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Future climate change is expected to affect components of the hydrological cycle. However geologic factors can sometimes be more important than the climate with regarding to change hydrological processes. The Keriya River is a large glacier-fed river in the western Tibet Plateau, its upper reaches flow across active fault zones, which have experienced four medium-sized earthquakes within four months 1974. These active faults have made difficult to identify normal meltwater changes using a snow-ice melt model. Because of the seismic events, the river has experienced substantial changes in their drainage systems and complex hydrological processes. Both the Mann-Kendall trend test and a correlation analysis were applied to detect the monthly patterns of stream flows, the change points and the correlations among both summer discharge and air temperature before and after seismic events. We found significant correlations between monthly air temperature and meltwater flow in the summer June during the pre-earthquake of 1958-1974, but none in July and August in the post-earthquake of 1975-1980, and we found no correlation following the earthquake. The correlations were the inverse by losing the former and setting up the latter alternately since the multiple earthquakes. Clearly, the earthquakes and changes in the faults can greatly induce hydrological processes.

The project examines the effect of perceived income inequality on consumers' perceptions toward counterfeit vs. legitimate products. We also test the potential moderating effect of individuals' Social Dominance Orientation.

This is a survey study. We test whether the effect of individual's perception of income inequality on their subjective wellbeing might vary as a function of whether they tend to use possessions that are more or less special to them.

The project examines the effect of perceived income inequality on consumers' perceptions toward counterfeit vs. legitimate products. In addition, we test the effect would be mitigated when consumers believe that counterfeit products benefit only the wealthy.

This is a pilot study that tests how perceptions of income inequality affects people's price premium decisions in public versus private settings. We also test how consumers respond to others' price premium decisions.

This is an exploratory, pilot study that tests how different framings of consumption behaviors may affect people's self-perceptions concerning environmental issues.

This study aims to investigate the experience of fear of missing out (FOMO) and the following brand attitude.

In this project we examine how the repair of consumer goods may be related to as sense of calling - ones social purpose.

This is a pilot study that tests how perceptions of income inequality affects people's price premium decisions in public versus private settings.

Monitoring changes in river runoff at the Third Pole (TP) is important because rivers in this region support millions of inhabitants in Asia and are very sensitive to climate change. Under the influence of climate change and intensified cryospheric melt, river runoff has changed markedly at the TP, with significant effects on the spatial and temporal water resource distribution that threaten water supply and food security for people living downstream. Despite some in situ observations and discharge estimates from state-of-the-art remote sensing technology, the total river runoff (TRR) for the TP has never been reliably quantified, and its response to climate change remains unclear. As part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ “Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road,” the TP-River project aims to construct a comprehensive runoff observation network at mountain outlets (where rivers leave the mountains and enter the plains) for 13 major rivers in the TP region, thereby enabling TRR to be accurately quantified. The project also integrates discharge estimates from remote sensing and cryosphere–hydrology modeling to investigate long-term changes in TRR and the relationship between the TRR variations and westerly/monsoon. Based on recent efforts, the project provides the first estimate (656 ± 23 billion m3) of annual TRR for the 13 TP rivers in 2018. The annual river runoff at the mountain outlets varies widely between the different TP rivers, ranging from 2 to 176 billion m3, with higher values mainly corresponding to rivers in the Indian monsoon domain, rather than in the westerly domain.

The detection of metal ions such as Fe3+ ions at the cellular level is of vital importance for monitoring life activities and disease diagnosis. Coumarin-based molecules are uniquely selective fluorescence probes for detecting Fe3+ ions; however, due to their lower water solubility, applying them in biological detection is a bottleneck problem. Herein, a centrally hydrophobic/externally hydrophilic strategy is proposed and a novel coumarin-based fluorescence probe was successfully synthesized by using LaOBr via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The hydrophobic part of each coumarin molecule faces inward, and the hydrophilic part (iron-ion-capturing group) faces outward, allowing each coumarin molecule to be fully stretched. Compared with the coumarin-based N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]-7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxamide (DAT) solution, the water solubility of the LaOBr/DAT composite solution was greatly improved, with enhanced fluorescent properties and detection performance. In a water solvent, the detection limit of the composite considerably improved from 300 nM to 440 pM, and the composite demonstrated better stability and selectivity for detecting Fe3+. The composite probe was applied in Fe3+ detection at the cellular level and in invisible anti-counterfeiting. This material design is of universal significance for improving the performance of other organic molecules.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have been widely studied due to the outstanding light emission properties including high quantum efficiency, narrow linewidths and electron transport properties. However, poor stability limits their implication in optical devices, especially working at ambient conditions in the presence of moisture that rapidly attenuate their performance. In this work, PQDs were loaded in nanosized EMT zeolite crystals synthesized from template-free precursor systems resulting in a composite EMT-CsPbBr

