella, Marica, Topi, Skender, and Jirillo, Emilio

Subjects
GENITALIA, BACTERIAL vaginitis, CERVIX uteri, CHLAMYDIA trachomatis, T cells, B cells, PROBIOTICS, CELL culture
Abstract

The female genital tract (FGT) performs several functions related to reproduction, but due to its direct exposure to the external environment, it may suffer microbial infections. Both the upper (uterus and cervix) and lower (vagina) FGT are covered by an epithelium, and contain immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes) that afford a robust protection to the host. Its upper and the lower part differ in terms of Lactobacillus spp., which are dominant in the vagina. An alteration of the physiological equilibrium between the local microbiota and immune cells leads to a condition of dysbiosis which, in turn, may account for the outcome of FGT infection. Aerobic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most frequent infections, and can lead to severe complications in reproduction and pregnancy. The use of natural products, such as probiotics, polyphenols, and lactoferrin in the course of FGT infections is an issue of current investigation. In spite of positive results, more research is needed to define the most appropriate administration, according to the type of patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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46. List of Contributors

Author

Abd-El-Gawad, Wafaa Mostafa, primary, Achón, María, additional, Anderson, Darrell E., additional, Ashor, Ammar W., additional, Balaskó, Márta, additional, Basso, Andrea, additional, Benlhassan, Khadija, additional, Bernhardt, Jürgen, additional, Boemi, Massimo, additional, Brandt, Kirsten, additional, Bray, Dorothy, additional, Bull, Caroline, additional, Calabrese, Vittorio, additional, Calandra, Carmela, additional, Callejas, Leyda, additional, Calvani, Riccardo, additional, Carding, Simon R., additional, Carvalho, Ana C., additional, Chan, Ruth, additional, Chapman-Novakofski, Karen, additional, Cherbuin, Nicolas, additional, Cherniack, E. Paul, additional, Cheung, Bernice, additional, Choi, Sang-Woon, additional, Chrysohoou, Christina, additional, Chung, Hae Y., additional, Cinzia, Nasuti, additional, Clements, Sarah J., additional, Corcuff, Jean-Benoit, additional, Corsonello, A., additional, Costarelli, Laura, additional, Dang, Weiwei, additional, D’Antona, Giuseppe, additional, Davinelli, Sergio, additional, de Groot, Lisette CPGM, additional, del Balzo, Valeria, additional, Dhillon, Varinderpal, additional, Doets, Esmée L., additional, Dollé, M.E.T., additional, Donatella, Fedeli, additional, Donini, Lorenzo M., additional, Dunn, Barbara K., additional, Dussik, Christopher M., additional, Fenech, Michael, additional, Ford, Dianne, additional, Friso, Simonetta, additional, Furlan, Giorgio, additional, Fusco, S., additional, Garay-Sevilla, Ma. Eugenia, additional, Georgiopoulos, Georgios A., additional, Georgousopoulou, Ekavi N., additional, Giacconi, Robertina, additional, Gilmore, L. Anne, additional, Glibowski, Pawel, additional, Gomes, Andreia C., additional, Gopinath, Bamini, additional, Greenwald, Peter, additional, Griffin, Kristin P., additional, Grúz, Petr, additional, Guichelaar, T., additional, Haussler, Mark R., additional, Heis, Zoe, additional, Incalzi, R. Antonelli, additional, Jahangir, Arshad, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Jurutka, Peter W., additional, Kahl, Amelie, additional, Kaneko, Ichiro, additional, Khan, Zainab, additional, Kim, Dae Hyun, additional, Koverech, Guido, additional, Kuiper, R.V., additional, Kwan, Macy, additional, Landi, Francesco, additional, Lima, Cristovao F., additional, Lindenau, Ann-Christin, additional, Linnewiel-Hermoni, Karin, additional, Luca, Maria, additional, Luconi, Maria P., additional, Luevano-Contreras, Claudia, additional, Magrone, Thea, additional, Malavolta, Marco, additional, Mallesara, Shwetha, additional, Marcheselli, Fiorella, additional, Marzetti, Emanuele, additional, Mathers, John C., additional, McGregor, Robin A., additional, Merched, Aksam J., additional, Micka, Antje, additional, Miller, Michelle, additional, Mocchegiani, Eugenio, additional, Moreno-Villanueva, María, additional, Orlander, Philip R., additional, Paran, Esther, additional, Pennings, J.L.A., additional, Pereira-Wilson, Cristina, additional, Pétervári, Erika, additional, Piacenza, Francesco, additional, Pierpaoli, Elisa, additional, Poggiogalle, Eleonora, additional, Provinciali, Mauro, additional, Puca, Annibale A., additional, Rasheedy, Doha, additional, Rattan, Suresh I.S., additional, Ravussin, Eric, additional, Recchioni, Rina, additional, Redman, Leanne M., additional, Richmond, Ellen, additional, Rink, Lothar, additional, Rosita, Gabbianelli, additional, Sabir, Marya S., additional, Saini, Rimpi K., additional, Scapagnini, Giovanni, additional, Scichilone, N., additional, Sea, Mandy, additional, Seetharaman, Shyam, additional, Seo, Dae Y., additional, Siepelmeyer, Anne, additional, Siervo, Mario, additional, Sikand, Geeta, additional, Silvestri, Laura, additional, Simm, Andreas, additional, Soós, Szilvia, additional, Spinelli, Chiara Carmela, additional, Suh, Eunkyung, additional, Sultan, Sulaiman, additional, Sun, Yu, additional, Székely, Miklós, additional, Tosato, Matteo, additional, Úbeda, Natalia, additional, Uciechowski, Peter, additional, Valentini, Luzia, additional, van Kerkhof, L.W.M., additional, van Steeg, H., additional, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, additional, Villa, Francesco, additional, Wang, Li, additional, Wham, Carol, additional, Whitfield, G. Kerr, additional, Wolak, Talya, additional, Wong, Nathan D., additional, Woo, Jean, additional, and Yu, Byung P., additional

