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Abstract Euxinia, a crucial geological condition, usually signifies more severe extinction events attributed to deoxygenation in Earth's history. Despite extensive exploration of various proxies in paleoredox studies, most are primarily utilized to reconstruct atmospheric pO2, the proportion of anoxic water relative to the entire basin, and broader trends in redox states. Few, however, hold the capacity to precisely delineate local euxinia within confined areas. To address this gap and gain insights into the temporal and spatial extent of benthic euxinia, we propose leveraging the synergistic analysis of total nitrogen isotopes (δ15NTN) and pyrite sulfur isotopes (δ34Spy). Our study focuses on the Triassic Chang 7 Member from the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, North China. Through coupling the δ15NTN and δ34Spy systematics on 11 drill cores within the Ordos Basin, we reconstruct the temporal and spatial distribution of the benthic euxinia zone during the Chang‐7 period. Our results suggest strong spatial heterogeneity of benthic redox conditions, with the euxinia boundary shifting from the central lake to the southwestern sections. Moreover, we identify redox‐controlling factors, including organic carbon loading, water depth, and potential water circulation, and evaluate their interplay with benthic euxinia. Furthermore, the discernment of water circulation patterns may provide an innovative approach to restore the paleowind direction. These findings highlight the effectiveness of coupling δ15NTN and δ34Spy in reconstructing the local benthic redox landscape of benthic environments, and enrich our understanding of biogeochemical processes.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on cancer services. The aim of our study was to evaluate the recovery of endoscopic activity and cancer detection after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Endoscopic data from January 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected to assess the endoscopic activity and cancer detection during the COVID-19 peak period (February 2020) and the post-COVID-19 peak period (March to July 2020). Results: The COVID-19 pandemic almost brought endoscopic activity and cancer detection to a standstill. Diagnostic procedure and endoscopic resection showed the greatest reduction. With the decline in COVID-19 infections, endoscopic activity gradually returned to previous level in July. However, the detection rate of gastric cancer resumed in September, whereas colorectal cancer resumed in August. The monthly detection rates of gastric and colorectal cancers decreased from their initial peaks of 2.98 % and 6.45 %, respectively, and finally were even lower than the average in 2019. Similarly, the mean age of patients who received endoscopy also declined as the detection rates resumed. The increasing colonoscopies allowed the missing colorectal cancer patients to be caught up. In contrast, it was expected that 6.69 % of gastric cancer patients were missed and did not receive needed endoscopy. Conclusions: The recovery of cancer detection occurred later than that of endoscopic activity, especially for gastric cancer. Older people were vulnerable to the continuous impact of COVID-19 pandemic than young people for seeking medical services. Urgent efforts are required to recover and maintain cancer services before subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary: Background: Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is the gold standard for the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). However, VUR grading from voiding cystourethrograms is highly subjective with low reliability. This study aimed to develop a deep learning model to improve reliability for VUR grading on VCUG and compare its performance to that of clinicians. Methods: In this retrospective study in China, VCUG images were collected between January 2019 and September 2022 from our institution as an internal dataset for training and 4 external data sets as external testing set for validation. Samples were divided into training (N = 1000) and validation sets (N = 500), internal testing set (N = 168), and external testing set (N = 280). An ensemble learning-based model, Deep-VCUG, using Res-Net 101 and the voting methods was developed to predict VUR grade. The grading performance was assessed using heatmaps, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score in the internal and external testing set. The performances of four clinicians (2 pediatric urologists and 2 radiologists) with and without the Deep-VCUG assisted to predict VUR grade were explored in external testing sets. Findings: A total of 1948 VCUG images were collected (Internal dataset = 1668; multi-center external dataset = 280). For assessing unilateral VUR grading, the Deep-VCUG achieved AUCs of 0.962 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.943–0.978) and 0.944 (95% [CI]: 0.921–0.964) in the internal and external testing sets, respectively, for bilateral VUR grading, the Deep-VCUG also achieved high AUCs of 0.960 (95% [CI]: 0.922–0.983) and 0.924 (95% [CI]: 0.887–0.957). The Deep-VCUG model using voting method outperformed single model and clinician in terms of classification based on VCUG image. Moreover, Under the Dee-VCUG assisted, the classification ability of junior and senior clinicians was significantly improved. Interpretation: The Deep-VCUG model is a generalizable, objective, and accurate tool for vesicoureteral reflux grading based on VCUG imaging and had good assistance with clinicians to VUR grading applicability. Funding: This study was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China, “Fuqing Scholar” Student Scientific Research Program of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, and the Program of Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou).

