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The potential effects of combining biochar with hyperaccumulator plants on heavy metal stabilization and uptake in Cd and Pb-contaminated soils have received limited attention. This study used biochar (BC) at levels ranging from 0 to 40 t ha-1 as soil amendments in Cd and Pb contaminated rice paddy soil. Biochar significantly decreased soil bioavailable Cd and Pb concentrations 6.7 to 16.6% and 10.6 to 39.7%, respectively, compared to the control. The shoot and root Cd concentrations in Arabidopsis helleri increased significantly by 33.5% and 133.1%, respectively, in the C3 treatment compared to the control. Similarly, shoot Pb concentrations showed a 57.5% increase compared to the control, but no significant changes were observed in root Pb concentrations. The Arabidopsis helleri bioconcentration factor (BCF) saw an increase of up to 40.5% for Cd and 57.8% for Pb with the C3 treatment. Conversely, the Cd translocation factor (TF) decreased 42.8 to 49.1%, while the Pb TF increased 32.8 to 96.6% with biochar application. The majority of Arabidopsis helleri-biochar Cd and Pb was found in the B3 fraction (organic fraction), constituting over 50%, and even over 80% for Cd. The Arabidopsis helleri-biochar primarily contained organic char binding Cd and exhibited slow-release characteristics.

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. Uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells are the fundamental causes of death in PDAC patients. Our previous studies showed that KLF9 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we found that platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB3 (PAFAH1B3) is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that overexpression of PAFAH1B3 promoted the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, while downregulation of PAFAH1B3 inhibited these processes. We found that KLF9 expression is negatively correlated with PAFAH1B3 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells. Western blotting revealed that KLF9 negatively regulates the expression of PAFAH1B3 in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells. Rescue experiments showed that overexpression of PAFAH1B3 could partially attenuate the suppression of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration induced by KLF9 overexpression. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were carried out, and the results showed that KLF9 directly binds to the promoter of PAFAH1B3 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. In conclusion, our study indicated that KLF9 can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, migration and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting PAFAH1B3.

Abstract Background Temporal interference (TI) stimulation, an innovative non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has the potential to activate neurons in deep brain regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repetitive TI stimulation targeting the lower limb motor control area (i.e., the M1 leg area) on lower limb motor function in healthy individuals, which could provide evidence for further translational application of non-invasive deep brain stimulation. Methods In this randomized, double-blinded, parallel-controlled trial, 46 healthy male adults were randomly divided into the TI or sham group. The TI group received 2 mA (peak-to-peak) TI stimulation targeting the M1 leg area with a 20 Hz frequency difference (2 kHz and 2.02 kHz). Stimulation parameters of the sham group were consistent with those of the TI group but the current input lasted only 1 min (30 s ramp-up and ramp-down). Both groups received stimulation twice daily for five consecutive days. The vertical jump test (countermovement jump [CMJ], squat jump [SJ], and continuous jump [CJ]) and Y-balance test were performed before and after the total intervention session. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (group × time) was performed to evaluate the effects of TI stimulation on lower limb motor function. Results Forty participants completed all scheduled study visits. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed significant group × time interaction effects for CMJ height (F = 8.858, p = 0.005) and SJ height (F = 6.523, p = 0.015). The interaction effect of the average CJ height of the first 15 s was marginally significant (F = 3.550, p = 0.067). However, there was no significant interaction effect on the Y balance (p > 0.05). Further within-group comparisons showed a significant post-intervention increase in the height of the CMJ (p = 0.004), SJ (p = 0.010) and the average CJ height of the first 15 s (p = 0.004) in the TI group. Conclusion Repetitive TI stimulation targeting the lower limb motor control area effectively increased vertical jump height in healthy adult males but had no significant effect on dynamic postural stability.

BackgroundIn recent years, the incidence of abdominal obesity among the middle-aged and older adult population in China has significantly increased. However, the gender disparities in the spatial distribution of abdominal obesity incidence and its relationship with meteorological factors among this demographic in China remain unclear. This gap in knowledge highlights the need for further research to understand these dynamics and inform targeted public health strategies.MethodsThis study utilized data from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to analyze the incidence of abdominal obesity among the middle-aged and older adult population in China. Additionally, meteorological data were collected from the National Meteorological Information Center. Using Moran’s I index and Getis-Ord Gi* statistical methods, the spatial distribution characteristics of abdominal obesity incidence were examined. The influence of various meteorological factors on the incidence of abdominal obesity in middle-aged and older adult males and females was investigated using the q statistic from the Geodetector method. Furthermore, Multi-Scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) analysis was employed to explore the impact of meteorological factors on the spatial heterogeneity of abdominal obesity incidence from a gender perspective.ResultsThe spatial distribution of abdominal obesity among middle-aged and older adult individuals in China exhibits a decreasing trend from northwest to southeast, with notable spatial autocorrelation. Hotspots are concentrated in North and Northeast China, while cold spots are observed in Southwest China. Gender differences have minimal impact on spatial clustering characteristics. Meteorological factors, including temperature, sunlight, precipitation, wind speed, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, influence incidence rates. Notably, temperature and sunlight exert a greater impact on females, while wind speed has a reduced effect. Interactions among various meteorological factors generally demonstrate bivariate enhancement without significant gender disparities. However, gender disparities are evident in the influence of specific meteorological variables such as annual maximum, average, and minimum temperatures, as well as sunlight duration and precipitation, on the spatial heterogeneity of abdominal obesity incidence.ConclusionMeteorological factors show a significant association with abdominal obesity prevalence in middle-aged and older adults, with temperature factors playing a prominent role. However, this relationship is influenced by gender differences and spatial heterogeneity. These findings suggest that effective public health policies should be not only gender-sensitive but also locally adapted.

