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We demonstrate an ion-implanted triple-zone junction termination extension (JTE) for vertical GaN p-n diodes. Due to the spatial distribution of fixed charge in the triple-zone JTE structure, the peak electric fields at the contact metal edge and at the edge of the JTE are significantly reduced compared to conventional approaches. The forward and reverse characteristics of diodes with conventional single-zone JTE and the triple-zone JTE explored here have been studied and compared experimentally. GaN p-n diodes fabricated using the triple-zone JTE obtain an experimentally measured maximum breakdown voltage of 1.27 kV, appreciably higher than the 1.01 kV achieved using the single-zone JTE structure. The triple-zone JTE design also provides a wider window for fabrication processing and epitaxial wafer growth to achieve the high breakdown voltage compared to single-zone designs. The triple-zone JTE is promising for cost-effective fabrication of GaN power electronics.

Abiotic stressors, such as drought and high salinity, seriously affect plant growth, productivity, and quality. Maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and osmotic balance plays a crucial role in abiotic stress tolerance. β-amylase (BAM) hydrolyzes α-1,4-glycosidic bonds by releasing maltose from starch in the regulation of soluble sugars. However, the function and mechanism of BAMs related to abiotic stress resistance remain unclear in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). In this study, we isolated a novel β-amylase gene IbBAM1.1, which was strongly induced by PEG6000, NaCl, and maltose treatments in sweetpotato variety Yanshu25. Overexpression of IbBAM1.1 conferred enhanced tolerance to the drought and high salinity stressors in Arabidopsis thaliana. The activity of β-amylase and the degradation of starch were promoted under drought or salt stress. Accordingly, the contents of osmoprotectants, including maltose and proline were significantly higher in the transgenic lines than those in wild type (WT) plants. Less ROS, such as H2O2 and O2−, accumulated in the overexpressing lines than in WT plants. Superoxide dismutase activity was strongly enhanced and the level of malondialdehyde was lower under the drought or salt treatment in transgenic plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IbBAM1.1 acted as a positive regulator, at least in part, by regulating the level of osmoprotectants to balance the osmotic pressure and activate the scavenging system to maintain ROS homeostasis in the plants.

To study the molecular mechanism of salt stress response of peanut small GTP binding protein gene

Peanut is an important oilseed crop whose production is threatened by various abiotic and biotic stresses. Study of the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance could provide important information for the salt tolerance of this crop. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest TF families in plants and are involved in growth and development, defense regulation and the stress response. Here, we cloned a novel WRKY transcription factor gene belonging to the WRKY IIc subfamily, AhWRKY75, from the salt-tolerant mutant M34. The expression of AhWRKY75 was induced by NaCl stress treatment. After salt treatment, AhWRKY75-overexpressing peanuts grew better than wild-type plants. Furthermore, several genes related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system were up-regulated; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly higher in transgenic lines than in non-transgenic control plants; and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide anion contents were significantly lower in transgenic lines than in control plants. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (GS) and transpiration rate (Tr) of transgenic lines were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in control plants, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was significantly lower in transgenic plants than in control plants. These results demonstrated that the AhWRKY75 gene conferred salt tolerance in transgenic peanut lines by improving the efficiency of the ROS scavenging system and photosynthesis under stress treatment. This study identifies a novel WRKY gene for enhancing the tolerance of peanut and other plants to salt stress.

The temperature dependence of the electron and hole impact ionization coefficients in GaN has been investigated experimentally. Two types of p-i-n diodes grown on bulk GaN substrates have been fabricated and characterized, and the impact ionization coefficients for both electrons and holes have been extracted using the photomultiplication method. Both the electron and hole impact ionization coefficients decrease as the temperature increases. The Okuto–Crowell model was used to describe the temperature dependence of the electron and hole impact ionization coefficients. Based on the measured impact ionization coefficients, the temperature dependence of the breakdown voltage of GaN non-punch through p-n diodes can be predicted; good agreement with experimentally reported results is obtained.

Background Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins were reported to be related to adversity stress and drought tolerance. Lea-3 from Arachis hypogaea L. (AhLea-3) was previously found to be related to salt tolerance according to the result of transcriptome profiling and digital gene expression analysis. So, AhLea-3 was cloned and the salt tolerance was validated by transgenic peanut plants. Results AhLea-3 was isolated from M34, a salt-resistant mutant of peanut, with its cDNA as the template. AhLea-3 contains one intron and two extrons, and the full-length cDNA sequence contains 303 bp. AhLea-3 was ligated to pCAMBIA1301 to obtain the overexpression vector pCAMBIA1301-AhLea-3, which was then transferred into peanut variety Huayu23. The expression level of AhLea-3, as determined by qRT-PCR analysis, was >10 times higher in transgenic than in non-transgenic plants. Five days after they were irrigated with 250 mM NaCl, the transgenic plants showed less severe leaf wilting, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase), and lower malonic dialdehyde content than non-transgenic plants. Relative to non-transgenic plants, the transgenic plants had a higher photosynthetic net rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, and a lower intercellular CO2 concentration after salt stress treatment (250 mM NaCl). Conclusions These results indicate that overexpression of AhLea-3 increased the salt tolerance of transgenic peanut plants. AhLea-3 might become a useful gene resource for the variety breeding of salinity tolerance in peanut. How to cite: Qiao L, Jiang P, Tang Y, et al. Characterization of AhLea-3 and its enhancement of salt tolerance in transgenic peanut plants. Electron J Biotechnol 2021;49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.10.006

