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T cells play a determining role in the immunomodulation and prognostic evaluation of cancer treatments relying on immune activation. While specific biomarkers determine the population and distribution of T cells in tumours, the in situ activity of T cells is less studied. Here we designed T-cell-targeting fusogenic liposomes to regulate and quantify the activity of T cells by exploiting their surface redox status as a chemical target. The T-cell-targeting fusogenic liposomes equipped with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP) groups neutralize reactive oxygen species protecting T cells from oxidation-induced loss of activity. Meanwhile, the production of paramagnetic 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) radicals allows magnetic resonance imaging quantification of the T cell activity. In multiple mouse models, the T-cell-targeting fusogenic liposomes led to efficient tumour inhibition and to early prediction of radiotherapy outcomes. This study uses a chemical targeting strategy to measure the in situ activity of T cells for cancer theranostics and may provide further understanding on engineering T cells for cancer treatment.

Herein we report a dual-responsive doxorubicin-indoximod conjugate (DOXIND) for programmed chemoimmunotherapy. This conjugate is able to release doxorubicin and indoximod upon exposure to appropriate stimuli for synergistic chemotherapy and immunotherapy, respectively. We demonstrate its promoting effects on immune response and inhibiting effects on tumor growth through a series of

In vivo levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are critical to many physiological and pathological processes. Because of the distinct differences in their biological generation and effects, simultaneously visualizing both of them could help deepen our insights into the mechanistic details of these processes. However, real-time and deep-tissue imaging and differentiation of ROS- and RNS-related molecular events in living subjects still remain a challenge. Here, we report the development of two activatable 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) molecular probes with different 19F chemical shifts and specific responsive behaviors for simultaneous in vivo detection and deep-tissue imaging of O2•- and ONOO-. These probes are capable of real-time visualization and differentiation of O2•- and ONOO- in living mice with drug-induced acute kidney injury by interference-free multiplexed hot-spot 19F MRI, illustrating the potential of this technique for background-free real-time imaging of diverse biological processes, accurate diagnosis of various diseases in deep tissues, and rapid toxicity evaluation of assorted drugs.

Real-time localization and microbial activity information of indigenous gut microbiota over an extended period of time remains a challenge with existing visualizing methods. Here, we report a metabolic fluorine labeling (MEFLA)–based strategy for monitoring the dynamic gut microbiota via 19 F magnetic resonance imaging ( 19 F MRI). In situ labeling of different microbiota subgroups is achieved by using a panel of peptidoglycan-targeting MEFLA probes containing 19 F atoms of different chemical shifts, and subsequent real-time in vivo imaging is accomplished by multiplexed hotspot 19 F MRI with high sensitivity and unlimited penetration. Using this method, we realize extended visualization (>24 hours) of native gut microbes located at different intestinal sections and semiquantitative analysis of their metabolic dynamics modulated by various conditions, such as the host death and different β-lactam antibiotics. Our strategy holds great potential for noninvasive and real-time assessing of the metabolic activities and locations of the highly dynamic gut microbiota.

Active and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial in the widespread application of water electrolyzers. Cobalt phosphide nanoparticles (Co-P) with different degrees of crystallinity are synthesized via solvothermal phosphidization of Co metal-organic frameworks and P4 using different solvents. The Co-P can be converted to active OER electrocatalysts in 1 M KOH, with the most active reaching 10 mA cm-2 OER current densities at 270 mV overpotential. The OER intermediate adsorption energy is tuned by the electron interactions in the crystalline/amorphous heterostructured Co-P, which show the highest intrinsic OER activity. After the long-term OER in base, surface phosphides are converted to (oxy)hydroxides that are the active species towards OER.