The alliance chain system is a distributed ledger system based on blockchain technology, which can realize data sharing and collaboration among multiple parties while ensuring data security and reliability. The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm is the most popular consensus protocol in the alliance chain, but the algorithm has problems such as high complexity and too simple election of the master node, which will make PBFT unable to be applied in scenarios with too many nodes. At the same time, there are certain security issues. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an improved Byzantine consensus algorithm, Polymerization Signature and Reputation Value PBFT (P-V PBFT). Firstly, the consistency protocol process is improved based on the aggregate signature technology. The simulation results show that the P-V PBFT algorithm can effectively reduce the overhead of network transmission, and the time complexity of the algorithm decreases exponentially, which improves the efficiency of the consensus process. Secondly, the node reputation election mechanism is introduced to elect the primary node, and the security analysis is carried out to verify the fairness and security of the primary node election of the P-V PBFT algorithm. Therefore, as a feasible improvement of the blockchain consensus protocol, the P-V PBFT algorithm can provide more efficient and secure guarantee for the blockchain system in practical application.

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disease. The commonly used drugs for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis can only delay the damage of lung function but cannot prolong the life of patients. Atractylodin (ATR), a kind of herbal medicine that has been proven to protect anti-inflammation and attenuate acute lung injury, was investigated to determine whether it could provide a new idea for the treatment of IPF by reducing the inflammatory reaction and collagen formation in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: In vivo experiments, mice were divided into 6 groups, normal group, model, drug group (10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg) and positive control group (pirfenidone). Mice were given BLM through trachea, and after 24 h, normal saline, different concentrations of atractylodin and pirfenidone were given respectively. On 7 days, 14 days and 21 days, the weight, lung function, alveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were tested. In vitro experiments to investigate the effect of atractylodin on fibroses, NIH3T3 cells were induced by TGF-β1 to detect the formation of cellular collagen and the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 at different time points after their fibrosis. Results: The results showed that atractylodin could alleviate the lung function damage (FVC, FEV100, Tidal volume, tissue elastance) caused by BLM, reduce the inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), neutrophils and macrophage infiltration in the alveolar lavage fluid, as well as the formation and deposition of collagen (fibronectin, α-SMA, ColA1). In vitro studies have demonstrated that atractylodin can alleviate TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway. Conclusion: Atractylodin can alleviate the lung function damage and attenuate pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM through inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway. This may provide new ideas for the treatment of IPF.

To reveal the development characteristics and distribution of gravity flow sedimentary system under micro-paleogeomorphologic units of the Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwestern Ordos Basin, on the basis of the restoration of the paleogeomorphological form of the Chang 7 depositional period by the impression method, each micro-paleogeomorphologic unit was depicted in-depth, and the characteristics and development models of gravity flow deposits in the study area were studied in combination with outcrop, core, mud logging and log data. The results show that: (1) The paleogeomorphology in the Chang 7 depositional period was an asymmetrical depression, wide and gentle in the northeast and steep and narrow in the southwest. Three sub-paleogeomorphologic units were developed in the basin, including gentle paleo-slope, paleo-slope and paleo-depression, and they can be further subdivided into eight micro-paleogeomorphologic units: bulge, groove, slope break belt, plain of lake bottom, deep depression of lake bottom, paleo-channel, paleo-ridge of lake bottom, and paleo-uplift of lake bottom. (2) There are 9 types of lithofacies and 4 types of lithofacies assemblages of Chang 7 Member. According to lithofacies composition and lithofacies vertical combination, the gravity flow deposit is further divided into 5 types of microfacies: restricted channel, unrestricted channel, natural levee, inter-channel, lobe. (3) Paleogeomorphology plays an important role in controlling sediment source direction, type and spatial distribution of sedimentary microfacies, genetic types and distribution of sand bodies in Chang 7 Member.

Highlight 1. We developed a new DLS immunosensing technology for the rapid and sensitive detection of glycoprotein NT-proBNP. 2. The boronate affinity recognition amplified nanoparticle aggregation was designed to enable highly sensitive DLS transduction. 3. The fabricated DLS immunosensor exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity with an LOD of 7.4 fg mL−1, fast response time (

The Ordovician system of the Ordos Basin is rich in oil and gas resources, but the tectonic evolution of Ordovician strata and controls on natural gas generation and accumulation are poorly understood. In this study, we integrate field observations, seismic and drill core interpretation, and geochemical data analysis [total organic carbon (TOC) and vitrinite reflectance (Ro)] to address this issue. Results show a clear depositional axis, with thick (>2500 m) Ordovician sediments in the southern half of the basin, and thinner strata in the central and northern parts. Rovalues range from 2.04% to 3.45%, and 55 of 73 samples have TOC > 0.23 wt%. Our novel findings made as below: (i) Ordovician strata have high contents of organic matter and that thermal evolution reached the dry gas stage, favorable for natural gas generation. (ii) Ordovician strata have recorded multiple tectonic events and experienced erosion that resulted in the formation of a karst type residuum in the central and northeastern parts of the basin. (iii) An Early Cretaceous tectono-thermal event controlled the generation and accumulation of natural gas, and this was the peak period of gas generation of Ordovician strata. (iv) Natural gas accumulation and adjustment occurred during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, respectively. The Ordos Basin has experienced strong deformation and denudation since the Late Cretaceous. Collectively, the deformation was more intense in the south and weaker in the north, preventing hydrocarbon preservation in the southern part of the basin. These findings provide new insights to guide oil and gas exploration of the Ordos Basin.