Published
2016
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48. Contributors

Author

Abdolghaffari, Amir Hossein, primary, Abdollahi, Mohammad, additional, Ahanchian, Hamid, additional, Ahmad, Farah N., additional, Akbarzadeh, Fariborz, additional, Alighieri, Giovanni, additional, Amini, Amir, additional, Anadón, Arturo, additional, Anania, Caterina, additional, Annibale, Bruno, additional, Arena, Mattia Pia, additional, Arena, Angela, additional, Arés, Irma, additional, Argyri, Anthoula A., additional, Aslim, Belma, additional, Aydaş, Selcen Babaoğlu, additional, Azimi, Amirreza, additional, Ballesteros, Antonio O., additional, Barbosa, Joana, additional, Bastani, Parvin, additional, Bedani, Raquel, additional, Betta, Pasqua, additional, Biglu, Mohammad-Hossein, additional, Borges, Sandra, additional, Bucci, C., additional, Buriti, Flávia C.A., additional, Camacho-Ruiz, R.M., additional, Capozzi, Vittorio, additional, Catenazzi, Piero, additional, Celani, Camilla, additional, Chaluvadi, Saikiran, additional, Champagne, Claude P., additional, Chiesa, Claudio, additional, Clark, Eva H., additional, Collier, Robert J., additional, Colombo, Jacopo, additional, de Moreno de LeBlanc, Alejandra, additional, de Morais, Elisa Carvalho, additional, Dekker, M., additional, Di Venere, D., additional, Drago, Lorenzo, additional, Farnworth, Edward R., additional, Feleszko, Wojciech, additional, Fernandez-Arrojo, Lucia, additional, Fernández-López, J., additional, Finamore, Alberto, additional, Fiocco, Daniela, additional, Gatesoupe, F.J., additional, Ghasemi-Niri, Farnaz, additional, Giacchi, Valentina, additional, Golkhalkhali, Babak, additional, Gomez-Zavaglia, A., additional, Gooshe, Maziar, additional, Gundogdu, Zuhal, additional, Hanning, Irene, additional, Hashemi, Seyed Mohammad Bagher, additional, Hemalatha, Rajkumar, additional, Homayouni, Aziz, additional, Hotchkiss, Arland T., additional, Iovino, P., additional, Saad, Susana Marta Isay, additional, Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari, additional, Jafari, Seyed Ali, additional, Jamaluddin, Rosita, additional, Jeong, Ji-Kang, additional, Jirillo, Felicita, additional, Jirillo, Emilio, additional, Jones, Rheinallt M., additional, Kaur, Baljinder, additional, Kaur, Gaganjot, additional, Keshtiban, Ata K., additional, Khalili, Mohammad, additional, Khalili, Leyla, additional, Khalili, Leila, additional, Kirmiz, Nina, additional, Kumar, Manoj, additional, Lahner, Edith, additional, Lavermicocca, P., additional, LeBlanc, Jean Guy, additional, Likotrafiti, Eleni, additional, Lim, Ying-Jye, additional, Lingbeck, Jody, additional, López, Paloma, additional, Mohedano, Mª Luz, additional, Magrone, Thea, additional, Mahdavi, Reza, additional, Maleki, Davood, additional, Mallah, Fatemeh, additional, Marathe, Shreesh J., additional, Marotta, Francesco, additional, Martínez, María Aránzazu, additional, Martinez-Augustin, O., additional, Martínez-Larrañaga, María Rosa, additional, Mehrabany, Elnaz Vaghef, additional, Mills, David A., additional, Stover, Mitchel Graham, additional, Mobili, P., additional, Mohammad, Diya, additional, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh, additional, Redzwan, S. Mohd, additional, Monedero, Vicente, additional, Moreno Villares, Jose M., additional, Moreno-Vilet, L., additional, Morrow, Lee E., additional, Motoori, Masaaki, additional, Murthy, Jayasimha N., additional, Nácher-Vázquez, Montserrat, additional, Nagpal, Ravinder, additional, Nielsen, Dennis Sandris, additional, Nikniaz, Hossein, additional, Nikniaz, Leila, additional, Nikniaz, Zeinab, additional, Notararigo, Sara, additional, Nunes, Vânia dos Santos, additional, Orel, Rok, additional, Osman, Ali, additional, Ouwehand, Arthur C., additional, Pacifico, Lucia, additional, Panagou, Efstathios Z., additional, Park, Kun-Young, additional, Payahoo, Laleh, additional, Peluso, Ilaria, additional, Pérez-Alvarez, J.A., additional, Pérez-Ramos, Adrian, additional, Plou, Francisco J., additional, Poorbaghi, Seyedeh Leila, additional, Portales-Pérez, D.P., additional, Quigley, Eamonn M.M., additional, Ranjbar, Fatemeh, additional, Reberšak, Lea Vodušek, additional, Rhoades, Jonathan, additional, Ricke, Steven C., additional, Rodriguez-Colinas, Barbara, additional, Rodríguez-Díaz, Jesús, additional, Romano, N., additional, Russo, Pasquale, additional, Russo, F., additional, Ruszczyński, Marek, additional, Saad, Susana M.I., additional, de Medina, F. Sánchez, additional, Santonicola, A., additional, Sayas-Barberá, M.E., additional, Sciacca, Pietro, additional, Scorrano, Antonio, additional, Sendra, E., additional, Sepehrimanesh, Masood, additional, Serafini, Mauro, additional, Shek, Lynette Pei-Chi, additional, Shokrvash, Behjat, additional, Sisto, A., additional, Sivieri, Katia, additional, Skalkam, Maria Lena, additional, Soh, Shu-E, additional, Spano, Giuseppe, additional, Sugimura, Keijiro, additional, Tanaka, Koji, additional, Tassou, Chrysoula C., additional, Teixeira, Paula, additional, Tennilä, Julia, additional, Toscano, Marco, additional, Tripathi, Alok S., additional, Tymczyszyn, E., additional, Valerio, F., additional, van Zanten, Gabriella, additional, Villas Boas, Paulo José Fortes, additional, Wachholz, Patrick Alexander, additional, Watson, Ronald Ross, additional, Wiese, Maria, additional, Yadav, Hariom, additional, Yam, Kit L., additional, Yano, Masahiko, additional, Zeng, Hongliang, additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Zheng, Baodong, additional, Ziyadi, Somayeh, additional, and Zuppa, Antonio Alberto, additional