The leaf is not only the main site of photosynthesis, but also an important organ reflecting plant salt tolerance. Discovery of salt-stress-responding genes in the leaf is of great significance for the molecular improvement of salt tolerance in wheat varieties. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was conducted on the leaves of salt-tolerant wheat germplasm CH7034 seedlings at 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 h after NaCl treatment. Based on weighted gene correlation network analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress, 12 co-expression modules were obtained, of which, 9 modules containing 4029 DEGs were related to the salt stress time-course. These DEGs were submitted to the Wheat Union database, and a total of 904,588 SNPs were retrieved from 114 wheat germplasms, distributed on 21 wheat chromosomes. Using the R language package and GAPIT program, association analysis was performed between 904,588 SNPs and leaf salt injury index of 114 wheat germplasms. The results showed that 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 15 DEGs were associated with salt tolerance. Then, nine candidate genes, including four genes (TaBAM, TaPGDH, TaGluTR, and TaAAP) encoding enzymes as well as five genes (TaB12D, TaS40, TaPPR, TaJAZ, and TaWRKY) encoding functional proteins, were identified by converting salt tolerance-related SNPs into Kompetitive Allele-Specifc PCR (KASP) markers for validation. Finally, interaction network prediction was performed on TaBAM and TaAAP, both belonging to the Turquoise module. Our results will contribute to a further understanding of the salt stress response mechanism in plant leaves and provide candidate genes and molecular markers for improving salt-tolerant wheat varieties.

Abstract Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are widely used as effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment due to their simple synthesis, controllable structure, strong stability, large surface area, and large interfacial spacing. In this study, modified-biochar (BMBC) and Mg/Al modified-biochar composite (Mg/Al-BC) were directly prepared using ball milling technology to effectively adsorb As(V), and nitrogen-rich biochar was obtained through pyrolysis using shrimp shells as precursors. Compared to pristine biochar, the oxygen-containing functional groups of Mg/Al-BC increased by 71.9%, and the particle average diameter decreased from 14.26 nm to 12.56 nm. The kinetics and isothermal models of arsenic adsorption were examined in batch experiments to investigate the impacts of pH, temperature, and co-existing anions. The adsorption capacities for As(V) followed the order: Mg/Al-BC > BMBC > BC, with their respective maximum adsorption capacities measured at 22.65, 6.73, and 0.48 mg/g. The arsenic adsorbed onto Mg/Al-BC was dependent on pH and coexisting anions. Precipitation, ion exchange, surface complexation, and electrostatic interaction were the possible governing adsorption mechanisms. Protonation of pyridinic-N/quinone groups in biochar contributed to the electrostatic attraction between arsenic anion and quaternary ammonium cation. Stable reusability indicates that the ball milled Mg/Al-BC composite could be a promising adsorbent for arsenate removal from polluted water. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) does not respond well to current treatment options like sorafenib, and there is an urgent need for developing therapeutical strategies for HBV + HCC. Brassicasterol has previously shown anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, however, its value against HBV + HCC remains to be explored. Methods The inhibitory effect of brassicasterol and sorafenib was evaluated on HBV + HCC cell lines and xenograft mouse model. The cytotoxicity of brassicasterol on normal liver cells were measured by LDH assay. AKT agonist was used to identify the targeted signaling pathway by brassicasterol. Results Brassicasterol induced HBV + HCC cell death in a both dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, and such inhibition was more potent than sorafenib. Brassicasterol did not show apparent cytotoxicity to normal liver cells. Xenograft mouse model further confirmed the inhibitory effect of brassicasterol on the growth of HBV + HCC. Furthermore, signaling pathway analysis showed that brassicasterol-treated HBV + HCC cells had decreased level of phosphor-AKT expression while the addition of AKT agonist could counteract the inhibitory effect of brassicasterol on HCC, indicating that brassicasterol suppressed AKT pathway to exhibit anti-cancer activity in HBV + HCC cells. In addition, brassicasterol showed similar levels of inhibition on HBV− and HBV + HCC cells. Conclusion Brassicasterol possesses anti-cancer activity against HCC through the downregulation of AKT pathway and such activity is independent of HBV infection.

Abstract Disc large associated protein 4 (DLGAP4) plays an important role in neurological diseases, but the role and mechanism of DLGAP4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In this study, the prognostic effect of DLGAP4 on HCC patients was investigated by means of bioinformatics. The correlation of DLGAP4 expression with the prognosis of HCC patients was evaluated by TCGA data analysis, and the correlation between DLGAP4 expression and the clinical characteristics of HCC patients was evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed rank test and logistic regression analysis. Kaplan‒Meier and Cox regression methods were used to assess the effect of DLGAP4 expression level on overall survival, and nomograms were used to illustrate the correlation between DLGAP4 gene expression and HCC risk. The genes related to DLGAP4 in HCC were screened, and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis was performed. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to detect the effect of DLGAP4 expression on the proliferation, migration and metastasis of HCC cells. We also examined the effect of DLGAP4 expression on enriched pathway proteins to explore the possible mechanism. The expression levels of DLGAP4 were significantly higher in HCC cell lines and tissue samples than in normal liver cell lines and tissues. The expression of DLGAP4 was significantly associated with clinical characteristics. Survival analysis showed that high expression of DLGAP4 was associated with a poor prognosis in HCC. Multivariate analysis showed that high expression of DLGAP4 was an independent risk factor affecting the overall survival rate in HCC patients. By means of ROC curve analysis and nomograms, we determined the value of DLGAP4 expression in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of HCC. GO/KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the PPAR signalling pathway was differentially enriched in patients with high expression of DLGAP4. According to in vitro and in vivo experiments, DLGAP4 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells and decreased the expression of PPARβ/δ protein. In contrast, overexpression of DLGAP4 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cell, and increased the expression of PPARβ/δ protein.In contrast, overexpression of DLGAP4 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells and increased the expression of PPARβ/δ protein. The results show a close correlation between DLGAP4 expression and clinicopathological features of HCC, and DLGAP4 can be used as a prediction biomarker of HCC.