Sensitive and specific bioassays of tumor markers are critical for early cancer detection and treatment. In recent years, lanthanide (Ln3+) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted wide attentions in tumor markers detection. Herein, we combined NaYF4:Yb,Tm and silver nanoparticles, serving as energy donor and receptor, respectively, to form an up-conversion fluorescence based inhibitory tumor marker biosensor system. The tumor marker CA-125 molecules are labeled with silver NPs, and the energy transfer fluorescent signal can be detected between the UCNPs and the silver NP receptors. The biosensor shows good stability, high sensitivity and selectivity in the tumor marker concentration range from 5 to 100 ng/mL, as well as a detection limit of 120 pg/mL. Due to the advantage of ease of fabrication and operation, low cost and high information capacity, this technology holds great potential for the clinical applications.

Cryoconite is a dark-coloured granular sediment that contains biological and mineralogical components, and it plays a pivotal role in geochemistry, carbon cycling and glacier mass balance. In this work, we collected cryoconite samples from Laohugou Glacier No. 12 (LHG) on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau during the summer of 2015 and measured the spectral albedo. To explore the impacts of this sediment on surface ablation, the ice melting differences between the cryoconite-free (removed) ice and the intact layers were compared. The results showed that the mean concentrations of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and total iron (Fe) in the LHG cryoconite were 1.28, 11.18 and 39.94 mg g−1, respectively. BC was found to play a stronger role in solar light adsorption than OC and free Fe. In addition, ice covered by cryoconite exhibited the lowest mean reflectance (i.e., −1, and free Fe, BC and OC were estimated to contribute 1.01, 0.99 and 0.76 cm d−1, respectively. This study provides important insights for understanding the role of cryoconite in the glacier mass balance of the northern Tibetan Plateau.

We have conducted 12-year field observations along two slopes with altitude differences about 1,200 m (3,250 m to 4,400 m and 4,280 m to 5,538 m) to examine the altitudinal dependence of climate warming in recent years. Annual mean of air temperature during 1951-2014 of 65 meteorological stations on the TP are used to analyze the relationship between elevation and climate warming. We divided the TP into three latitude zones: 35°N. We find that climate warming rates decreased significantly with elevation increasing in the three latitude zones. Our 12-year intensive field observations data show a similar result. Therefore, higher altitudes are likely to warm slower on the Tibetan Plateau. In addition to the latitudinal effect, it is perhaps largely contributed by the local environmental changes such as urbanization, land cove changes at lower populated elevation area, and/or the glacier and permafrost melting at high mountains.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as an essential tumor treatment method, has received great attention; however, there are still some challenges such as hydrophobicity of most of the photosensitizers, safety of in vivo transport, and characteristics of oxygen consumption. Herein, we used albumin as the nanocarrier for the loading of Chlorin e6 (Ce6) photosensitizer. In the meantime, tirapazaming (TPZ) was co-loaded onto the nanocomposite, which could be activated by hypoxia caused by PDT for enhanced therapy. Considering the over irradiation problem, a strategy for measuring PDT degree by ratio fluorescence was utilized. The PDT monitoring design relies on ratio emissions of C6 (Coumarin 6) and Ce6 molecules since the red emission of Ce6 is dependent on the PDT capability. Based on the characterization of the albumin nanocomposites, we further explored the combined therapy effect at both the in vitro and in vivo levels and attained the corresponding results.