GSH-mediated liver biotransformation is a crucial physiological process demanding efficient research tools. Here, we report a type of amorphous FexMnyO nanoparticles (AFMO-ZDS NPs) as redox-activated probes for in vivo visualization of the dynamics of GSH-mediated biotransformation in liver with T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This imaging technique reveals the periodic variations in GSH concentration during the degradation of AFMO-ZDS NPs due to the limited transportation capacity of GSH carriers in the course of GSH efflux from hepatocytes to perisinusoidal space, providing direct imaging evidence for this important carrier-mediated process during GSH-mediated biotransformation. Therefore, this technique offers an effective method for in-depth investigations of GSH-related biological processes in liver under various conditions as well as a feasible means for the real-time assessment of liver functions, which is highly desirable for early diagnosis of liver diseases and prompt a toxicity evaluation of pharmaceuticals.

Dual-modal fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (FLI/MRI) is important for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors. However, facile and opportune strategies to synergistically enhance fluorescence intensity and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast have rarely been reported. Herein, we present a facile strategy using albumin aggregates (AAs) to synergistically enhance the fluorescence intensity by aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and MR contrast with prolonged rotational correlation time (τR) of Gd(III) chelates and the diffusion correlation time (τD) of surrounding water molecules. The amphiphilic dual-modal FLI/MRI probe of NGd was facilely loaded into albumin pockets and then formed AAs to generate a supramolecular structure of NGd-albumin aggregates (NGd-AAs), which show excellent biocompatibility and biosafety, and exhibit superior fluorescence quantum yield and r1 over NGd with 6- and 8-fold enhancement, respectively. Moreover, compared with the clinical MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA, r1 of NGd-AAs showed a 17-fold enhancement. Therefore, NGd-AAs successfully elicited high-performance dual-modal FLI/MRI in vitro and in vivo and high contrast MR signals were observed in the liver and tumor after intravenous injection of NGd-AAs at a dosage of 6 μmol Gd(III)/kg body weight. This generic and feasible strategy successfully realized a synergistic effect for dual-modal FLI/MRI.

Data-driven process control considering both geometric and loaded contact performance evaluations has been an increasingly important stage in field of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. A new data-driven manufacturing process control strategy is proposed for a high performance spiral bevel and hypoid gears. Here, to distinguish with the conventional simulated loaded tooth contact analysis (SLTCA) using economical finite element software package, the numerical loaded tooth contact analysis (NLTCA) is of more flexibility and practicality. In light of the advantages of the improved design for six sigma (DFSS), it is integrated with NLTCA for establishing a novel data-driven process control of gear manufacturing. Firstly, in improved DFSS framework, quality function deployment (QFD) is used to determine four sub-objective high-performance evaluation items. Then, their data-driven relationships between machine settings are respectively determined by using NLTCA. In particular, the manufacturing process control is further converted into multi-objective optimization (MOO) modification of the hypoid generator settings. Finally, an interactive preference point approach is applied for data-driven control of its iterative step and it can obtain a robust solution from Pareto optimal front. A case study is provided to verify the proposed methodology.

The overexpression of HIF-1α in solid tumors due to hypoxia is closely related to drug resistance and consequent treatment failure. Herein, we constructed a hypoxia-activated prodrug named as YC-Dox. This prodrug could be activated under hypoxic conditions and undergo self-immolation to release doxorubicin (Dox) and YC-1 hemisuccinate (YCH-1), which could execute chemotherapy and result in HIF-1α downregulation, respectively. This prodrug is capable of specifically releasing Dox and YCH-1 in response to hypoxia, leading to a substantial synergistic potency and a remarkable cytotoxic selectivity (>8-fold) for hypoxic cancer cells over normoxic healthy cells. The in vivo experiments reveal that this prodrug can selectively aim at hypoxic cancer cells and avoid undesired targeting of normal cells, leading to elevated therapeutic efficacy for tumor treatment and minimized adverse effects on normal tissues.

