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This study experimented with a unified scheme of stochastic physics and bias correction within a regional ensemble model [Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System–Regional Ensemble Prediction System (GRAPES-REPS)]. It is intended to improve ensemble prediction skill by reducing both random and systematic errors at the same time. Three experiments were performed on top of GRAPES-REPS. The first experiment adds only the stochastic physics. The second experiment adds only the bias correction scheme. The third experiment adds both the stochastic physics and bias correction. The experimental period is one month from 1 to 31 July 2015 over the China domain. Using 850-hPa temperature as an example, the study reveals the following: 1) the stochastic physics can effectively increase the ensemble spread, while the bias correction cannot. Therefore, ensemble averaging of the stochastic physics runs can reduce more random error than the bias correction runs. 2) Bias correction can significantly reduce systematic error, while the stochastic physics cannot. As a result, the bias correction greatly improved the quality of ensemble mean forecasts but the stochastic physics did not. 3) The unified scheme can greatly reduce both random and systematic errors at the same time and performed the best of the three experiments. These results were further confirmed by verification of the ensemble mean, spread, and probabilistic forecasts of many other atmospheric fields for both upper air and the surface, including precipitation. Based on this study, we recommend that operational numerical weather prediction centers adopt this unified scheme approach in ensemble models to achieve the best forecasts.

Ensemble forecast is a method to faithfully describe initial and model uncertainties in a weather forecasting system. Initial uncertainties are much more important than model uncertainties in the short-range numerical prediction. Currently, initial uncertainties are described by Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) initial perturbation method in Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System-Regional Ensemble Prediction System (GRAPES-REPS). However, an initial perturbation distribution similar to the analysis error cannot be yielded in the ETKF method of the GRAPES-REPS. To improve the method, we introduce a regional rescaling factor into the ETKF method (we call it ETKF_R). We also compare the results between the ETKF and ETKF_R methods and further demonstrate how rescaling can affect the initial perturbation characteristics as well as the ensemble forecast skills. The characteristics of the initial ensemble perturbation improve after applying the ETKF_R method. For example, the initial perturbation structures become more reasonable, the perturbations are better able to explain the forecast errors at short lead times, and the lower kinetic energy spectrum as well as perturbation energy at the initial forecast times can lead to a higher growth rate of themselves. Additionally, the ensemble forecast verification results suggest that the ETKF_R method has a better spread-skill relationship, a faster ensemble spread growth rate and a more reasonable rank histogram distribution than ETKF. Furthermore, the rescaling has only a minor impact on the assessment of the sharpness of probabilistic forecasts. The above results all suggest that ETKF_R can be effectively applied to the operational GRAPES-REPS.

Microwave (MW) hyperthermia has received great attention as an emerging green tumor thermotherapy. In this work, layered MoS

This study demonstrates how model bias can adversely affect the quality assessment of an ensemble prediction system (EPS) by verification metrics. A regional EPS [Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System-Regional Ensemble Prediction System (GRAPES-REPS)] was verified over a period of one month over China. Three variables (500-hPa and 2-m temperatures, and 250-hPa wind) are selected to represent "strong" and "weak" bias situations. Ensemble spread and probabilistic forecasts are compared before and after a bias correction. The results show that the conclusions drawn from ensemble verification about the EPS are dramatically different with or without model bias. This is true for both ensemble spread and probabilistic forecasts. The GRAPES-REPS is severely underdispersive before the bias correction but becomes calibrated afterward, although the improvement in the spread' spatial structure is much less; the spread-skill relation is also improved. The probabilities become much sharper and almost perfectly reliable after the bias is removed. Therefore, it is necessary to remove forecast biases before an EPS can be accurately evaluated since an EPS deals only with random error but not systematic error. Only when an EPS has no or little forecast bias, can ensemble verification metrics reliably reveal the true quality of an EPS without removing forecast bias first. An implication is that EPS developers should not be expected to introduce methods to dramatically increase ensemble spread (either by perturbation method or statistical calibration) to achieve reliability. Instead, the preferred solution is to reduce model bias through prediction system developments and to focus on the quality of spread (not the quantity of spread). Forecast products should also be produced from the debiased but not the raw ensemble.