Pig manure could be an effective fertilizer source for soil, but with high concentrations of xic elements. It has been shown that the pyrolysis method could largely reduce the environmental risk of pig manure. However, the comprehensive analysis of both toxic metals immobilization effect and environmental risk of pig manure biochar applied as a soil amendment is rarely addressed. To address the knowledge gap, this study was carried out with pig manure (PM) and pig manure biochar (PMB). The PM was pyrolyzed at 450 ℃ and 700 ℃, the corresponding biochar was abbreviated as PMB450 and PMB700, respectively. The PM and PMB were applied in a pot experiment growing Chinese cabbage (Brassica rape L. ssp. Pekinensis) with clay-loam paddy soil. The application rates of PM were set at 0.5% (S), 2% (L), 4% (M) and 6% (H). With the equivalent mass principle, PMB450 and PMB700 were applied at 0.23% (S), 0.92% (L), 1.84% (M), 2.76% (H), and 0.192% (S), 0.7% (L), 1.4% (M), 2.1% (H), respectively. Parameters of Chinese cabbage biomass and quality, total and available concentrations of toxic metals in soil, and soil chemical properties were systemically measured. The main results of this study showed that compared with PM, PMB700 was more effective than PMB450, which induced the highest reductions of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in cabbage by 62.6%, 73.0%, 43.9%, and 74.3%, respectively. Both PM and PMB increased the total contents of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in soil, and PMB decreased the mobility of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd at high application rates (≥2%). Treatment with H-PMB700 reduced CaCl2 extractable Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd by 70.0%, 71.6%, 23.3%, and 15.9%, respectively. For Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd fractions with BCR extraction, PMB treatments, especially PMB700, were more effective than PM in decreasing the available fractions (F1 +F2 +F3) at high application rates (≥2%). Overall, pyrolysis with high temperature (e.g., 700 ℃) could significantly stabilize the toxic elements in PM and enhance PM’s effect on toxic metals immobilization. The marked effects of PMB700 on toxic metal immobilization and cabbage quality improvement might be attributed to high ash contents and liming effect.

LaMnO3 is one of the most common Mn-based perovskites which has been studied as a low-temperature catalyst for NOx reduction. However, the Hg0 oxidation performance of LaMnO3 is not ideal. An acid treatment method was adopted to regulate the LaMnO3 surface to expose more active sites. The obtained MnO2/ LaMnO3 sample showed enhanced SCR and Hg0 oxidation performances. The NO conversion rate and Hg0 removal efficiency of MnO2/ LaMnO3 could be over 85% in the temperature range of 150−250 °C. The results suggested that the catalyst might be used to remove NO and Hg0 simultaneously at low temperature in coal-fired flue gas.

Biochar has been widely studied to reduce multiple contaminant sources in one matrix (e.g., several heavy metals in soils), yet less attention has been paid to accelerating pesticide degradation while in the presence of any heavy metals, such as when kasugamycin (KSM) and cadmium (Cd) are both present in soil. While KSM has low toxicity compared to other pesticides, it can be a potential health risk when applied to vegetable crops, especially when KSM is used or overapplied to achieve rapid reductions in insect and disease pressure. The degradation behavior of KSM (2 kg ha−1) in the presence of Cd (20 mg kg−1) and biochar (5% by wt.) when growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was studied. The biochar increased spinach shoot and root biomass by 51.0–54.8% and 24.4–39.0%, respectively, compared to the KSM treatment only. Compared to the treatments that did not receive biochar, the biochar application increased the KSM degradation in the soil by 8.4–68.4% and, subsequently, less KSM was absorbed by the spinach roots (18.0–48.4%) and shoots (33.0–33.2%). The KSM degradation rate, as a function of soil depth, was enhanced in the presence of Cd. The biochar also effectively decreased the KSM concentration with soil depth, reducing downward KSM migration. The KSM degradation, increased by the biochar, led to smaller organic moieties and some macromolecular organic phases. In soils that are contaminated with Cd and where vegetables are raised, biochar may be used as an environmentally friendly proponent for increasing KSM degradation, reducing KSM downward transport and, thus, protecting environmental and human health.