Norepinephrine (NE), acting as both a neurotransmitter and hormone, plays a significant role in regulating the action of the brain and body. Many studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between mental disorders and aberrant NE levels. Therefore, it is of urgent demand to develop in vivo analytical methods of NE for diagnostic assessment and mechanistic investigations of mental diseases. Herein, we report a

The diagnosis of brain diseases is the first key step in effective treatment. In vivo imaging tracers that effectively cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reach areas of brain dysregulation is one focus of accurate diagnosis. Here, our main objective was to develop an iron-based nanoparticle for dual brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging studies. Small sized iron oxide nanoparticles (SIONs) were prepared by a solvothermal method. Angiopep-2 was covalently connected to the surface of SIONs to enhance penetration of the BBB. The photosensitizer (chlorin e6, Ce6) was modified on the surface of SIONs to enhance fluorescence imaging to corroborate MRI results. We found that the resultant SIONs@ANG/Ce6/PEG displayed good biocompatibility and excellent MRI and fluorescence detection. Moreover, dual-modal MR/fluorescence imaging demonstrated that SIONs@ANG/Ce6/PEG had high sensitivity and accuracy in imaging of mouse with brain tumors. This work provides a strategy to design dual-modal contrast agents for diagnosis of brain disease.

Rationale: Sensitive and accurate imaging of cancer is essential for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. For generally employed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinic, comprehending how to enhance the contrast effect of T 1 imaging is crucial for improving the sensitivity of cancer diagnosis. However, there is no study ever to reveal the clear mechanism of how to enhance the effect of T 1 imaging and accurate relationships of influencing factors. Herein, this study aims to figure out key factors that affect the sensitivity of T 1 contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI), thereby to realize sensitive detection of tumors with low dose of CAs. Methods: Manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles (NPs) with various sizes and shapes were prepared by thermal decomposition. Factors impacting T 1 CE-MRI were investigated from geometric volume, surface area, crystal face to r 2/r 1 ratio. T 1 CE-MR imaging of liver, hepatic and subcutaneous tumors were conducted with MnO NPs of different shapes. Results: The surface area and occupancy rate of manganese ions have positive impacts on the sensitivity of T 1 CE-MRI, while volume and r 2/r 1 ratio have negative effects. MnO octahedrons have a high r 1 value of 20.07 mM-1s-1 and exhibit an excellent enhanced effect in liver T 1 imaging. ZDS coating facilitates tumor accumulation and cellular uptake, hepatic and subcutaneous tumors could be detected with MnO octahedrons at an ultralow dose of 0.4 mg [Mn]/kg, about 1/10 of clinical dose. Conclusions: This work is the first quantitative study of key factors affecting the sensitivity of T 1 CE-MRI of MnO nanoparticles, which can serve as a guidance for rational design of high-performance positive MRI contrast agents. Moreover, these MnO octahedrons can detect hepatic and subcutaneous tumors with an ultralow dose, hold great potential for sensitive and accurate diagnosis of cancer with lower cost, less dosages and side effects in clinic.

Peroxynitrite is an important biomarker for assessing drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which is critical for the development and use of drugs. Herein, we report the development of peroxynitrite-responsive self-assembled 19F MRI nanoprobes, which enable the sensitive imaging of peroxynitrite in L02 cells subjected to oxidative stress and living mice with DILI.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most popular imaging techniques, which offers an ionization-free noninvasive means for imaging deep tissues with high resolution. Conventional 1H MRI is well versed in providing detailed anatomical information but suffers from low contrast for tracking biomarkers because of the abundance of water in living bodies. 19F MRI with negligible endogenous background interference enables highly sensitive detection of biomolecular targets and has drawn extensive attention from the biomedical research community recently. However, this imaging technique only acquires the "hot spot" signals of exogenous 19F nucleus-containing imaging probes. 1H/19F MRI dual-modal imaging is expected to compensate for the limitations of either single-modal imaging and accomplish synergistic morphological and physiological imaging. Herein, we report a highly biocompatible nanoconjugate composed of pH-responsive 19F nucleus-bearing Gd3+ chelates, which enables significant contrast enhancement for T1-weighted 1H MRI and permits pH-responsive activation of 19F signals for 19F MRI, providing both clear anatomical details of living bodies and the biorelevant molecular information with low background interference. This nanoconjugate facilitates sensitive and accurate detection of tumors with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted 1H and pH-activatable 19F dual-modal imaging on a single MRI scanner.