A set of shale-dominated source rocks series were deposited during the heyday of lake basin development in the Member 7 of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, and the thickness is about 110 m. Aimed at whether this layer can form large-scale oil enrichment of industrial value, comprehensive geological research and exploration practice have been carried out for years and obtained the following important geologic findings. Firstly, widely distributed black shale and dark mudstone with an average organic matter abundance of 13.81% and 3.74%, respectively, lay solid material foundation for the formation of shale oil. Secondly, sandy rocks sandwiched in thick organic-rich shale formations constitute an oil-rich “sweet spot”, the average thickness of thin sandstone is 3.5 m. Thirdly, fine-grained sandstone and siltstone reservoirs have mainly small pores of 2–8 μm and throats of 20–150 nm in radius, but with a large number of micro-pores and nano-throats, through fracturing, the reservoirs can provide good conductivity for the fluid in it. Fourthly, continued high-intensity hydrocarbon generation led to a pressure difference between the source rock and thin-layer reservoir of up to 8–16 MPa during geological history, driven by the high pressure, the oil charged into the reservoirs in large area, with oil saturation reaching more than 70%. Under the guidance of the above theory, in 2019, the Qingcheng Oilfield with geologic oil reserves of billion ton order was proved in the class I multi-stage superimposed sandstone shale reservoir of Chang 7 Member by the Changqing Oilfield Branch through implementation of overall exploration and horizontal well volume fracturing. Two risk exploration horizontal wells were deployed for the class II thick layer mud shale interbedded with thin layers of silt- and fine-sandstones reservoir in the Chang 73 submember, and they were tested high yield oil flows of more than 100 tons per day, marking major breakthroughs in petroleum exploration in class I shale reservoirs. The new discoveries have expanded the domain of unconventional petroleum exploration.

The Qingcheng oilfield, the largest shale oil field in China, was discovered in 2019 in source rock of Chang 7 Member of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation, Changqing Oilfield in Ordos Basin, with newly increased proven geological reserves of 358 million tons, predicted geological reserves of 693 million tons, and a total of 1.051 billion tons of shale oil resources. This achieves a historic breakthrough in exploration of shale oil in Chang 7 Member. In recent years, focusing on key issues, such as whether there develop sweet spots in source rock, whether commercial oil production capacity can be formed, and whether scale-effective development can be achieved, studies about geological conditions for shale oil accumulation have been continuously carried out, key supporting technologies have been developed, and a series of theoretical innovations and technological breakthroughs have been achieved in oil exploration in source rocks. The results indicate that shale oil accumulation in Chang 7 Member is controlled by following factors. Firstly, lacustrine black shale, dark mudstone and other high-quality source rocks lay a material foundation for shale oil formation. Secondly, sandy deposits intercalated within black shale and dark mudstones are exploration sweet spots, and sandbody combination types are controlled by morphology of bottom of the lacustrine basin. Thirdly, reservoir properties are good due to development of micro-nano pore throats. Finally, reservoirs with high oil saturation and high gas-oil ratio are formed due to high-intensity oil charging in source rock. Effective matching of multiple factors is a key for shale oil accumulation in Chang 7 Member in Ordos Basin. Through innovation of key supporting technologies, exploration and development technologies for shale oil are developed, and substantial breakthrough on exploration and development of shale oil is realized. The first application of logging-seismic combination technology in loess plateau improves significantly quality of 3D seismic data, which effectively guides prediction of sandy sweet spots. Three-quality well logging technology is used for further evaluation of geological and engineering sweet spots of shale oil. With volumetric fracturing technology based on precise segmentation of long horizontal wells, initial daily oil production of individual well is increased from previously 10 tons to more than 18 tons. The exploration breakthrough in source rocks in Chang 7 Member in Qingcheng oilfield provides an important resource base for the second accelerated development of Changqing Oilfield. It is predicated that oil production from shale in Chang 7 Member in Qingcheng oilfield will reach three million tons in 2022 and five million tons in 2025.

Normal pregnancy is related to the successful transition from type 1 cellular immunity to type 2 cellular immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether there is abnormal expression of cytokines in the process of inducing Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Interleukin (IL)-33 is a new member of the IL-1 family, and ST2, as IL-33’s receptor, induced the production of type 2 cytokines. In this study, blood samples were collected from 19 non-pregnant women of normal childbearing age, 28 normal pregnant women, and 33 women with RSA. The serum concentrations of IL-33 and ST2 were detected by flow cytometry. Our results showed that the serum concentrations of IL-33 and ST2 in the RSA group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (IL-33: P < 0.05; ST2: P < 0.0001), and IL-33 and ST2 had a higher level in the process of RSA predictive value. In addition, this study initially found that the serum concentrations of IL-33 and ST2 were not significantly correlated with the number of weeks of pregnancy, and there was a lower correlation between IL-33 and ST2 during RSA. This result may be related to the small number of cases. This study is the first time to correlate the changes in serum concentrations of IL-33 and ST2 with RSA, which may be a novel biomarker for the prediction and treatment of RSA.