This study demonstrates how model bias can adversely affect the quality assessment of an ensemble prediction system (EPS) by verification metrics. A regional EPS [Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System-Regional Ensemble Prediction System (GRAPES-REPS)] was verified over a period of one month over China. Three variables (500-hPa and 2-m temperatures, and 250-hPa wind) are selected to represent “strong” and “weak” bias situations. Ensemble spread and probabilistic forecasts are compared before and after a bias correction. The results show that the conclusions drawn from ensemble verification about the EPS are dramatically different with or without model bias. This is true for both ensemble spread and probabilistic forecasts. The GRAPES-REPS is severely underdispersive before the bias correction but becomes calibrated afterward, although the improvement in the spread’s spatial structure is much less; the spread–skill relation is also improved. The probabilities become much sharper and almost perfectly reliable after the bias is removed. Therefore, it is necessary to remove forecast biases before an EPS can be accurately evaluated since an EPS deals only with random error but not systematic error. Only when an EPS has no or little forecast bias, can ensemble verification metrics reliably reveal the true quality of an EPS without removing forecast bias first. An implication is that EPS developers should not be expected to introduce methods to dramatically increase ensemble spread (either by perturbation method or statistical calibration) to achieve reliability. Instead, the preferred solution is to reduce model bias through prediction system developments and to focus on the quality of spread (not the quantity of spread). Forecast products should also be produced from the debiased but not the raw ensemble.

It is an ambitious target to improve overall Hepatocellular Carcinoma therapeutic effects. Recently, MW ablation has emerged as a powerful thermal ablation technique, affording favorable survival with excellent local tumor control. To achieve better therapeutic effects of MW ablation, MW sensitizers are prepared for enhanced MW ablation to preferentially heat tumor territory. However, it is still not practicable for treatment of the orthotopic transplantation tumor. Herein, biocompatible and degradable methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) microcapsules with hierarchical structure have been designed for microwave-induced tumor therapy. Chemical drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl), microwave (MW) sensitizers and CT imaging contrast MoS2 nanosheets and MR imaging contrast Fe3O4 nanoparticles are co-incorporated into the microcapsules. In vitro/vivo MR/CT dual-modal imaging results prove the potential application for guiding synergetic therapy and predicting post-therapy tumor progression in the orthotopic transplantation tumor model. After blocking the tumor-feeding arteries, these microcapsules not only exclude the cooling effect by cutting off the blood flow but also enhance MW heating conversion at tumor site. The focused MW heating makes microcapsules mollescent or ruptured and releases DOX·HCl from the microcapsules, achieving the controlled release of drugs for chemical therapy. Compared with MW ablation, 29.4% increase of necrosis diameter of normal liver in rabbit is obtained under MW ablation combined with transcatheter arterial blocking, and the average size of necrosis and inhibition rate of VX-2 liver orthotopic transplantation tumor in rabbit has increased by 129.33% and 73.46%. Moreover, it is proved that the superselectively arterial administration of the as-prepared microcapsules has no recognizable toxicity on the animals. Therefore, this research provides a novel strategy for the construction of MW-induced microcapsules for orthotopic transplantation tumor ablation with the properties of MW sensitizing, superselective arterial blocking, control release and enhanced accumulation of DOX·HCl, and MR/CT dual-modal imaging, which exhibits great potential applications in the field of HCC therapy.

Combined thermo-chemotherapy displays outstanding synergically therapeutic efficiency when compared with standalone thermotherapy and chemotherapy. Herein, we developed a smart tri-stimuli-responsive drug delivery system involving X@BB-ZrO2 NPs (X represents loaded IL, DOX, keratin and tetradecanol) based on novel ball-in-ball-structured ZrO2 nanoparticles (BB-ZrO2 NPs). The microwave energy conversion efficiency of BB-ZrO2 NPs was 41.2% higher than that of traditional single-layer NPs due to the cooperative action of self-reflection and spatial confinement effect of the special two-layer hollow nanostructure. The tri-stimuli-responsive controlled release strategy indicate that integrated pH, redox and microwaves in single NPs based on keratin and tetradecanol could effectively enhance the specific controlled release of DOX. The release of DOX was only 8.1% in PBS with pH = 7.2 and GSH = 20 μM. However, the release could reach about 50% at the tumor site (pH = 5.5, GSH = 13 mM) under microwave ablation. The as-made X@BB-ZrO2 NPs exhibited perfect synergic therapy effect of chemotherapy and microwave ablation both in subcutaneous tumors (H22 tumor-bearing mice) and deep tumors (liver transplantation VX2 tumor-bearing rabbit model). There was no recurrence and death in the X@BB-ZrO2 + MW group during the therapy of subcutaneous tumors even on the 42nd day. The growth rates in the deep tumor of the control, MW and X@BB-ZrO2 + MW groups were 290.1%, 14.1% and -42% 6 days after ablation, respectively. Dual-source CT was used to monitor the metabolism behavior of the as-made BB-ZrO2 NPs and traditional CT was utilized to monitor the tumor growth in rabbits. Frozen section examination and ICP results indicated the precise control of drug delivery and enhanced cytotoxicity by the tri-stimuli-responsive controlled release strategy. The ball-in-ball ZrO2 NPs with high microwave energy conversion efficiency were first developed for synergic microwave ablation and tri-stimuli-responsive chemotherapy, which may have potential applications in clinic.