Urban form plays a critical role in shaping the spatial differentiation of land surface temperature (LST). However, limited research has investigated the underlying driving forces and interactions of multidimensional urban form, specifically considering two-dimensional (2D) urban land use and three-dimensional (3D) buildings, on LST. Furthermore, their multi-scale outcomes remain unclear. Taking the main urban area of Wuhan City as an example, a total of nine indicators—the proportion of administration land (PA), the proportion of commercial land (PB), the proportion of industrial land (PM), the proportion of residential land (PR), the proportion of water area (PE), the building density (BD), the building height (BH), the floor area ratio (FAR), and the sky view factor (SVF)—were selected; this paper used the geographic detector model to investigate the driving force of LST spatial differentiation in winter and summer, as well as the interaction of various influencing factors from a multi-scale perspective. The results showed that (1) the average LST in industrial land was higher than that in commercial land, both in summer and winter. The LST in administration land was higher than that in residential land, while in winter, it is the opposite. (2) The spatial differentiation of summer LST was mainly dominated by 3D buildings, while the spatial differentiation of winter LST was mainly dominated by 2D land use. (3) BD was the leading driving force of LST spatial differentiation in summer, and the interaction between BD and any other indicator showed the most significant explanatory power, which is the same for PM in winter. (4) As scale increased, the explanatory power of 2D urban land use for LST spatial differentiation gradually increased both in winter and summer, while the explanatory power of PE on LST spatial differentiation decreased. The explanatory power of BD, FAR, and SVF on LST spatial differentiation remains basically unchanged. The explanatory power of BH on summer LST spatial differentiation decreases with increasing scale, while the explanatory power of BH on winter LST spatial differentiation remains in a stable state. (5) The interaction among all urban form factors primarily increases as the scale increases, except for the interaction between BH and 2D urban land use in summer, and the interaction between PE and PR in winter. The research can provide scientific decision-making support for the collaborative optimization of multiscale urban forms to improve the urban thermal environment.

Abstract Background HBV promotes cell survival by upregulating the expression of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2), however whether it is involved in HBV-induced sorafenib resistance in liver cancer remains unclear. Methods cIAP2 overexpression and knockdown was adopted to assess the involvement of cIAP2 in HBV-induced sorafenib resistance. Anti-HBV drug lamivudine and Akt inhibitor were used to investigate the impact of HBV replication on cIAP2 expression and sorafenib resistance. Xenotransplantation mouse model was used to confirm the data on cell lines in vitro. Results Liver cancer cell line HepG2.215 showed increased cIAP2 expression and enhanced resistance to sorafenib. Upon sorafenib treatment, overexpression of cIAP2 in HepG2 lead to decreased cleaved caspase 3 level and increased cell viability, while knockdown of cIAP2 in HepG2.215 resulted in increased level of cleaved caspase 3 and decreased cell viability, suggesting the involvement of cIAP2 in HBV-induced sorafenib resistance. Furthermore, anti-HBV treatment reduced cIAP2 expression and partially restored sorafenib sensitivity in HepG2.215 cells. Xenotransplantation mouse model further confirmed that co-treatment with lamivudine and sorafenib could reduce sorafenib-resistant HepG2.215 tumor cell growth. Conclusion cIAP2 is involved in HBV-induced sorafenib resistance in liver cancer and anti-HBV treatments reduce cIAP2 expression and partially restore sorafenib sensibility.

Abstract Fenton-like system formed in a natural soil environment deemed to be significant in the aging process of biochar. Aged biochars have distinct physico-chemical and surface properties compared to non-aged biochar. The aged biochar proved to be useful soil amendment due to its improved elements contents and surface properties. The biochar aging process resulted in increased surface area and pore volume, as well as carbon and oxygen-containing functional groups (such as C=O, –COOH, O–C=O etc.) on its surface, which were also associated with the adsorption behavior of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). The biochar aging increased the adsorption capacity of 2,4,6-TCP, which was maximum at pH 3.0. The 2,4,6-TCP adsorption capacity of aged-bush biochar (ABB) and aged-peanut shell biochar (APB) was increased by 1.0–11.0% and 7.4–38.8%, respectively compared with bush biochar (BB) and peanut shell biochar (PB) at the same initial concentration of 2,4,6-TCP. All biochars had similar 2,4,6-TCP desorption rates ranging from 33.2 to 73.3% at different sorption temperatures and times. The desorbed components were mainly 2,4,6-TCP and other degraded components, which were low in concentration with small molecule substance. The results indicated that the aged-biochar could be effective for the long-term remediation of naturally organic polluted soils.

The focus was to assess the effects of biochar on Cd uptake by various vegetables and its downward movement in saline-alkali soil and carried out in polluted pots experiment. The results showed that the biomass of vegetables increased significantly by 16.9% to 519.9% while the Cd concentration in green pepper and eggplant fruits was decreased by 6.8% to 11.5% and 15.1% to 15.4% with the biochar application. The Cd in contaminated soil profile was transferred from topsoil (0-6 cm) to subsoil (6-12 cm) that was observed as 14.30 ± 4.17 mg kg-1. The concentrations of Cd in soil with different fractions like exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable and the Cd uptake by vegetables were reduced. The release of residual Cd was decreased by 0.3 to 20.1% over time with biochar application (0-12 cm). The biochar was effective in mitigating the soil Cd pollution by preventing the vertical Cd leaching.

Anomalous subsidence over the western part of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) caused record-breaking precipitation anomalies over the Yangtze-Huaihe River catchment in early summer 2020 (June–July 2020). The meridional circulation (MC) made a positive contribution to this anomalous subsidence, while the zonal circulation (ZC) made a negative contribution. The quantitative contributions of the MC and ZC to this anomalous subsidence were approximately 110% and –10% in June, 130% and –30% in July, and 120% and –20% for the mean of June and July, respectively, suggesting that the MC played a dominant role in the anomalous subsidence of the western part of the WPSH. The anomalous MC, with a rising branch located at the Maritime Continent and a descending branch located over South China, was forced by the warming of the northern tropical Indian Ocean and the rapidly developed La Niña event, which further resulted in the intensification and southwestward expansion of the WPSH and thus in heavy rainfall over the Yangtze River region.