After 50 years of oil and gas exploration in Longdong area of southwest Ordos Basin, NW China, a deep coal-formed gas field was discovered for the first time in Qingyang area. Through observation of field outcrops and core, analysis of common, cast and cathode thin sections, Ro and other geochemistry indexes, carbon isotope, electron microscope and other supporting tests and analyses, the hydrocarbon generation, reserves formation and reservoir formation characteristics of gas reservoirs at different buried depths in Yishaan slope were examined and compared. The deep gas reservoir has an average buried depth of more than 4 200 m, and the main gas-bearing formation is the Member 1 of Lower Permian Shanxi Formation, which is characterized by low porosity, low permeability, low pressure and low abundance. It is believed that hydrocarbon generation in thin seam coal source rocks with high thermal evolution can form large gas fields, high-quality sandstone reservoirs with dissolved pores, intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores can still develop in late diagenetic stage under deep burial depth and high thermal evolution, and fractures improve the permeability of reservoirs. High drying coefficient of natural gas and negative carbon isotope series are typical geochemical characteristics of deep coal-formed gas. The integrated exploration and development method has been innovated, and the economic and effective development mode of gas fields of “dissecting sand body by framework vertical wells, centralized development by horizontal wells” has been formed. The discovery and successful exploration of the large gas field has provided geological basis and technical support for the construction of natural gas fields of 100 billion cubic meter scale in the southwest of the basin, and has important guidance for exploration of coal-derived gas with deep buried depth and high thermal evolution widely distributed in China. Key words: Ordos Basin, Upper Paleozoic, Lower Permian, coal-formed gas, deep formation, high thermal evolution, Qingyang large gas field

BackgroundTo compare the clinical efficacy of fondaparinux and LMWH and provide clinical evidence for the effectiveness of fondaparinux in the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion caused by PTS.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted for 120 patients diagnosed with a recurrent spontaneous abortion caused by PTS in Qingdao Jinhua Women’s Hospital from March 2019 to April 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: 68 cases in the control group, treated with LMWH, 52 cases in the observational group, treated with fondaparinux. The pregnancy outcomes and adverse reactions between the two groups of recurrent miscarriage patients were compared.ResultsNo significant difference was detected in the general data between the two groups of patients before treatment (P>0.05). In the observational group, the R value was increased, and the α and MA values were decreased after three months of treatment compared to those before treatment (P0.05). The total adverse reaction rate of the fondaparinux group was lower than that of the LMWH group (P

ObjectiveTo explore the therapeutic efficacy of intrauterine perfusion of cyclosporin A (CsA) in intractable recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) patients with endometrial alloimmune dysfunction.MethodsThis is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of patients with intractable RSA with endometrial alloimmune disorders. A total of 201 women were enrolled, all of whom had at least 3 serial abortions and endometrial alloimmune dysfunction. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. The CsA group (n = 101) received intrauterine infusion of 250 mg CsA on the 3rd and 7th days after menstruation for 2 menstrual cycles, while the placebo group (n = 100) received placebo. The birth of healthy, deformity-free babies was the main study outcome.ResultsIn total, 75 (74.26%) women in the CsA group and 59 (59.00%) women in the placebo group gave birth to healthy babies [P = 0.01, OR = 2.01; 95% CI (1.10∼3.65)]. Compared to the placebo group, the CsA group had dramatically lower endometrial CD56+ cell and CD57+ cell concentrations at the luteal phase of the second menstrual cycle (P < 0.05).ConclusionIntrauterine perfusion of CsA was confirmed to be a promising approach for the treatment of intractable alloimmune RSA.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of etanercept in the treatment of refractory recurrent spontaneous abortion with innate immune disorders. Materials and methods: A randomized controlled trial in patients with refractory innate immune RSA was conducted in our hospital. 188 patients were selected, all with at least 4 consecutive miscarriages and caused by innate immunity disorders. Patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups. One group (n = 95) used etanercept 25 mg per week starting from the first day after menstruation, while the other (n = 93) with placebo. Delivery of a healthy baby without malformations was regarded as the primary outcome. Results: In etanercept group, 85 (89.47%) patients delivered a healthy baby, while in placebo group, this number was only 67 (72.04%) [P = 0.01, OR = 3.30; 95% CI(1.49～7.32)]. Significantly lower levels of TNF-α and NK cell activity were observed in gestation weeks 4–10 in etanercept group versus placebo group (P