Glacier collapse is a fairly new type of glacier-related disasters on the Asian Water Towers (AWTs) in the warming climate. On 16 October and 29 October 2018, two glacier collapses occurred in the Sedongpu Basin, 7 km downstream from Gyala Village, Paizhen Town, Miling County, on the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR). The ice and entrained debris flows caused by the glacier collapses blocked the YTR, resulting in a potential threat to residents and transport lines upstream and downstream. Through post-event field investigations with a helicopter and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), remote sensing interpretation, and seismic, hydrological, and meteorological observations, the process and potential mechanisms of the glacier collapse-induced river blocking (GCRB) disasters were investigated. We confirmed that the first glacier collapse event occurred at 22:48 (Beijing time) on 16 October 2018 and the second began at 08:03 on 29 October 2018. Approximately 130 × 106 m3 of ice and debris detached from the glacier during the glacier collapse, and we calculated that the river blocking fans caused by the first and second glacier collapse event covered ~1.36 km2 and ~ 1.29 km2 on the main watercourse of the YTR, respectively. We determined that the GCRB incidents represent a disaster chain of glacier collapse → glacial debris flow → river blockage → dammed lake → outburst flood. These incidents arise due to a combination of factors, including glacier activity, climate warming, heavy precipitation, pre-seismic activity, and high topographic relief. In the context of climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau, such glacier collapse induced disaster chains will continue or even intensify in the future. To protect against glacier collapse disasters in the Grand Canyon on the YTR, we established a monitoring and early warning system (EWS), which has already successfully sounded alerts for GCRB incidents. As a major element of an integrated risk management strategy, the EWS represents a viable and promising tool for mitigating climate change-related risks.

ObjectiveRecent studies have provided insights into the gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, these studies were restricted owing to limited sampling at the unitary stage of childhood. Herein, we aimed to reveal developmental characteristics of gut microbiota in a large cohort of subjects with ASD combined with interindividual factors impacting gut microbiota.DesignA large cohort of 773 subjects with ASD (aged 16 months to 19 years), 429 neurotypical (NT) development subjects (aged 11 months to 15 years) were emolyed to determine the dynamics change of gut microbiota across different ages using 16S rRNA sequencing.ResultIn subjects with ASD, we observed a distinct but progressive deviation in the development of gut microbiota characterised by persistently decreased alpha diversity, early unsustainable immature microbiota, altered aboudance of 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), decreased taxon detection rate and 325 deregulated microbial metabolic functions with age-dependent patterns. We further revealed microbial relationships that have changed extensively in ASD before 3 years of age, which were associated with the severity of behaviour, sleep and GI symptoms in the ASD group. This analysis demonstrated that a signature of the combination of 2 OTUs, Veillonella and Enterobacteriaceae, and 17 microbial metabolic functions efficiently discriminated ASD from NT subjects in both the discovery (area under the curve (AUC)=0.86), and validation 1 (AUC=0.78), 2 (AUC=0.82) and 3 (AUC=0.67) sets.ConclusionOur large cohort combined with clinical symptom analysis highlights the key regulator of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of ASD and emphasises the importance of monitoring and targeting the gut microbiome in future clinical applications of ASD.

Radiation pulmonary injury is related to the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the alveolar interstitial space. Matrilin-2 as a component of extracellular filamentous networks, present higher level in the lung tissue from irradiated mice and irradiated pulmonary epithelial cell line, HPAEpiC cells. Knockdown of endogenous matrilin-2 prevents the apoptosis of HPAEpiC cell induced by the irradiation injury. Consistently, over-expression of matrilin-2 reduced the proliferation and induced apoptosis of HPAEpiC cells. Matrilin-2 promotes the expression of p21 via increasing the transcriptional activity of p53, by which induces the G1 phase arresting in HPAEpiC cells. In summary, matrilin-2, increased by irradiation, reduced the proliferation and induces apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells via p53/p21 pathway.

Black carbon (BC), which consists of the strongest light-absorbing particles (LAP) in snow/ice, has been regarded as a potential factor accelerating the melting of glaciers and snow cover over the Third Pole. During the winter and summer of 2016, snow, ice and topsoil were sampled from the Laohugou basin located on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of BC in Laohugou Glacier No. 12 (LG12) and snow cover in this basin (LSC) varied broadly (21.7–2700.1 and 89.6 to 6326.2 ng g−1, respectively), indicating large spatiotemporal variability in wet, dry and post depositional conditions. Further, internally mixed BC in snow grains enhanced the albedo reduction (15.0–26.3%) more than externally mixed BC in LG12 and LSC. Dust played a more important role than BC in accelerating the melting of LG12, whereas these components played comparable roles in accelerating the melting of LSC. In total, externally mixed BC and dust reduced the albedo by 0.075–0.423, with an associated mean radiative forcing (RF) of 97.5 ± 41.5 Wm−2 in LSC. This level was lower than those in the ablation zone (354.1 ± 81.2 Wm−2) and accumulation zone (145.6 ± 76.7 Wm−2) of LG12 because of discrepancies in LAP concentrations, solar zenith angles and incoming shortwave radiation. Furthermore, we observed that topsoil containing abundant BC was transported along the slope from the debris to the LG12 surface ice, and topsoil in this region could be lifted by strong mountain-valley winds and then deposited on snow/ice surfaces, which affected the LAP concentrations. Therefore, this study is important for understanding the role of BC and dust in the melting of snow/ice in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.