Due to its potential adverse effects on human health, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), one of the once widely used legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), has been recently replaced by its novel alternatives including hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid (GenX) and ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA). These alternative PFASs are detected in water and exposed workers. PFASs can enter organs like thyroids, however, it is yet unknown whether the new alternatives are safer than PFOA. In the current study, we compared the thyroid disrupting effects of PFOA and its alternatives GenX and ADONA in vitro with both rat thyroid cell line FRTL5 and primary normal human thyroid (NHT) cells. Cells were exposed to ascendant doses of PFOA, GenX or ADONA for various incubation time and cell viability was assessed by WST-1 assay and LDH assay. The proliferation rate of survived cells was determined by crystal violet-based cell proliferation assay and MTT assay. The gene expression of thyroid hormone regulation-related genes in thyroid cells after exposure was quantified by RT-PCR and Western blot. Our data showed that both PFOA and GenX reduced thyroid cell viability in both dose and time dependent manner, with GenX being more toxic than PFOA at the same condition. Similarly, the proliferation rate of cells survived exposure to PFOA and GenX was considerably impaired, with GenX showing more profound adverse effect than PFOA. Unlike PFOA and GenX, ADONA showed no apparent adverse effects on the viability and proliferation of both thyroid cell types. Gene expression data revealed that all three PFASs altered gene expression in both thyroid cells and the altered gene expression seemed to be PFAS and cell type dependent. Taken together, our data reveal that the thyroid disrupting effects is increased in the order of GenX > PFOA > ADONA. Our findings will be beneficial for the guidance of the future usage of PFASs and development of better alternatives.

In this work, the optimum conditions for the synthesis of nano zero valent iron sulfide were studied in detail using orthogonal experiment. The palygorskite-supported sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI/P) was prepared, characterized, and further applied to remove Congo red (CR) in aqueous solutions. The results of structural characterization showed that the Fe0 was coated with FeS layers. The influence of sulfidation conditions on the removal rat e of CR was investigated in detail, and the results revealed that S-nZVI/P prepared at 30°C with a Fe/S ratio of 1 was found to effectively remove CR. Moreover, S-nZVI/P showed a significantly enhanced removal rate towards CR as compared with nZVI/P and nZVI, suggesting that sulfidation treatment is a promising method to improve the reactivity of nZVI.

Accumulated evidences suggested that circular RNAs (circRNA) played critical roles in tumorigenesis and progression. To our knowledge, no study reported the function of circular RNA DGKB (circDGKB, circRNA ID: hsa_circ_0133622) on progression of neuroblastoma (NB). Here, we showed that circDGKB was upregulated in NB tissues compared to the normal dorsal root ganglia. Moreover, the expression level of circDGKB was negatively correlated with the survival rate of NB patients. Mechanically, overexpression of circDGKB promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis of NB cells and reduced cell apoptosis, and vice versa. In addition, qRT-PCR and/or Western blot results showed that circDGKB overexpression inhibited the expression level of miR-873 and enhanced GLI1 expression. Moreover, miR-873 functioned an opposite role to circDGKB and significantly weakened circDGKB role in promoting NB progression. Furthermore, GLI1 upregulation also rescued the miR-873 role in inhibiting NB progression. In conclusion, our work proved that circDGKB promoted NB progression via targeting miR-873/GLI1 axis in vitro and in vivo. Our study provided a new target for NB treatment and indicated that circDGKB could act as a novel diagnostic marker for NB.

Although interest in biochar remediation is growing, the effects of long-term biochar loading on soil environments have not been clearly confirmed. The contents and characteristics of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) from soils after eight years of biochar remediation were investigated, and the vertical co-migration of heavy metals controlled by interactions between WSOM, soil and contaminants were also analyzed. The results showed that biochar-leaching WSOM featured high aromaticity. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectrophotometry was employed, and three primary components, including fulvic-acid-like (FA-like), tryptophan, and humic-acid-like (HA-like) compounds, were identified in the EEM spectra via parallel factor analysis models. With increasing biochar loading, FA-like and HA-like greatly increased, but tryptophan showed a weak response. Furthermore, the WSOM was freeze dried and analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the results demonstrated that the BC treatment increased oxygen-containing functional groups and enhanced the complexation capability of the WSOM. Finally, the Cd and Pb concentrations in the WSOM were investigated, and Cd was found to decrease in top-soil WSOM with added BC because of increased complexation, but the Pb content increased because exchangeable and carbonate Pb converted into organic Pb. Further, the Cd and Pb concentrations decreased in sub-soil WSOM. These findings suggest that more efforts should be devoted to studying the effects of long-term biochar loading on soil environments. Keywords: Biochar, Soil remediation, water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), Migration, Excitation-emission matrix (EEM)

This paper presents a novel heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system that can achieve significant energy savings. A smart register that can reduce overall energy costs by up to 30%, compared to conventional devices, is demonstrated. A high abstraction model based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is developed to predict the diffused airflow from the register. The model is validated to within a 10% error, and is found to be 1000 times more efficient than the detailed CFD simulations. Finally, a prototype of the electroactive smart air-conditioning vent register is implemented, and adjustments of the register's tunnels are implemented.