Paleo-sedimentary environment of Chang 7 Member of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, including the paleoclimate, paleo-salinity and paleo-redox conditions were restored through geochemical elements analysis of 289 samples collected from the outcrop sections around and wells drilled in the basin and using a series of identification indexes of paleo-climate, paleo-salinity and paleo-redox conditions, such as CaO/MgO·Al2O3, Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr, Rb/K2O, Th/U, V/(V+Ni), the content of element B tested from the mudstone. Comprehensive analysis shows that in sedimentary period of the Chang 7, the paleo-climate was warm temperate to subtropical climate with temperature higher than 15 °C, the water body was continental brackish water to freshwater, and the sediments were deposited under strong reduction conditions. Suitable temperature, extensively deep lake basin and strongly reductive paleo-sedimentary environment led to the blooming, enrichment and preservation of organic matter in the submember Chang 73. As a result, a set of high-quality source rock was formed, laying material foundation for large-scale accumulation of shale oil. Key words: paleo-climate, paleo-salinity, paleo-redox conditions, element geochemistry, paleo-sedimentary environment, Chang 7 Member, Upper Triassic, Ordos Basin

ObjectivesCytokine activation and low complement levels are common in depression patients. This study is aimed at investigating the clinical significance of changes in serum concentrations of melatonin (MT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), homocysteine (hcy), and complement C3 and C4 in depression patients and relationships of them with depression activity.MethodsA total of 95 depression patients, including first-episode group (n = 43) and recurrent group (n = 52), and 45 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Serum levels of MT, IL-6, hcy, C3, and C4 in all samples were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence method, enzyme circulation method, and immuno-scatter turbidimetric assay, respectively.ResultsThe serum MT, IL-6, and hcy levels in the first-episode group (113.08 ± 5.06 pg/ml, 2.06 ± 0.12 ng/L, and 13.87 ± 0.45 μmol/L), and recurrent group (117.63 ± 4.63 pg/ml, 2.20 ± 0.12 ng/L, and 13.61 ± 0.46 μmol/L) were significantly higher than those in the control group (89.50 ± 5.10 pg/ml, 1.57 ± 0.06 ng/L, and 11.34 ± 0.40 μmol/L). The serum levels of C3 in the first-episode group (0.95 ± 0.02 ng/L) were significantly lower than those in the recurrent group (1.05 ± 0.03 ng/L) and control group (1.12 ± 0.03 ng/L). There was no significant difference in serum C4 level between each group.ConclusionThese results suggest that higher serum MT, IL-6, and hcy levels were correlated with pathogenesis of depression.

After over four decades of exploration, a major breakthrough has been made in the Hetao Basin recently, that is, commercial oil flow of 62.6 m3/d is tested from the Paleogene Linhe Formation in Well Song 5. A comprehensive study of petroleum geological features of the Linhe Depression reveals that the Langshan fault, Hangwu fault and Huanghe fault controlled the deposition and evolution of the depression and hydrocarbon generation center, and the basin experienced Early Cretaceous depression and Cenozoic faulting. There developed two sets of saline lake hydrocarbon source rocks, Cretaceous Guyang Formation and Paleogene Linhe Formation. The source rocks, dominantly type II1 and I, have high abundance of organic matter and large potential of hydrocarbon generation, and their maturity ranges from low mature to over mature owing to wide variation of burial depth. The Guyang Formation and Linhe Formation are the clastic reservoirs, which have good physical properties with burial depth less than 5 000 m. In the Jixi uplift, the weathering fractures in matrix also have storage capacity. Faulted block, faulted anticline and matrix fracture reservoirs are found through exploration. The low mature to mature oil, is generated from Guyang Formation and Linhe Formation. The study shows that the Linhe Depression has rich resources and huge exploration potential, where the main exploration targets are the Guyang and Linhe formations, the favorable exploration areas are the Hangwu fault belt, Jixi uplift belt and the deep sag in the north. Key words: Hetao Basin, Linhe Depression, petroleum geological features, Cretaceous Guyang Formation, Paleogene Linhe Formation, source rock, reservoir, Hangwu fault

Up to now, the Sulige area in Ordos Basin has the favorable exploration area of 55 × 103 km2, the total reserve of natural gas of nearly 6 × 1012 m3 and the proven reserve (including basic proven reserve) of 4.77 × 1012 m3, where the annual production of natural gas reaches 23 × 109 m3, and the Sulige gasfield is the largest onshore natural gas field in China. The pay zone of the Sulige gasfield mainly is Member 8 of Shihezi Formation and Member 1 of Shanxi Formation of Permian which belong to the typical tight sandstone gas reservoir. The coal measure strata in Carboniferous Benxi Formation, Permian Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation provide abundant gas sources for the Gulige gas reservoirs. An open-flow sedimentary model of lacustrine delta is developed, the gentle bottom, sand supply from multi-source, strong hydrodynamic force and multi-period superposition control the distribution of large-area reservoir sand body. Lithology of the reservoir is the sandstone of the fluvial-delta facies, the physical property is poor and the heterogeneity is strong, the average porosity ranges from 4% to 12% and the average permeability varies from 0.01 to 1 mD. The gas reservoir is characterized by wide hydrocarbon generation, pervasive hydrocarbon charging, short-range migration and massive accumulation. The pressure coefficient of the gas reservoir ranges from 0.62 to 0.90, indicating the low-pressure gas reservoir, and the single-well yield is low. Full digital seismic technique in the desert area, non-longitudinal seismic technique in the loess plateau, accurate logging evaluation technique, tight sand reservoir stimulation technology and horizontal well development technology are key technologies for exploration and development of Sulige gasfield. Keywords: Sulige gasfield, Upper paleozoic, Tight gas, Accumulation condition, Key technology