Organic molecular probes are the main method for metal ion detection because of their excellent selectivity, while the approach remains limited due to the hydrophobic properties of highly efficient fluorescent molecules. Herein, the internal hydrophobic-external hydrophilic molecule design strategy was proposed to improve the water solubility and the sensing performance. Based on a coumarin-molecule-based iron ion probe, we further introduced a central hydrophobic molecule tribromophenol to connect the hydrophobic part of coumarin molecules. By investigating the experimental conditions and molecular structure, the trimeric phenolic coumarin (TPC) molecules with the largest hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio exhibited excellent water solubility, fluorescent property and ultra-sensitive iron ion detection performance. Greatly enhanced iron ions binding ability lead to ultralow detection limit of 9.6 pM which is much lower than that of coumarin molecule probes and other reported iron ion probes (nM level). And more, this molecular design also enabled sun-excited naked eye Fe3+ detection. Due to the remarkable biocompatibility of the probe, the sensitive intracellular iron ions are achieved with a very low detection limit of 0.2 mM. This molecule design provides a promising and powerful method for enhanced water soluble and effective metal ion detection.

Matrilins are cartilage abandon molecules which are a 4 member of family of non-collagen filamentous network proteins. In cartilage, extracellular matrix (ECM) occupied 95% space which determines the histoarchitecture specific to organ plays dominant role in chondrocyte functions. Matrilins can form collagen dependent and collagen independent filamentous network in extracellular matrix which involved cell-matrix and matrix-matrix communication, and provide cells with crucial information on migration, adhesion, differentiation, matrix homeostasis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, etc. Although the matrilins gene-deficient mice show no gross abnormalities during embryonic or adult development with normal lifespan, there were several osteochondrodysplasias and degenerative joint diseases are related the point mutations of matrilins, especially matrilin-3. In this article, we reviewed most recently work on the family of matrilin and cartilage diseases.

Inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have attracted wide attention in display and solid-state lighting because of their easily tunable band-gaps and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of green light emission. However, some drawbacks limit their practical applications, including the low PLQY of blue light emission and the instability in the moisture environment. In this work, efficient blue-light emitting CsPbBr

Early detection of tumor markers is of great significance, while the common used immunosensors always meet the contradiction between the conductivity and limited surface area for immobilizing more antibodies. Herein, to address this problem, the conductive silver containing EMT zeolite nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by ion exchange and further applied in Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) detection. Since no template was involved in the nanosized EMT zeolite synthesis at low temperature, excessive silver ions can be introduced inside the channels of zeolite and bring greatly enhanced conductivity. Besides the native porous feature of zeolite, the silver containing EMT based immunosensors shows very good performance in AFP detection, which well compensates the conductivity and surface area. In human serum, the proposed immunosensor also shows linear and even higher response to AFP relative to that in PBS. This kind of zeolite based immunosensor protocol is potentially attractive for clinical immunoassay.

This research examines how consumers feel when they use counterfeits, and how these feelings affect purchase intentions toward counterfeits and genuine brands. We find that counterfeit users experience mixed emotions, stemming from concerns about the signals the counterfeit might send to others. Accordingly, mixed emotions are stronger in public versus private settings, and among consumers chronically concerned about social signaling (i.e., consumers high in social-adjustive motives). Because mixed emotions can be unpleasant, counterfeit users subsequently gravitate away from counterfeits and toward genuine brands (which communicate largely positive social signals and thus elicit no mixed emotions). In this manner, counterfeit consumption may drive demand for genuine brands. A final experiment tests implications for reducing counterfeit consumption. As predicted, consumers exposed to anticounterfeiting advertisements designed to elicit mixed emotions are willing to pay a higher price premium for genuine over counterfeit products. Collectively, these findings identify the emotional consequences of counterfeit consumption and highlight that an effective way to understand and reduce counterfeit consumption is to focus on the social context in which many counterfeits are used.