It is the core task of space combat operations to detect and track targets, and the infrared target detection technology has an immediate impact on the performance of combat systems. So, the infrared target detection has been one of the emphases in military research. With the accelerated development of modern high-tech, combat systems are required more in their abilities of long-range target detection and tracking. It needs us to explore much more precise infrared target detection methods to achieve better target detection performance. To complete this challenging task, an infrared small target detection method based on Relevance Vector Regression (RVR) is proposed in this paper according to the characteristics of infrared target and related theories of RVR. Firstly, the basic theories and related techniques of RVR are introduced. Secondly, the specific method of infrared target detection based on RVR and nonlinear kernel correlation coefficient is reviewed. Thirdly, we proposed the new detection method based on RVR. In the last part, the experiment results which compared the new method with other methods are shown. The final experiment results prove that the proposed method has validity and better performance than the classical compared methods.

In recent years, it is prevalent to treat various kinds of the tumors through microwave ablation method. However, it is still very difficult to ablate large tumors by the traditional microwave ablation therapy. In this work, an effective microwave embolization agent designed by encapsulating molybdenum sulfide nanosheets in the sodium alginate microcapsules, denoted as MSMCs, was prepared for the effective therapy of large tumor. The toxicity evaluation showed that MSMC had a good biocompatibility in vitro. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the MSMC was an excellent embolic and microwave susceptible agent that could be used for dual-enhanced microwave ablation therapy. As such, the MSMC showed excellent tumor therapeutic effect with 5 times larger ablation zone observed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging than the microwave alone after 3 days treating. Besides, the tumor is nearly completely ablated and can not be recurrent due to the persistent hyperthermia. Moreover, MSMCs have a good biocompatibility and can be degraded and cleared from the body. It is believed that the MSMC is demonstrated to be a promising multifunctional theranostic agent used for treating the larger tumor via the synergistic therapy of enhanced microwave ablation and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).

Infrared small targets detection plays a crucial role in warning and tracking systems. Some novel methods based on pattern recognition technology catch much attention from researchers. However, those classic methods must reshape images into vectors with the high dimensionality. Moreover, vectorizing breaks the natural structure and correlations in the image data. Image representation based on tensor treats images as matrices and can hold the natural structure and correlation information. So tensor algorithms have better classification performance than vector algorithms. Fukunaga-Koontz transform is one of classification algorithms and it is a vector version method with the disadvantage of all vector algorithms. In this paper, we first extended the Fukunaga-Koontz transform into its tensor version, tensor Fukunaga-Koontz transform. Then we designed a method based on tensor Fukunaga-Koontz transform for detecting targets and used it to detect small targets in infrared images. The experimental results, comparison through signal-to-clutter, signal-to-clutter gain and background suppression factor, have validated the advantage of the target detection based on the tensor Fukunaga-Koontz transform over that based on the Fukunaga-Koontz transform.

Recent evidence has indicated that type 2 diabetes mellitus is related to an increased risk of atrial arrhythmias, which might result from atrial structural and electrical remodeling. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (statins), known as lipid-lowering agents, have been shown to exert antiarrhythmic effects both in experimental models and in humans. In this study, we postulate that atrial structural and calcium channel remodeling may occur in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats and can be alleviated by rosuvastatin (RSV) therapy. We randomly divided Wistar rats into control, untreated diabetic, RSV-treated control, and RSV-treated diabetic animals. After treatment with RSV for 4 weeks, rats were assessed by metabolic tests, histopathology, and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of Cav1.2, Cav3.1, and Cav3.2 in atrial tissues was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, and inward calcium currents (l(Ca-L) and l(Ca-T)) were recorded in isolated atrial myocytes using patch-clamp techniques. Compared with controls, diabetic rats displayed severe metabolic disorders and a disorganized cellular ultrastructure. In diabetic rats, the expression of Cav1.2 mRNA and protein was significantly decreased, whereas that of Cav3.1 was significantly increased. Long-term RSV treatment partially relieved some pathological changes in diabetic rats. However, Cav3.2 mRNA and protein remained unchanged in control and diabetic groups and was unaffected by RSV. Diabetic atrial myocytes showed significantly reduced L-type but increased T-type, Ca (2+) currents, and this effect was significantly reversed by RSV. In conclusion, long-term RSV therapy can alleviate structural and calcium channel remodeling in the type 2 diabetic rat atrium.