Dysfunction of macroautophagy/autophagy has been postulated as a major cellular toxicological response to nanomaterials. It has been reported that excessive autophagy activation, induced by silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), contributes to autophagy dysfunction, whereas little is known how SiNPs trigger autophagy activation. Here, we treated normal rat kidney (NRK) cells using 3 different sizes of SiNPs (16, 29, and 51 nm) and observed that 16-nm SiNPs, with a final concentration of 60 μg/mL, dramatically induce autophagy activation without reducing cell viability. We further conducted a transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic profiling, and detected 23 autophagy-related (Atg) genes and 35 autophagy regulators regulated on at least one omic layer. To identify key regulators from the multi-omics data, we developed a new algorithm of computational prediction of master autophagy-regulating kinases (cMAK) to detect 21 candidates and revealed the CDK7-CDK4 cascade to be functional. The silence or inhibition of Cdk7 or Cdk4 significantly attenuated autophagic activation but not influenced autophagic flux blockage induced by 16-nm SiNPs. Further computational modeling indicated that the CDK7-CDK4 signaling axis potentially triggers autophagy activation by phosphorylating RB1 (RB transcriptional corepressor 1), activating two critical transcription factors, E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1) and FOXO3 (forkhead box O3), and enhancing the transcriptional levels of at least 8 Atg genes and autophagy regulators in response to SiNPs. Our studies not only established a powerful method for predicting regulatory kinases from the multi-omics data but also revealed a potential mechanism of SiNP-triggered autophagy activation through modulating the CDK7-CDK4 cascade. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Atg: autophagy-related; BECN1: beclin 1; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; CDK4: cyclin dependent kinase 4; CDK7: cyclin dependent kinase 7; cMAK: computational prediction of master autophagy-regulating kinases; CQ: chloroquine; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; E-ratio: enrichment ratio; E2F1: E2F transcription factor 1; EBSS: Earle’s balanced salt solution; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; FPKM: fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped; GO: gene ontology; H(2)O(2): hydrogen peroxide; iGPS: in vivo GPS; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NRK: normal rat kidney; p-site: phosphorylation site; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PDI: polydispersity index; PTM: post-translational modification; QKS: quantitative kinase state; RB1: RB transcriptional corepressor 1; RBHs: reciprocal best hits; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; ROS: reactive oxygen species; rSiNPs: SiNPs fluorescently labeled with rhodamine B; SEM: scanning electronic microscopy; SiNPs: silica nanoparticles; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ssKSR: site-specific kinase-substrate relation; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; tfLC3: mRFP-GFP tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3.

The limited therapeutic effects of immunotherapy for most types of cancer stimulates the pursuit for efficient methods to improve its response rate. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a cascade-responsive molecular prodrug for tandem chemoimmunotherapy. This molecular prodrug first releases doxorubicin (DOX) in the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells. Caspase 3/7 released during tumor cell apoptosis liberates NLG919 from the prodrug, which inhibits the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and results in relief of TME immunosuppression. Meanwhile, tumor-associated antigens and immune stimulatory cytokines released during ICD activate the immune response against the tumor, leading to synergistic chemoimmunotherapy. The efficacy of this prodrug is validated by

Arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3), an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine, has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an effective therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, the application of ATO in treating advanced solid tumors like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still restricted by limited therapeutic efficacy and insufferable side effects. To solve this problem, we reported a general and facile strategy using human serum albumin (HSA) as a template for synthesizing a series of ATO-based nanoparticles with uniform single-albumin size. Then, we prepared a multifunctional drug delivery system (MDDS) based on MnAs/HSA termed MnAs/ICG/HSA-RGD, and tested its efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that the photothermal effect of MnAs/ICG/HSA-RGD can not only cause irreversible damage to the tumor but also accelerate the discharge of As and Mn2+ ions, enabling responsive chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging. Interestingly, the expression of HSP90, vimentin, and MMP-9 in tumor cells was inhibited during the treatment, resulting in less metastasis and recurrence. Moreover, no apparent side effect has been observed during the treatment. Therefore, MnAs/ICG/HSA-RGD can be considered as a promising option for HCC with excellent therapeutic efficacy and minimum side effects.