Postoperative pain is caused by surgical injury and trauma; is stressful to patients; and includes a series of physiologic, psychological, and behavioral reactions. Effective postoperative analgesia helps improve postoperative pain, perioperative safety, and hospital discharge rates. This study aimed to observe the influence of postoperative intravenous sufentanil patient-controlled analgesia combined with music therapy versus sufentanil alone on hemodynamics and analgesia in patients with lung cancer.This was a randomized parallel study performed in 60 patients in American Society of Anesthesiologists class I or II undergoing lung cancer resection at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University. Patients were randomly assigned to a music therapy (MT) group and a control (C) group. The MT group underwent preoperative and postoperative music intervention while the C group did not. Both groups received intravenous patient-controlled sufentanil analgesia. The primary outcome was the visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 24 hours after surgery. The secondary outcomes included hemodynamic changes (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate), changes on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), total consumption of sufentanil, number of uses, sedation, and adverse effects. The postoperative sufentanil dose and analgesia frequency were recorded.Compared with the C group, the MT group had significantly lower VAS score, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and SAS score within 24 hours after surgery (p 0.01). In addition, postoperative analgesia frequency and sufentanil dose were reduced in the MT group (p 0.01).Combined music therapy and sufentanil improves intravenous patient-controlled analgesia effects compared with sufentanil alone after lung cancer surgery. Lower doses of sufentanil could be administered to more effectively improve patients' cardiovascular parameters.

Mutations in matrilin-3 are associated with common skeletal diseases, such as hand osteoarthritis (HOA), as well as rare chondrodysplasias, such as multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) and spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD). In the present study, we constructed the mutations R116W [at the von Willebrand factor, type A (vWFA) domain], T298M [at the first epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain] and C299S (at the first EGF domain), according to the mouse sequence, which are associated with human MED, HOA and SEMD, respectively, by overlap extension PCR and inserted them into an expression vector (pcDNA3.1/v5-His). We transfected these contructs into the COS-1 or MCT cells, and the results revealed that the HOA-related matrilin-3 mutation (T298M) leads to a high expression level of growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153, also known as CHOP; an endoplasmic reticulum stress marker), as shown by western blot analysis and does not significantly affect protein secretion, as shown by immunofluorescence staining; however, osteochondroplasia, i.e., MED-related (R116W) and SEMD-related (C299S) mutations lead to both high levels of GADD153 expression and protein trafficking into the cytoplasm and form multiple vacuoles in cells, which in turn leads to insufficient protein secretion.

Background TGFβ 1 is very important in the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and also in the mediation of human pulmonary fibroblasts proliferation, and miR-29 plays an important role in this process. Objective In the present study, the effects of TGFβ 1 on the expression of miR-29 and whether miR-29 is involved in pro-survival signaling pathways mediated by TGFβ 1 were examined in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Methods and results Treatment of the human IMR-90 cells with TGFβ 1 caused a decrease in the expression of miR-29a/b/c as determined by real-time PCR analysis. TGFβ 1 stimulation increased cell proliferation, colony formation and up-regulated expression of COL1A1; transfecting with miR-29a/b/c mimics reverse TGFβ 1-induced phenotype changes in IMR-90. Western blot analyses showed that TGFβ 1 treatment unchanged total protein expression levels of β -catenin, but phosphorylation of β -catenin and the expression levels of wnt3a and COL1A1 were increased; and miR-19a/b/c mimics interfering blocked DKK1, wnt3a, and phosphorylation of β -catenin and decreased expression of COL1A1 after TGFβ 1 treatment. Our results showed that TGFβ 1 activated the wnt/β -catenin pathway, and this activation was essential for the expression of miR-29 in IMR-90. Conclusions The results indicate a novel biological function of the wnt/β -catenin pathway in IMR-90. Elevated expression of miR-29 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases related to fibrogenic reactions in human IMR-90.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has recently been recognized to harbor therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of HCC, but it remains controversial as to whether IFN-α exerts direct cytotoxicity against HCC. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in HCC and is considered to play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the combined effect of a COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and IFN-α on in vitro growth suppression of HCC using the hepatoma cell line HLCZ01 and the in vivo nude mouse xenotransplantation model using HLCZ01 cells. Treatment with celecoxib and IFN-α synergistically inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptosis was identified by 4׳,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride and fluorescent staining. IFN-α upregulated the expression of TRAIL, while celecoxib increased the expression of TRAIL receptors. The combined regimen with celecoxib and IFN-α reduced the growth of xenotransplanted HCCs in nude mice. The regulation of IFN-α- and COX-2 inhibitor-induced cell death is impaired in a subset of TRAIL-resistant cells. The molecular mechanisms of HCC cells resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis were explored using molecular biological and immunological methods. Interferon-α and the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib synergistically increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. These data suggest that IFN-α and celecoxib may offer a novel role with important implications in designing new therapeutics for TRAIL-resistant tumors.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with the majority of cases associated with persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus infection. In particular, chronic HBV infection is a predominant risk factor for the development of HCC in Asian and African populations. Hepatic resection, liver transplantion and radiofrequency ablation are increasingly used for the curative treatment of HCC, however, the survival rate of HCC patients who have undergone curative resection remains unsatisfactory due to the high recurrence rate. HCC is a complex disease that is typically resistant to the most commonly used types of chemotherapy and radiotherapy; therefore, the development of novel treatment strategies is required to improve the survival rate of this disease. A high viral load of HBV DNA is the most important correctable risk factor for HCC recurrence, for example nucleos(t)ide analogs improve the outcome following curative resection of HBV-associated HCC, and interferon-α exhibits antitumor activity against various types of cancer via direct inhibitory effects on tumor cells, anti-angiogenesis, enhanced immunogenicity of tumors, immunomodulatory effects and liver dysfunction. In the present review, antiviral treatment for HBV-associated HCC is described as a strategy to reduce recurrence and improve survival.

Extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) are relatively rare soft tissue neoplasms arising from the extra gastrointestinal tract. The current study presents a case of primary EGIST of the prostate observed in a 55-year-old male. Imaging studies showed a 10×10.5×9.5-cm prostate mass. On histological observation, the mass was separated from the rectum serosa and exhibited a high mitotic count (8/50 high-power fields). The results of immunohistochemical staining showed positive immunoreactivity for cluster of differentiation (CD)117 (c-kit), CD34 and DOG1 in the tumor. On mutation analysis, loss of heterozygosity of the c-kit gene was observed in the prostatic EGIST; however, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA) gene was considered to be normal. Therefore, as EGIST of the prostate is rare, there is a requirement for the confirmation of the diagnosis to be based on immunohistochemistry and mutation analysis (of c-kit and PDGFRA).

The abscopal effect has previously been described in various tumors and is associated with radiation therapy and hyperthermia, with possible underlying mechanisms explaining each observed case. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of magnet-mediated hyperthermia on Walker-256 carcinosarcomas in rats at two different temperature ranges (42–46°C and 50–55°C). We also aimed to identify whether a higher therapeutic temperature of magnetic-mediated hyperthermia improves the abscopal antitumor effects, where localised irradiation of the tumor causes not only the irradiated tumor to shrink, but also tumors located far from the area of irradiation. Following induction of carcinosarcoma in both sides of the body, magnet-mediated hyperthermia was applied to one side only, leaving the other side as a control. The changes in tumor growth were observed. Our results demonstrated that magnet-mediated hyperthermia at a higher temperature inhibited the growth of carcinosarcoma at the site of treatment. Furthermore, the growth of the carcinosarcoma on the untreated side was also inhibited. The expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen were decreased in the hyperthermia group, which was more significant in the higher temperature test group. Flow cytometric analysis showed an increased number of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed increased levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 in the higher temperature group. These results suggested that magnet-mediated hyperthermia at a higher temperature (50–55°C) can improve the abscopal antitumor effects and stimulate a greater endogenous immune response in carcinosarcoma-bearing rats.

The quality of soil-moisture simulation using land surface models depends largely on the accuracy of the meteorological forcing data. We investigated how to reduce the uncertainty arising from meteorological forcings in a simulation by adopting a multiple meteorological forcing ensemble approach. Simulations by the Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5) over mainland China were conducted using four different meteorological forcings, and the four sets of soil-moisture data related to the simulations were then merged using simple arithmetical averaging and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) ensemble approaches. BMA is a statistical post-processing procedure for producing calibrated and sharp predictive probability density functions (PDFs), which is a weighted average of PDFs centered on the bias-corrected forecasts from a set of individual ensemble members based on their probabilistic likelihood measures. Compared to in situ observations, the four simulations captured the spatial and seasonal variations of soil moisture in most cases with some mean bias. They performed differently when simulating the seasonal phases in the annual cycle, the interannual variation and the magnitude of observed soil moisture over different subregions of mainland China, but no individual meteorological forcing performed best for all subregions. The simple arithmetical average ensemble product outperformed most, but not all, individual members over most of the subregions. The BMA ensemble product performed better than simple arithmetical averaging, and performed best for all fields over most of the subregions. The BMA ensemble approach applied to the ensemble simulation reproduced anomalies and seasonal variations in observed soil-moisture values, and simulated the mean soil moisture. It is presented here as a promising way for reproducing long-term, high-resolution spatial and temporal soil-moisture data.