With the rapid development of the Internet, increasingly more attention has been paid to network security problems. A network security defense technology has become a very important research field. Currently, most network equipment transmits data in plaintext at the data link layer, which exposes important information, such as IP addresses, port numbers, and application protocols, to an attacker and provides an opportunity for network attacks. To protect a network against attacks and ensure its security, this paper proposes a mimic encryption system for network security. Based on the concepts of moving target defense and mimic security defense, using the principles of randomization, dynamism, and diversification, a data link layer mimic encryption system is constructed from the underlying network of an information system. By transforming the frame format, a reconfigurable encryption algorithm, an hash algorithm, and a pseudo-random number generator are used to design different combination encryption modes. Then, the hash value of an encrypted frame is obtained by performing the hash operation, and feedback update is performed to generate new key parameters for the hash key pool. In addition, the pseudo-random selection of combinations of encryption algorithms and keys is performed to achieve “one frame-one key”. Finally, an FPGA is used as the network encryption card, and a CPU is used to realize two-party key agreement and the upper layer application. Using the FPGA + CPU hardware and software collaboration, the attack surface is expanded. Taking advantage of the high anti-interference property of an FPGA, part of the attack against the software system is filtered. The experimental results and analysis show that the encryption and decryption performance of this system in a 10 G network are approximately 500 MB/s. Thus, the system can effectively prevent the leakage of user data and resist network sniffing, vulnerability attacks, exhaustive key search attacks, and ciphertext-only attacks. Moreover, this system provides high security.

Accurate lithofacies-paleogeographic reconstruction is of great significance in predicting the dolomite reservoir distribution of the middle assemblage of Ordovician Majiagou Fm in the Ordos Basin. In this paper, the controlling effects of palaeotectonic background over sedimentation were first analyzed. Then the sedimentary mode of the middle assemblage was established and the lithofacies-paleogeography was reconstructed objectively for three intervals (Ma55, Ma57 and Ma59), based on the observation results of a large number of drilling cores and rock sections, together with the results of logging interpretation of rock composition and structure, single factor maps analysis and seismic data interpretation. The following findings were obtained. First, the middle assemblage of Majiagou Fm presents the uplift-depression alternation; two secondary low uplift zones extending in NS, i.e. Wushen Banner–Wuqi and Shenmu–Yulin–Yan'an, are developed in the eastern side of the central paleo-uplift, between which there is intraplatform depression, and lagoons are deposited in the Mizhi area in the east of the basin. Second, in the Ordos Basin, four NE-trending rift troughs are developed in the Proterozoic, which greatly affects the Ordovician sedimentary pattern and controls the distribution of intraplatform grain banks. Third, influenced jointly by the uplift-depression alternation and the intraplatform rift troughs of the Proterozoic, the intraplatform grain banks in the middle assemblage are mainly developed in the two low uplift zones, i.e. Shenmu–Yulin–Yan'an and Wushen Banner–Wuqi, trending NE in a similar echelon distribution. In conclusion, the two low uplift zones are the main development areas for high-quality carbonate reservoirs within the middle assemblage of Majiagou Fm in the basin.

Crushing, acid treatment and step wise separation and oil extraction were employed to obtain the different occurrence state hydrocarbons. All these fractions have been analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The fractions relationship and related oil charging process can be mirrored through the analysis of fractions weight content and geochemical characteristics, in combination with the research of inclusions homogenization temperature and fluorescence spectrum parameters. Experimental results reveal that there are four state hydrocarbons, i.e. free hydrocarbon, sealed hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon in carbonate cement, and hydrocarbon within inclusions caught by quartz grains and feldspar grains in the oil-rich sandstones of Chang8 Member, Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. Among them, the overwhelming fraction is the free hydrocarbon, averaged 93.4%. Fluorescence spectrum parameters of γmax, QF535 and Q650/500 show that the crude oil maturity of the inclusions imprisoned in feldspar, quartz, and carbonate cement increase in turn, and the parameter values of the inclusions in feldspar and quartz are similar and much different from those of carbonate cement. Through analysis of C29ββ/(αα+ββ) and C2920S/(20S+20R), together with methylphenanthrene ratio, it is revealed that thermal-evolutionary degree of the hydrocarbon within inclusions, hydrocarbon in carbonate cement, sealed hydrocarbon, free hydrocarbon reflects an upward trend, and the data of the last two type are similar. Integrated study of diagenetic sequence and thermal evolutionary degree suggest that the Chang 8 sandstones had been compacted before reservoir formation and the reservoirs have experienced three phase of charge events in which the third one played the most important role for reservoir formation. Key words: Ordos Basin, Triassic, Yanchang Formation, hydrocarbon occurrence, charge period, major reservoir forming phase, tight reservoir