Long-term irrigation using wastewater from paper industry may cause seriously problems to the receiving soil. This work surveyed and monitored the soil quality of a wastewater irrigation wetland system in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province in China in 2014 and 2015. Τhe wetland soil showed different soil properties and TX, AOX, heavy metal contents after long-term wastewater irrigation. Long-term irrigation also accumulated the heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the wetland soil. Compared to the control, TX in the irrigated soil increased by 47.7–69.8% (2014) and 61.5–83.1% (2015). AOX varied in concentration from 1.7 to 55.0 mg kg−1 (2014) and 11.0 to 53.0 mg kg−1 (2015). The long-term irrigation of wastewater to wetland systems caused the accumulations of heavy metals, TX, and AOX in the soil and the levels of accumulations were related to several factors including soil properties, wastewater quality, and irrigation time.

The reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron is limited by surface passivation and particle agglomeration. Here, Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles embedded into graphitized carbon (NiFe@GC) were prepared from Ni/Fe bimetallic complex through a carbothermal reduction treatment. The Ni/Fe nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the GC matrix with controllable particle sizes, and NiFe@GC exhibited a larger specific surface area than unsupported nanoscale zero-valent iron/nickel (FeNi NPs). The XRD results revealed that Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles embedded into graphitized carbon were protected from oxidization. The NiFe@GC performed excellently in 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) removal from an aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of TCP for NiFe@GC-50 was more than twice that of FeNi nanoparticles, and the removal efficiency of TCP increased from 78.5% to 94.1% when the Ni/Fe molar ratio increased from 0 to 50%. The removal efficiency of TCP by NiFe@GC-50 can maintain 76.8% after 10 days of aging, much higher than that of FeNi NPs (29.6%). The higher performance of NiFe@GC should be ascribed to the significant synergistic effect of the combination of NiFe bimetallic nanoparticles and GC. In the presence of Ni, atomic H* generated by zero-valent iron corrosion can accelerate TCP removal. The GC coated on the surface of Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles can protect them from oxidation and deactivation.

The mechanisms of soil Cd and Pb alterations and distribution following biochar (BC; 0 to 40 t ha−1) amendments applied (in either 2009 [long-term] or in 2016 [short-term]) to a contaminated rice paddy soil, and subsequent plant Cd and Pb tissue distribution over time was investigated. Water-soluble Cd and Pb concentrations decreased by 6.7–76.0% (short-term) and 10.3–88.1% (long-term) with biochar application compared to the control. The soil exchangeable metal fractions (i.e., considered more available) decreased, and the residual metal fractions (i.e., considered less available) increased with short- and long-term biochar amendments, the latter likely a function of biochar increasing pH and forcing Cd and Pb to form crystal mineral lattice associations. Biochar application reduced Cd (16.1–84.1%) and Pb (4.1–40.0%) transfer from root to rice grain, with rice Cd and Pb concentrations lowered to nearly Chinese national food safety standards. Concomitantly, soil organic matter (SOM), pH and soil water content increased by 3.9–49.3%, 0.05–0.35 pH units, and 3.8–77.4%, respectively, with increasing biochar application rate. Following biochar applications, soil microbial diversity (Shannon index) also increased (0.8–46.2%) and soil enzymatic activities were enhanced. Biochar appears to play a pivotal role in forcing Cd and Pb sequestration in contaminated paddy soils, reducing heavy metal transfer to rice grain, and potentially leading to reduced heavy metal consumption by humans.

The photodegradation of benzothiazole (BTH) in wastewater with the coexistence of iron oxides and oxalic acid under UV light irradiation was investigated. Results revealed that an effective heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like system could be set up for BTH abatement in wastewater under UV irradiation without additional H2O2, and 88.1% BTH was removed with the addition of 2.0 mmol l−1 oxalic acid and 0.2 g l−1 α-Fe2O3 using a 500 W high-pressure mercury lamp (365 nm). The degradation of BTH in the photo-Fenton-like system followed the first-order kinetic model. The photoproduction of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in different systems was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Identification of transformation products by using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry provided information about six transformation products formed during the photodegradation of BTH. Further insight was obtained by monitoring concentrations of the sulfate ion (SO42−) and nitrate ion (NO3−), which demonstrated that the intermediate products of BTH could be decomposed ultimately. Based on the results, the potential photodegradation pathway of BTH was also proposed.

Biochar from peanut shell was used as the precursor for the preparation of porous biochar by KOH activation. The pore structures of porous biochar also were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2 adsorption/desorption. The adsorption performance for the removal of methylene blue (MB) was deeply investigated. The effects of impregnation ratio (KOH/biochar: w/w), activation temperature, and activation time on the removal of methylene blue by porous biochar were evaluated. In addition, the effects of initial MB concentration and pH value on the adsorption process were also studied. The optimum conditions for preparing porous biochar were obtained with 1.5:1 of impregnation ratio, 800 °C of activation temperature, and 90 min of the holding time in activation. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity was high even at higher initial MB concentrations. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The experimental adsorption isotherm was found to be best fitted with the Langmuir model, which implying that the adsorption of MB by porous biochar proceeded as a monolayer adsorption, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 208 mg∙g-1.

Cadmium and lead contamination in bodies of water has been a serious concern because of risk to the environment. A laboratory experiment was initiated to investigate the efficacy of biochar (BC) in removing cadmium and lead (Cd and Pb, respectively) from solution. After absorption by BC, the fractions of Cd and Pb at different solution temperatures were measured. The adsorption data were described by Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacities of 6.36, 6.47, and 6.74 mg Cd g-1 and 50.05, 55.86, and 63.09 mg Pb g-1 at 25, 35, and 45 °C, respectively. The adsorption capacities were affected by Cd/Pb initial concentration, pH, BC particle size, BC dosage, and reaction time. Biochar adsorbed the Cd and Pb mainly as species bound with carbonate (> 50%) and organic compounds (~40%). Exchangeable and residual fractions of Cd and Pb were less than 10%. Results from this study indicate that BC is highly effective in the adsorption of the heavy metals Cd and Pb through binding with carbonates.