GSH-mediated liver biotransformation is a crucial physiological process demanding efficient research tools. Here, we report a type of amorphous Fe

A novel fracturing fluid system with wettability was prepared. XRD and TGA of the polymer were measured. Rheology and SEM experiments showed that the fracturing fluid had a dense network structure. The microstructures of the gel breaking fluid were obtained using SEM and TEM tests, which demonstrated more obvious crosslinking. Contact angle and wetting function of the gel breaking fluid were evaluated on sandstone. The NFW fracturing fluid showed excellent rheological properties at 90 °C. The surface tension of the gel breaking fluid was relatively low, being 20 mN m−1. The WA, BET data and zeta potential of the NFW gel breaking fluid suggested that the material was absorbed on the sandstone surface and a bilayer was formed. Meanwhile, CT and AFM studies indicated that the imbibition effect of the gel breaking fluid could obviously be observed on the sandstone. The contact angle increased to 146° when the sandstone was immersed in solution, which suggested that the wettability of the rock was changed. The imbibition efficiency of NFW is higher than that of water. Thus, this fracturing fluid with wettability could be an alternative for development in tight oil reservoirs.

Herein we report a pair of redox-responsive manganese complexes Mn(iii)/(ii)-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate (HTFBED, L1), which are water soluble and biologically interconvertible, as reversible redox-responsive probes in 1H/19F MRI for detecting and imaging biological redox species, offering a means to access valuable redox information associated with various diseases.

Molecular probes featuring promising capabilities including specific targeting, high signal-to-noise ratio, and in situ visualization of deep tissues are in great demand for tumor diagnosis and therapy. 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques incorporating stimuli-responsive probes are anticipated to be highly beneficial for specific detection and imaging of tumors because of negligible background and deep tissue penetration. Herein, we report a cascaded multiresponsive self-assembled nanoprobe, which enables sequential redox-triggered and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation-induced 19F MR signal activation/amplification for sensing and imaging. Specifically, we designed and synthesized a cascaded multiresponsive 19F-bearing nanoprobe based on the self-assembly of amphiphilic redox-responsive 19F-containing polymers and NIR-absorbing indocyanine green (ICG) molecules. It could realize the activation of 19F signals in the reducing tumor microenvironment and subsequent signal amplification via the photothermal process. This stepwise two-stage activation/amplification of 19F signals was validated by 19F NMR and MRI both in vitro and in vivo. The multiresponsive 19F nanoprobes capable of cascaded 19F signal activation/amplification and photothermal effect exertion can provide accurate sensing and imaging of tumors.