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor.The authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in [Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 45 (2016) 754–764. http://zgkd.cbpt.cnki.net/WKD/WebPublication/paperDigest.aspx?paperID=b8b04bba-3a40-4290-919c-a16475261903]. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor.The authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in [Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 45 (2016) 754 – 764. http://zgkd.cbpt.cnki.net/WKD/WebPublication/paperDigest.aspx?paperID=b8b04bba-3a40-4290-919c-a16475261903]. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Objectives: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis has been implicated in severe pre-eclampsia (SPE) and is characterized by the activation of three signaling pathways: PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring 1 (Ire1). This study was designed to investigate the role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of SPE. Materials and methods: Placental tissues were collected from 32 women with normal pregnancies and two cohorts of women with early (n = 32) or late onset (n = 32) SPE. The expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), PERK, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit a (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF4), ATF6, Ire1, CHOP (ClEBP homologus protein), and caspase 12 mRNA and protein in the placentas was analyzed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Results: The levels of GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, CHOP, ATF6, and caspase 12 mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in the placentas of women with early and late SPE than in the control women, whereas there were no differences in ATF6 and Ire1 mRNA and protein. Conclusion: ER stress-induced apoptosis was important in the development of SPE, especially in early onset SPE and was probably due to the activation of the PERK signaling pathway.

According to sedimentary environment, sources, hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics and gas reservoir types of the Ordovician in the Ordos Basin, the Ordovician carbonate rocks in the basin have good gas accumulation conditions. A large number of geological and geochemical evidence shows a triple source supply. In addition to the Upper Carboniferous – Permian coal measures hydrocarbon source rocks as the main hydrocarbon source rocks, the Middle-Upper Ordovician marine hydrocarbon source rocks and Carboniferous Benxi marlstones have certain ability for hydrocarbon. Analysis of the known gas reservoir reveals that the gas in the gas fields of the central basin belongs to thermal cracking gas which is a mixed gas of coal-derived gas and crude oil cracking gas. Coal-derived gas comes from the coal measures hydrocarbon source rocks of the Carboniferous-Permian undoubtedly. Crude oil cracking gas mainly comes from the high temperature cracking gas in the Jurassic reservoir. Asphalts and hydrocarbon inclusions in the Ordovician reservoirs evidence that the oil of the Jurassic paleo-oil reservoir is mainly from the Middle-Upper Ordovician marine hydrocarbon source rocks. Gas accumulation has evolved from oil reservoir to gas reservoir: oil pool formed in the Jurassic and the oil cracked into gas in the Cretaceous. Controlled by tectonic sedimentary setting, four accumulation models of carbonate gas reservoir have been structured. Among them, weathering crust lithostratigraphic gas reservoir in the central part of the basin and composite lithology gas reservoir of structure – bedding karst type in the northwest platform marginal zone are the focus of the carbonate gas exploration. Key words: Ordos Basin, Ordovician, carbonate, hydrocarbon source rock, accumulation characteristics, accumulation evolution, gas reservoir model

Based on the main geological features and technical breakthroughs made in tight oil exploration, the major challenges facing tight oil development are analyzed, and the key technical trend for tight oil development is discussed in this paper. Mainly found in continental deposits, tight oil reservoirs in China feature small area, poor physical properties, big differences in geological characteristics between different basins, but low porosity, low permeability and pressure in general. In contrast to marine tight oil, tight oil in continental deposits faces such challenges as low production and recovery, and poor economics. Through nearly three years of research and pilot test, an integrated development mode with repeated fracturing of horizontal wells as the principal technique has been proposed, which includes integrated design, platform long horizontal well drilling, massive volume fracturing, re-fracturing stimulation, controlled production, factory-like operation, concentrated surface construction etc. It is recommended that study be strengthened on basic tight oil development theory, practical development technologies, and economic evaluation of tight oil development over the whole life cycle. Key words: continental tight oil, geological characteristics, effective development, key techniques, repeated fracturing of horizontal wells

Through in-depth analysis of sedimentary source, lake basin shape and tectonic events as well as careful study of high quality source rocks, reservoir-forming force and history in the Huaqing area, Ordos Basin, the accumulation mode of large low-permeability lithologic oil regions in the middle of the lake basin was established. The Ordos Basin is a typical inland depressed basin during the depositional period of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation. Rich-nutrient lake-basin sediments are developed in the Chang-7 Member during the maximum flooding period. High-quality source rocks of the Chang-7 Member have the characteristics of high abundance of organic matter, strong ability of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, and wide distribution in Huaqing in the central basin. Delta is developed extensively in the depositional period of Chang-6 Member. Influenced by rich provenance and the bottom shape of slope break belts, thick layers of reservoir sands originated from the delta front and gravity flow are developed in the Chang-6 Member in Huaqing, and the favorable sedimentary facies and diagenetic facies control the extensive low-permeability reservoirs. The Chang-6 low-permeability reservoirs and the Chang-7 high-quality source rocks have a good association and form an accumulation mode characterized by “hydrocarbon-generating pressurization, proximal migration and accumulation, large-area charging, and continuous oil layers”. Key words: Ordos Basin, Huaqing area, source rock, gravity flow, low-permeability reservoir, large lithologic oil region