Biochar (BC) produced from brewer's spent grain (BSG) via slow pyrolysis at 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C was characterized and investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of the pesticide pymetrozine from aqueous solution. Batch BSG BCs adsorption experiments were carried out under various conditions (such as pH, pymetrozine concentration, and BC dosage) to adsorb the pymetrozine. The BSG BCs adsorption pymetrozine capacities were increased by 21.4% to 55.5% under pyrolysis temperatures of 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C compared to 700 °C with a pyrolysis time of 2 h and by 19.0% to 52.1% at 4 h. At solution pH values of 2, 4, 6, and 8, the adsorption capacities were increased by 9.6% to 39.5% compared with that at pH 10. A similar adsorption tendency was found for the different BCs dosage. In the first 60 min, BC absorbed 70% to 80% pymetrozine. The Langmuir and Freundlich model were highly correlated with BC adsorption. The magnitude of free energy decreased by 32.2% to 47.3% with increasing temperature. The value of the enthalpy change showed the adsorption to be endothermic. The BSG BC had high efficiency in adsorbing pymetrozine and had great potential to prevent the water pollution and reuse the waste of the beer factory.

A field study involving wheat production was extended in order to study the effects of biochar (BC) amendment in paddy soil that had long-term contamination of Cd. The BC was used as an amendment in Cd-contaminated soil for its special property. BC was amended at rates of 10 to 40 t ha-1 during the rice season before rice transplantation in 2009. BC amendments increased soil pH by 0.11 to 0.24 and by 0.09 to 0.24 units, respectively, while the soil CaCl2-extracted Cd was reduced by 10.1% to 40.2% and by 10.0% to 57.0% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Consequently, the total wheat Cd uptake was decreased by 16.8% to 37.3% and by 6.5% to 28.3%. Wheat grain Cd concentration was reduced by 24.8% to 44.2% and by 14.0% to 39.2% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The BC application in soil reduced Cd phyto-availability in two wheat seasons possibly by raising soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC). Therefore, BC may be used for soil remediation, but not to reduce Cd uptake to an adequate level for food production on Cd contaminated soils.

Biochar has been studied for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by many researchers. When in external conditions, biochar in soils ages, which can transform its structural properties and adsorption capacity. This study was conducted with two oxidation processes, HNO3/H2SO4 and NaOH/H2O2, to simulate the effects of biochar in acid and alkaline soil conditions. The results show that the oxygen-containing functional groups increased in aged biochar, which led to improve the ratio of oxygen and carbon (O/C). Nitro functional groups were found in the acid-oxidation treated biochar. Destroyed ditches and scars were observed on the surface of aged biochar and resulted in growth in their specific surface area and porosity. Specific surface area increased by 21.1%, 164.9%, and 63.0% for reed-derived biochar treated with water washing, acid oxidation, and basic oxidation, respectively. Greater peaks in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results were found in C⁻O and O⁻H on the surface of field-aged biochar. Meanwhile, mappings of energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed that biochar aged in soil was abundant in minerals such as silicon, iron, aluminum, and magnesium. In summary, biochar subjected to wet oxidation aging had an increased capacity to immobilize Cd compared to unaged biochar, and the adsorption capacity of oxidized biochar increased by 28.4% and 13.15% compared to unaged biochar due to improvements in porosity and an increase in functional groups.

Magnetic nitrogen-doped porous carbon (MNPC) has been prepared via self-catalytic pyrolysis of bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The as-obtained MNPC showed favorable features for antibiotics adsorption such as high specific surface area (871 m2 g−1), high pore volume (0.75 cm3 g−1), porous structure, good graphitization degree, and rich N-doping. Moreover, the MNPC has magnetic properties due to the Co species, which is embedded with a high dispersion, so the absorbent can be easily separated. Based on the above excellent characteristics, the MNPC was used as the absorbent for norfloxacin (NOR) removal. The experimental maximum NOR adsorption capacity of MNPC was 55.12 mg g−1 at 298.15 K and a pH of 6.0 with an initial NOR concentration of 50 mg L−1. The data analysis of the kinetics revealed that the experimental data of NOR uptakes versus time agreed with the pseudo-second order model. The isotherm data analysis revealed the favorable application of the Freundlich model. Based on the adsorption results over a wide range of conditions, the dominant adsorption mechanisms were found to be pore-filling, electrostatic interaction, and the H-bond.

A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the potential of biochar (BC) as an adsorbent for removing pymetrozine from aqueous solution. The adsorption data were well described by Langmuir isotherm, with maximum pymetrozine adsorption capacities of 13.8, 20.6, 11.0 and 18.8 mg g −1 for bush-, wheat straw-, peanut- and corn-derived BC in a single solution at 25 °C, respectively. The functional groups of BCs were –NH (1628.25 cm −1 ), –OH (3443.78 cm −1 ), –PO 4 (1089.2 cm −1 ) and –C–Cl (769.23 cm −1 ), which were responsible for binding pymetrozine. The adsorption capacity of BC was increased by 7.2–106.4% at different solution pH (1, 3, 5 and 7). The removal efficiency increased with the addition of BCs and over 70% pymetrozine removal was observed upon addition of up to 8 g l −1 . The rate of pymetrozine adsorption was fast, with 50–80% of the adsorption occurring in the first 120 minutes, followed by a much slower approach to equilibrium. The ΔG° values decreased (increasingly negative) from −165.3% to 235.9% at 298 K compared with 318 K for the adsorption of pymetrozine onto different BCs in a single solution. The study results indicate that plant residue- or agricultural waste-derived BC can act as an effective surface sorbent, but their ability to treat mixed waste streams needs to be carefully evaluated on an individual basis.