Microwave (MW) hyperthermia has received great attention as an emerging green tumor thermotherapy. In this work, layered MoS2 nanoflowers were prepared through a simple bottom-up hydrothermal process. By coating MoS2 nanoflowers with bovine serum albumin (BSA-MoS2), BSA-MoS2 exhibits low biotoxicity and excellent microwave susceptive properties in vitro. Meanwhile, the heating effect improvement by the layered structure was confirmed via a computer-simulated experiment. Finally, layered BSA-MoS2 nanoflowers are designed as MW hyperthermia susceptible agents for in vivo cancer therapy with 100% tumor elimination via MW irradiation at 1.8 W, 450 MHz.

Considering that average convergence rate estimation of clonal selection algorithms is a difficult problem and is still in its infancy, this article researches the convergence rate of an elitist clonal selection algorithm. It derives the best individual transition probability matrix from the directional transition probability of best individuals in algorithm populations and constructs matrix norms that meet certain requirements to resolve difficulties in calculating the matrix caused by large algorithm populations in practical applications, thereby proposing a simple and effective method of estimating average convergence rate of the algorithm. In addition, simulation experiments are performed to validate universality and validity of the estimation method.

In recent years, it is prevalent to treat various kinds of the tumors through microwave ablation method. However, it is still very difficult to ablate large tumors by the traditional microwave ablation therapy. In this work, an effective microwave embolization agent designed by encapsulating molybdenum sulfide nanosheets in the sodium alginate microcapsules, denoted as MSMCs, was prepared for the effective therapy of large tumor. The toxicity evaluation showed that MSMC had a good biocompatibility in vitro. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the MSMC was an excellent embolic and microwave susceptible agent that could be used for dual-enhanced microwave ablation therapy. As such, the MSMC showed excellent tumor therapeutic effect with 5 times larger ablation zone observed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging than the microwave alone after 3 days treating. Besides, the tumor is nearly completely ablated and can not be recurrent due to the persistent hyperthermia. Moreover, MSMCs have a good biocompatibility and can be degraded and cleared from the body. It is believed that the MSMC is demonstrated to be a promising multifunctional theranostic agent used for treating the larger tumor via the synergistic therapy of enhanced microwave ablation and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).

Combined thermo-chemotherapy displays outstanding synergically therapeutic efficiency when compared with standalone thermotherapy and chemotherapy. Herein, we developed a smart tri-stimuli-responsive drug delivery system involving X@BB-ZrO

A salamander is an ideal animal for studying the spinal locomotor network mechanism of vertebrates from an evolutionary perspective since it represents the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial animal. However, little is known about the spinal locomotor network of a salamander. A spinal locomotor network model is a useful tool for exploring the working mechanism of the spinal networks of salamanders. A new spinal locomotor network model for a salamander is built for a three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical model of the salamander using a novel locomotion-controlled neural network model. Based on recent experimental data on the spinal circuitry and observational results of gaits of vertebrates, we assume that different interneuron sets recruited for mediating the frequency of spinal circuits are also related to the generation of different gaits. The spinal locomotor networks of salamanders are divided into low-frequency networks for walking and high-frequency networks for swimming. Additionally, a new topological structure between the body networks and limb networks is built, which only uses the body networks to coordinate the motion of limbs. There are no direct synaptic connections among limb networks. These techniques differ from existing salamander spinal locomotor network models. A simulation is performed and analyzed to validate the properties of the new spinal locomotor networks of salamanders. The simulation results show that the new spinal locomotor networks can generate a forward walking gait, a backward walking gait, a swimming gait, and a turning gait during swimming and walking. These gaits can be switched smoothly by changing external inputs from the brainstem. These properties are consistent with those of a real salamander. However, it is still difficult for the new spinal locomotor networks to generate highly efficient turning during walking, 3D swimming, nonrhythmic movements, and so on. New experimental data are required for further validation.

This work develops a kind of sodium alginate (SA) microcapsules as microwave susceptible agents for in vivo tumor microwave thermal therapy for the first time. Due to the excellent microwave susceptible properties and low bio-toxicity, excellent therapy efficiency can be achieved with the tumor inhibiting ratio of 97.85% after one-time microwave thermal therapy with ultralow power (1.8 W, 450 MHz). Meanwhile, the mechanism of high microwave heating efficiency was confirmed via computer-simulated model in theory, demonstrating that the spatial confinement efficiency of microcapsule walls endows the inside ions with high microwave susceptible properties. This strategy offers tremendous potential applications in clinical tumor treatment with the benefits of safety, reliability, effectiveness and minimally invasiveness.