Autophagy is a critical lysosome-mediated cellular degradation process for the clearance of damaged organelles, obsolete proteins, and invading pathogens and plays important roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases including cancer. While not a cell death process per se, autophagy is nevertheless intimately linked to a cell's live/die decision. Basal autophagy, operating constitutively at low levels in essentially every mammalian cell, is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis and promotes cell survival. On the other hand, elevated level of autophagy is frequently observed in cells responding to a physical, chemical, or biological stress. This "induced" autophagy, a hallmark under a variety of pathological and pathophysiological conditions, may be either pro-death or pro-survival, two contrasting paradigms for cell fate determination. Research in our laboratory and other groups around the world over the last 15 years has revealed nanomaterials as a unique class of autophagy inducers, with the capability of elevating the cellular autophagy to extremely high levels. In this Account we focus on the contrasting cell fate decision impacted by nanomaterial-induced autophagy. First, we give a brief introduction to nanomaterial-induced autophagy and summarize our current understanding on how it affects a cell's live/die decision. Autophagy induced by nanomaterials, in most cases, promotes cell death, but a significant number of nanomaterials are also able to elicit pro-survival autophagy. Although not a common feature, some nanomaterials may induce pro-death autophagy in one cell type while eliciting pro-survival autophagy in a different cell type. The ability to control the level of the induced autophagy, and furthermore its pro-death/pro-survival nature, is critically important for nanomedicine. Second, we discuss several possible mechanistic insights on the pro-death/pro-survival decision for nanomaterial-induced autophagy. "Disrupted" autophagic processes, with a "block" or perhaps "diversion" at the various stages, may be a characteristic hallmark for nanomaterial-induced autophagy, rendering it intrinsically pro-death in nature. On the other hand, autophagy-mediated upregulation and activation of pro-survival factors or signaling pathways, overriding the intrinsic pro-death nature, may be a common mechanism for nanomaterial-induced pro-survival autophagy. In addition, cargo degradation and reactive oxygen species may also play important roles in the pro-death/pro-survival decision impacted by nanomaterial-induced autophagy. Finally, we focus on the situation where nanomaterials induce autophagy in cancer cells and summarize the different strategies in exploiting the pro-death or pro-survival nature of nanomaterial-induced autophagy to enhance the various modalities of cancer therapy, including direct cancer cell killing, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, and integrated diagnosis and therapy. While the details vary, the basic principle is simple and straightforward. If the induced autophagy is pro-death, maximize it. Otherwise, inhibit it. Effective exploitation of nanomaterial-induced autophagy has the potential to become a new weapon in our ever-increasing arsenal to fight cancer, particularly difficult-to-treat and drug-resistant cancer.

Multifunctional nanoplatforms featuring promising properties including excellent loading efficiency, real-time monitoring, and improved cargo bioavailability and bioselectivity are in great demand by the biomedical research community. During the development of such nanoplatforms, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) as a smart nanoplatform have recently received extensive attention. Herein, we report small-sized octapod-shaped hollow porous manganese(II) oxide (HPMO) NPs as a stimuli-responsive T1-activatable nanoplatform for tumor-specific cargo delivery and real-time monitoring. The HPMO NPs functionalized by zwitterionic dopamine sulfonate (ZDS) can act as a versatile platform to load organic dyes or chemotherapeutic drugs with high loading efficiency. The obtained Cargo@HPMO would decompose into paramagnetic Mn2+ ions and subsequently release cargoes in mild acidic conditions, especially in tumor microenvironment and lysosome. The released Mn2+ can enhance T1 magnetic resonance signal for real-time monitoring of the cargo delivery in vivo. This octapod-shaped Cargo@HPMO can act as a smart and versatile nanoplatform with pH-responsive multimodal imaging and site-specific drug delivery for the development of accurate diagnosis and effective therapy for cancer.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis is better assisted by contrast agents that can augment the signal contrast in the imaging appearance. However, this technique is still limited by the inherently low sensitivity on the recorded signal changes in conventional T1 or T2 MRI in a qualitative manner. Here, we provide a new paradigm of MRI diagnosis using T1- T2 dual-modal MRI contrast agents for contrast-enhanced postimaging computations on T1 and T2 relaxation changes. An albumin-binding molecule (i.e., truncated Evans blue) chelated with paramagnetic manganese ion was developed as a novel T1- T2 dual-modal MRI contrast agent at high magnetic field (7 T). Furthermore, the postimaging computations on T1- T2 dual-modal MRI led to greatly enhanced signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) in both subcutaneous and orthotopic brain tumor models compared with traditional MRI methods. The T1- T2 dual-modal MRI computations have great potential to eliminate suspicious artifacts and false-positive signals in mouse brain imaging. This study may open new avenues for contrast-enhanced MRI diagnosis and holds great promise for precision medicine.

Visualization of biological targets such as crucial cells and biomolecules in living subjects is critical for the studies of important biological processes. Though