By analyzing the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions under the guideline of sequence stratigraphy, the hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in the low permeability, tight reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is studied from the perspective of pore evolution, and the hydrocarbon accumulation evolution models are concluded. The low permeability, tight reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation are distributed within the range of good hydrocarbon source rocks. The reservoir sand-bodies are dominated by lacustrine gravity flow deposits and delta front deposits. In the early period when hydrocarbons are accumulated in the Yanchang Formation, the reservoirs are characterized by high porosity and high permeability. The oil and gas generated in the period are accumulated normally under the effect of buoyancy. In the middle-late period, the reservoirs have experienced continuous compression. The petroleum generated in the late period, the major hydrocarbon generation period, migrates and accumulates by infiltration along the previously remained paths under the effect of buoyancy and pressure difference between the source rocks and the reservoirs. When the reservoirs become tight, oil and gas stop migration. From the Late Jurassic to the middle period of the Early Cretaceous, oil and gas widely charge the high porosity sandstones near the source rocks when they migrate from the center of the lacustrine basin to the borders. In the late period of the Early Cretaceous, the diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs is enhanced, making the reservoirs tight. After the Late Cretaceous, the present low permeability tight lithologic reservoirs are formed due to the compressing and uplifing movement of the structure which dips down in the west and tilts up in the east. Key words: Ordos Basin, Yanchang Formation, low permeability tight reservoir, hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism, accumulation evolution model

Through lithological analysis of reservoirs, fluid inclusion test and simulation experiment, combined with geochemical, seismic, well logging and formation testing data, this paper studies the favorable geological conditions for tight gas accumulation in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin, specifies the characteristics of tight gas reservoirs, and summarizes the key techniques for tight gas exploration and development. The gas source conditions of large area hydrocarbon generation and continuous hydrocarbon injection, widespread delta facies sandstone reservoirs, and the accumulation mode of short-distance migration facilitate the formation of the large-scale tight gas reservoirs in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin. The Upper Paleozoic tight gas reservoirs in the Ordos Basin cover a large area and have many gas-bearing formations and multiple pressure systems. The tight reservoirs, which were formed before gas accumulation, are of high heterogeneity. Full digital seismic prediction technique for thin reservoirs, fine logging evaluation technique for tight gas reservoirs, and integrated supporting techniques for gas development provide technical support for further exploration and development. Key words: Ordos Basin, tight gas, accumulation condition, key technique

The control of structural evolution on the development of different types of Ordovician reservoirs in the Ordos Basin is discussed by studying the evolution of the Ordovician top boundary in geological times, and the mechanisms of formation and evolution of carbonate reservoirs are examined. The top boundary of the Ordovician is an important sequence boundary in the Ordos Basin. It represents not only the depositional change between lower marine carbonate rocks and upper clastic rocks, but also a depositional break caused by weathering and corrosion from the Late Calidonian to the Early Hercynian. It experienced three great structural changes in the geological history, which influenced the formation and conservation of the Ordovician reservoirs. Difference of lithology of the Ordovician top sequence between the east and west of the basin controlled the type of reservoir space and caused the formation of different reservoirs of corrosive pores. However, the later reversal of the sequence boundary causes the filling of early formed pore space in the eastern basin, and affects the space distribution of effective reservoirs. Key words: Ordos Basin, Ordovician, reservoir, sequence stratigraphy, sequence boundary, pore filling

Traditional correlation analyses based on whole-rock data have limitations in discerning pore development determinants in shale oil reservoir, given the complex lithology of shale formations and intricate interdependencies (multicollinearity) among geological variables. In this study, mercury injection capillary pressure and digital analysis of scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the macropore structures of both whole rocks and their constituent lithologies for the Upper Triassic Chang-7 shale of the Ordos Basin. Variations were observed among clay shale (shale primarily consisting of clay-sized mineral grains), massive siltstone and silty laminae within the Chang-7 shale. Through the combination of correlation analysis and scanning electron microscope digital technique, it was demonstrated that total organic carbon content primarily controls the level of macropore development, while lithology primarily governs macropore types and structures. Although quartz and pyrite exhibit correlations with macropore volume, they do not emerge as primary factors; instead, they appear interconnected to total organic carbon. Due to detrital mineral framework preservation during compaction, larger macropores are more developed in massive siltstones and silty laminae than in clay shale. Additionally, silty laminae, situated closer to the source rock and influenced by organic acids, exhibit a higher abundance of larger dissolution pores, potentially favoring shale oil development. This study overcomes traditional method constraints, disentangling multi-correlations, and providing new insights into shale macropore development mechanisms, potentially advancing shale oil exploration and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]