Watersheds in frozen ground have been influenced by climate change for centuries, particularly in the last two decades when permafrost degradation has accelerated and intensified. This degradation speeds up water transfer, increases soil moisture, improves agricultural productivity, and affects the ecological environment. It is important to evaluate the effects of these impacts on hydrology to develop sustainable water resources management in cold regions. This study evaluated changes in both winter air temperature and streamflow regime for a selected drainage basin at low latitude but high altitude following large scale permafrost degradation in the Tibetan Plateau. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to identify trends in both winter air temperature and streamflow. The results showed significant upward trends in winter flow but not summer runoff. The trend tests indicated that change points of winter streamflow and temperature occurred in 1985 and 1983, respectively. Comparison of winter flow duration for two 16-year periods (1976–1991 and 1992–2008) showed a significantly upward trend in winter streamflow. Increases in most winter flows varied from 16% to 24%, while the increase in low flows was much greater. There were reliable positive correlations between the October and November temperatures and the following monthly discharges. Both the temperature rise and discharge increase at start of the frost period can greatly increase drainage of subsurface water in February, when the maximum variability occurred. The total increases in winter flow are increasing as a function of time, with significant changes occurring since the early 1980s. However, it is yet unclear if the watershed has seen the full effects of the permafrost degradation over the Tibetan Plateau.

The computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT is used to analyze the performance characteristics of aerostatic journal bearing with slot-entry restrictors. The three-dimensional bearing model is established by the computational fluid dynamics fore treatment software GAMBIT. The gas film is meshed and boundary condition is set properly in GAMBIT. Then the flow field of bearing is solved in FLUENT. The pressure distribution within bearing model is obtained and showed intuitively under different radial eccentricity ratio respectively. The local pressure distribution and velocity distribution around the slot-entry are showed, and then intuitively disclosure the gas flow rule in the bearing. Rapid pressure depression is found near the slot-entry restrictors. The bearing capacity and stiffness are calculated and showed by the form of curves. After comparing it with the load-carrying capacity and stiffness obtained by solving conventional Reynolds equations using finite element method, it is found that the two results are very uniform. It is proved that the results obtained by computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT is correct and the method is feasible.

The process of evaporation from the lake surface is one of the main mechanisms in the energy and water budgets of the lake hydrologic cycle, and an essential component of the water balance especially for inland lakes. In this study, using routine meteorological data as input, a one-layer potential evaporation model was employed to simulate evaporation and energy fluxes over Lake Yamdrok Yumco, the largest high-elevation inland lake in the mountain area of the Tibet-Himalaya in China. Then, the calculation results were compared with the measured values from a big pan evaporator of 20 m2 near the lake. The results show that the average annual input radiation flux R ↓ is 128.2 W m−2, the lake storage heat flux G is 19.4 W m−2, the sensible heat flux H is 20.4 W m−2 and the latent heat flux lE is 107.8 W m−2. The R ↓ and G exhibit similar seasonal variations. The lE reaches a maximum in October, lagging nearly 4 months behind the R ↓ and the G, which indicates the large heat capacity of the lake. The simulated annual evaporation ranges from 1,113.2 to 1,429.1 mm and its mean value is 1,252.5 mm during 1961–2005. The simulated annual evaporation is in good agreement with the measured value, and the measured average lake temperature is as expected when compared with the measured lake surface temperature.

In order to improve the drift precision of air supported gyroscope, effects of surface roughness magnitude and direction on vortex torque of air supported gyroscope are studied. Based on Christensen's rough surface stochastic model and consistency transformation method, Reynolds equation of air supported gyroscope containing surface roughness information is established. Also effects of mathematical models of main machining errors on vortex torque are established. By using finite element method, the Reynolds equation is solved numerically and the vortex torque in the presence of machining errors and surface roughness is calculated. The results show that surface roughness of slit has a significant effect on vortex torque. Transverse surface roughness makes vortex torque greater, while longitudinal surface roughness makes vortex torque smaller. The maximal difference approaches 11.4% during the range analyzed in this article. However surface roughness of journal influences vortex torque insignificantly. The research is of great significance for designing and manufacturing air supported gyroscope and predicting its performance.