Published
2016
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50. Worse progression of COVID‐19 in men: Is testosterone a key factor?

Author

Giagulli, Vito A., Guastamacchia, Edoardo, Magrone, Thea, Jirillo, Emilio, Lisco, Giuseppe, De Pergola, Giovanni, and Triggiani, Vincenzo

Subjects
Male, medicine.drug_class, Urology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Context (language use), Review Article, Disease, Systemic inflammation, Affect (psychology), Bioinformatics, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Immune system, COVID‐19, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, Testosterone, Obesity, Endothelial dysfunction, Review Articles, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, male hypogonadism, Gender, COVID-19, Thrombosis, Testosterone (patch), Health Status Disparities, Virus Internalization, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Reproductive Medicine, Estrogen, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Receptors, Virus, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Background The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to have a worse clinical course among infected men compared with women, thus highlighting concerns about gender predisposition to serious prognosis. Therefore, androgens, particularly testosterone (T), could be suspected as playing a critical role in driving this excess of risk. However, gonadal function in critically ill men is actually unknown, mainly because serum T concentration is not routinely measured in clinical practice, even more in this clinical context. Objective To overview on possible mechanisms by which serum T levels could affect the progression of COVID-19 in men. Methods Authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google, and institutional websites for medical subject headings terms and free text words referred to "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "testosterone," "male hypogonadism," "gender" "immune system," "obesity," "thrombosis" until May 19th 2020. Results T, co-regulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 in host cells, may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 internalization. Instead, low serum T levels may predispose to endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis and defective immune response, leading to both impaired viral clearance and systemic inflammation. Obesity, one of the leading causes of severe prognosis in infected patients, is strictly associated with functional hypogonadism, and may consistently strengthen the aforementioned alterations, ultimately predisposing to serious respiratory and systemic consequences. Discussion and conclusion T in comparison to estrogen may predispose men to a widespread COVID-19 infection. Low serum levels of T, which should be supposed to characterize the hormonal milieu in seriously ill individuals, may predispose men, especially elderly men, to poor prognosis or death. Further studies are needed to confirm these pathophysiological assumptions and to promptly identify adequate therapeutic strategies.

Published
2020

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