For benzyl-cyanide synthesizing are exothermic reaction with risk of Heat-Centralizing accident, so it is required to control the reacting temperature and pressure steadily and accurately. This paper presents a control project of benzyl-cyanide reactor with subsidiary control channel of microwave auxiliary heating in stock warm-up. A combined-control strategy with fuzzy and delayed filter PID was used, and it can advance the stock fitting speed and warm-up equality. PXI bus hardware and Labview graphic oriented programming of the control system were discussed. App effect show that the computer control system of benzyl-cyanide reactor presented in this paper is speedy, accurate and robust in control strategy design and is logical in hardware & software collocation.

To stay competitive, factories are increasingly automating their production lines with computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems. A CIM cell is an automated assembly line that uses a network of computers to control robots, production machines, and quality control devices. Industrial robot and robotic technology becomes more and more important in modern enterprises. Many robots are driven by AC servo electromotor or DC electromotor in order to improve dynamic characteristics of robots and increase reliability. This paper introduces a kind of new industrial robot, Performer SV3 with 6 degrees of freedom. Its controller is with 32 bits CPU. This kind of robot can be operated under 3 kinds of coordinate system: joints, world XYZ and tool coordinate system. Its controller can communicate with PC easily by RS 232 port. The robot can be controlled by program designed with ACL-Win and teach pendant. Finally the motion control of SV3 is implemented by using ACL-Win.

A new finite element procedure for the solution of the weight function, which represents the degree of the contribution of the fluid velocity to the signal in the cross section of a pipe of electromagnetic flow meter, at every point of the cross section of flow pipe of multiphase flow was presented. The solution of the weight function is important for the velocity profile inversion process. First, a numerical simulation model was built up with Femlab. Then a comparison study was investigated using the numerical simulation and Shercliff's weight function. It proved that the finite element methodology is correct for solving the weight function. Based on this result, a new kind of weight quantity solution scheme was carried out when the electrodes are located on the internal circumference of flow pipe and the connecting line of electrodes is parallel to the pipe diameter that is superposition with the coordinate axis. This methodology is effective to obtain the weight function value of electromagnetic flow meter and will be used in the invert reconstruction of the velocity profile imaging, which is significantly important for volumetric flow rate measurement.

An induced voltage Electromagnetic Flow meter (EMF) in the area of measuring single phase flow rate in pipes has been used in many industrial areas. To measure the continuous phase velocity profile in multiphase flows where the continuous phase is electrical conductive, Electrical capacitance and resistance tomography has been comprehensively investigated, except for continuous phase velocity profile measurement. This paper tries to investigate the relationship between induced electric potential or potential drop and the velocity distribution of the conductive continuous phase in the flow pipe with Electromagnetic inductance tomography (EMT). This methodology will have impact on evaluation of multiphase flow profile. In the investigation of the characteristics of an electromagnetic flow meter in multiphase flow, the geometry and physical model of alternating current electromagnetic flow meter, was designed and simulated. Multiple electrodes could be arranged at any position of the circumference to meet the requirement of signals picking for induced potential. The induced electric potential or potential drop signals from the flow meter under various flow conditions were obtained and analyzed. The numerical simulation result indicated that the methodology of EMT would be an effective novel method to obtain the volumetric flow rate.

The basic principle of EMF (electromagnetic flow meter) is the Faraday electromagnetic induction law. An induced voltage EMF for measuring flow rate of single phase in pipes has been used successfully in many industrial areas. But the measurement of volumetric flow rate of multiphase flow is not understood poor, especially the measurement of the continuous phase velocity profile in multiphase flows where the continuous phase is electrical conductive. This paper tries to investigate the characteristic of induced electric potential or potential drop, which can reflect the velocity distribution of the conductive continuous phase in the flow pipe. A predefined fluid velocity distribution, vz=5+200y, that means the component z of fluid velocity varies with the coordinate value of axis y and the components x and y of the fluid velocity are 0, was applied in the investigation. The numerical simulation model with geometry and physical preconditions was built. The analysing methodology adopting multiple virtual electrodes that could be arranged at any position of the internal circumference of fluid pipe to meet the requirement of signals picking for induced potential was proposed. Finally, the characteristics of induced potential that varies with the electrodes position are analysed clearly in different figures