The largest glacier impoundments in the Karakoram Himalaya are by ice dams formed where tributary glaciers block main rivers. These can cause outburst floods that spread destruction far through the mountains and into the lowlands. More than 90 out-bursts from impoundments behind such dams have been identified. Of the largest and most destructive, 17 were on the upper Indus River and 10 on the Yarkand. Unlike "dangerous lakes" recently reported elsewhere in the Himalaya, these events are associated with advancing glaciers, in some cases glacial surges. The lakes are short-lived, rarely surviving more than one summer. Their outburst styles and flood waves exhibit distinctive features. This paper summarizes the behavior and current status of advances of more than a dozen glaciers with histories of large impoundments. Recent developments are assessed in relation to historical records and the Karakoram glacier environment. Destructive outburst floods have already occurred on the Yarkand and may be imminent on ...

Based on the glacial flood events and climate change in the Yarkant River basin during the past 50 years, the study investigated the long-term change of temperature and precipitation, the characteristics of glacial floods, the origin of sudden flood release, the suggested flood mechanism of glacial lakes and the relationship between glacial floods and climate change. Results showed that there was an obvious increase in the temperature of the basin since 1987. Specifically in the mountainous area, the significantly increasing temperature in the summer and autumn seasons accelerated the melting rate of glaciers and caused glacial-lake burst. Sudden flood release occurred frequently. The frequency of glacial-lake outburst floods was 0.4 times/a during the period 1959-1986 and increased to 0.7 times/a during 1997-2006. Peak discharge also increased. There were seven floods with peak discharge over 4000 m(3)/s from 1959-2006, and three occurred after 1997. The increasing frequency and magnitude of glacial outburst floods mirrored the effect of climate warming on glaciers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have attracted wide attention in display and solid-state lighting because of their easily tunable band-gaps and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of green light emission. However, some drawbacks limit their practical applications, including the low PLQY of blue light emission and the instability in the moisture environment. In this work, efficient blue-light emitting CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs with PLQY of 72% were developed through a bandgap engineering approach. The achieved blue-light emitting PLQY is much higher than the values acquired in the inorganic perovskite QDs in the literature. And the emission color of the as-prepared QDs can be facially tuned by only adjusting the reaction temperature. Further, the mono-dispersed perovskite QDs@SiO2 composites were constructed benefiting from the low temperature synthesis. The optical performance of the QDs could be well persisted even in the moisture environment. Finally, the as-prepared QDs@SiO2 composite was fabricated as the QD ink on the anti-counterfeit printing technology, from which the obtained pattern would emit varied color under UV lamp. And the as-prepared composites was also applied for fabricating WLED, with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of (0.33, 0.38) and power efficiency of 32.5 lm W-1, demonstrating their promising potentials in solid-state lighting.

This study analyzed satellite images and long term climate variables from a high-elevation meteorological station (4730 m) and streamflow records to examine hydrological response of Nam Co Lake (4718 m), the largest lake on the Tibetan Plateau, over the last 50 years. The results show the lake area extended by 51.8 km2 (2.7% of the total area) when compared with the area in 1976. This change is associated with an annual precipitation increase of 65 mm (18.6%), annual and winter mean temperature increases of 0.9°C and 2.1°C respectively, an annual runoff increase of 20% and an annual pan evaporation decrease of about 2%, during the past 20 years. The year of the change point in annual precipitation, air temperature, annual pan evaporation and runoff occurred in 1971, 1983, 1997 and 1997, respectively. The timing of the lake growth corresponds with the abrupt increase in annual precipitation and runoff since the mid-1990s. This study suggests a strong positive water balance in the largest inland lake on the Tibetan Plateau.

Over the past decade, rapid landscape pattern change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions of China, such as the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, landscape evolution was investigated by the combined use of satellite remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and landscape modelling technologies. The aim was to improve our understanding of landscape changes so that sustainable land use could be established. First, the changes in various landscape metrics were analysed using the landscape structure analysis programme. Second, the mathematical methodology was explored and developed for landscape pattern change, which included: the status and trends change model for individual landscape types, the 1-km2 area percentage data model and the transition matrix of landscape types. The results show that the area of the Yellow River Basin was about 794 000 km2 during the period from 1990 to 2000; cropland, built-up land and unused land expanded significantly whereas woodland, grassland and wat...

Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, the paper presents the results of a multitemporal satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km(2) (Or 0.75 km(2) yr(-1)) during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km(2) (or 0.36 km(2) yr(-1)) during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km(2) (or 0.12 km(2) yr(-1)) during 1992-2000. 1.14 km(2) (or 0.22 km(2) yr(-1)) during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km(2) (or 0.07 km(2) yr(-1)) during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km(2) in 1974 increased to 0.71 km(2) in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.