The batch removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by chitosan under different experimental conditions, such as the pH value and the initial hexavalent chromium ion concentration, was investigated. The adsorption of hexavalent chromium is highly pH-dependent, the results obtained in the present study indicating that the optimum pH for Cr(VI) ion removal was 4.0. The kinetics of the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions by chitosan were evaluated by the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models, respectively. The results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave a good correlation (r 2 = 0.9942) with the experimental data.

Abstract To address the challenge of insufficient comprehensive extraction and fusion of meteorological conditions, temporal features, and power periodic features in short‐term power prediction for distributed photovoltaic (PV) farms, a TPE‐CBiGRU‐SCA model based on multiscale feature fusion is proposed. First, multiscale feature fusion of meteorological features, temporal features, and hidden periodic features is performed in PV power to construct the model input features. Second, the relationships between PV power and its influencing factors are modelled from spatial and temporal scales using CNN and Bi‐GRU, respectively. The spatiotemporal features are then weighted and fused using the SCA attention mechanism. Finally, TPE‐based hyperparameter optimization is used to refine network parameters, achieving PV power prediction for a single field station. Validation with data from a PV field station shows that this method significantly enhances feature extraction comprehensiveness through multiscale fusion at both data and model layers. This improvement leads to a reduction in MAE and RMSE by 26.03% and 38.15%, respectively, and an increase in R2 to 96.22%, representing a 3.26% improvement over other models.

Abstract The neural-network quantum states (NNQS) method is rapidly emerging as a powerful tool in quantum mechanisms. While significant advancements have been achieved in simulating simple molecules using NNQS, the ab initio simulation of complex solid-state materials remains challenging. Here in this work, we have adopted the periodic density matrix embedding theory to extend the NNQS method to deal with complex solid-state systems. Our approach notably reduces the computational problem size while maintaining high accuracy. We have validated the accuracy and efficiency of our method against traditional methodologies and experimental data in extended systems, and have investigated the magnetic ordering and charge density wave state in transition metal compounds. The findings from our research indicate that the integration of quantum embedding with intuitive chemical fragmentation can significantly enhance the NNQS simulation of realistic materials.

Abstract Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently the most commonly used non-viral gene delivery system. Their physiochemical attributes, encompassing size, charge and surface modifications, significantly affect their behaviors both in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, the effects of these properties on the transfection and distribution of LNPs after intramuscular injection remain elusive. In this study, LNPs with varying sizes, lipid-based charges and PEGylated lipids were formulated to study their transfection and in vivo distribution. Luciferase mRNA (mLuc) was entraped in LNPs as a model nucleic acid molecule. Results indicated that smaller-sized LNPs and those with neutral potential presented superior transfection efficiency after intramuscular injection. Surprisingly, the sizes and charges did not exert a notable influence on the in vivo distribution of the LNPs. Furthermore, PEGylated lipids with shorter acyl chains contributed to enhanced transfection efficiency due to their superior cellular uptake and lysosomal escape capabilities. Notably, the mechanisms underlying cellular uptake differed among LNPs containing various types of PEGylated lipids, which was primarily attributed to the length of their acyl chain. Together, these insights underscore the pivotal role of nanoparticle characteristics and PEGylated lipids in the intramuscular route. This study not only fills crucial knowledge gaps but also provides significant directions for the effective delivery of mRNA via LNPs. Graphical Abstract

Unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) often causes acute and chronic oxidative damages to normal cells and organs, leading to serious physiological and even life-threatening consequences. Amifostine (AMF) is a validated radioprotectant extensively applied in radiation and chemotherapy medicine, but the short half-life limits its bioavailability and clinical applications, remaining as a great challenge to be addressed. DNA-assembled nanostructures especially the tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are promising nanocarriers with preeminent biosafety, low biotoxicity, and high transport efficiency. The tFNAs also have a relative long-term maintenance for structural stability and excellent endocytosis capacity. We therefore synthesized a tFNA-based delivery system of AMF for multi-organ radioprotection (tFNAs@AMF, also termed nanosuit). By establishing the mice models of accidental total body irradiation (TBI) and radiotherapy model of Lewis lung cancer, we demonstrated that the nanosuit could shield normal cells from IR-induced DNA damage by regulating the molecular biomarkers of anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative stress. In the accidental total body irradiation (TBI) mice model, the nanosuit pretreated mice exhibited satisfactory alteration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and functional recovery of hematopoietic system, reducing IR-induced pathological damages of multi-organ and safeguarding mice from lethal radiation. More importantly, the nanosuit showed a selective radioprotection of the normal organs without interferences of tumor control in the radiotherapy model of Lewis lung cancer. Based on a conveniently available DNA tetrahedron-based nanocarrier, this work presents a high-efficiency delivery system of AMF with the prolonged half-life and enhanced radioprotection for multi-organs. Such nanosuit pioneers a promising strategy with great clinical translation potential for radioactivity protection.