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil crop globally and high oil content is one of the major targets in peanut breeding programs. Previous studies indicated that the osmotic pressure (OP) of the leaves of peanut plants subjected to drought stress was negatively correlated with kernel oil content. Based on this knowledge, we established a practical and reliable method for creating new peanut varieties with high oil content using in vitro mutagenesis and directional OP-based selection. Using embryonic leaflets of peanut variety Huayu 20 as explants, pingyangmycin (PYM) as the mutagen, and hydroxyproline (HYP) as the OP regulator, we developed 15 HYP-tolerant regenerated plants. For each regenerated plant, we selected offspring with oil content>55% (relative to 49.5% for Huayu 20). We developed and released three new peanut varieties with high yield and high oil content from the offspring of the HYP-tolerant regenerated plants. The three new varieties were named as Yuhua 4, Yuhua 9 and Yuhua 14 and their oil contents were 57.7, 61.1 and 59.3%, respectively. The results indicate that in vitro mutagenesis with PYM followed by directed screening with HYP is a useful approach for breeding peanut varieties with high oil contents.

Voltage-gated K

Energy security and climate change are critical concerns in the present era. The booming of the vehicle population has worsened the environment and has caused severe air pollution problems, especially in urban areas. The utilization of hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas in internal combustion engines shows abundant prospects for improved performance and reduced on-road emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. This study aims to provide an insight to well-to-wheels environmental implications of the 20%HCNG fuel mixture in terms of total energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions per megajoules (MJ) of thermal energy output. The well-to-tank (WTT) impacts were evaluated using GREET 1 (2017). GREET 1 is a fuel cycle modeling tool developed by ‘Argonne national laboratory.’ GREET® is extensively used by researchers worldwide to analytically simulate energy use and emission output of various vehicle and fuel combinations. This study uses 12 prospective pathways of gaseous hydrogen production for analysis purposes. In the tank-to-wheels (TTW) phase, the 20%HCNG@EEV reduces the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by approximately 5%, and also decreases GHG emissions by 14% compared with 0%HCNG@EURO3. For simplicity, EURO5 is entitled as ‘EEV’ and has been excluded in most of the discussion, only highlighting ‘EEV,’ which abbreviates as ‘Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicles.’ For the entire well-to-wheels phase, this research work shows that all of the 20%HCNG@EEV pathways have lower total energy use and GHG emissions than 0%HCNG@EURO3 except the two pathways, such as grid electricity-to-hydrogen (without CO2 sequestration) and coal gasification-to-hydrogen (without CO2 sequestration). The WTW total energy and GHG emissions reduced by approximately 14% and 13%, respectively, with 20%HCNG@EEV based on the coke oven gas pathway compared with 0%HCNG@EURO3. It is essential to note that the use of cleaner feedstock for hydrogen, such as power-to-gas (P2G), biomass, coke oven gas (by-product), and natural gas shows tremendous prospects for realizing and practicing sustainable ‘hydrogen economy’ in China. Further technological advancement and reduction in total costs of HCNG utilization in powertrains will increase the number of HCNG vehicles decreasing the burden of air pollution, climate change, and energy crisis threats.

The ever-increasing rail pressure in diesel engines may cause the injection induced shock waves. In the present study, different gases (N2 and CO2) were used as the ambient mediums in order to understand the effect of shock waves induced by the high-speed jets on the near-field spray penetration. The tests were carried out in an optically-accessible constant volume vessel and a single-hole diesel injector was used. The injection pressure ( Pinj) ranged from 80 to 150 MPa and the ambient density ( ρambient) are 11.25, 22.52, and 33.81 kg/m3, respectively. Schlieren imaging was used to capture the shock waves ahead of the sprays with a frame speed of 100,000 fps and high-speed imaging was used to capture the spray penetration evolution with a frame speed of 300,000 fps in order to provide sufficient high temporal and spatial resolutions of the spray development. Shock waves can be observed under CO2 atmosphere over all the tested conditions and almost invisible under N2 atmosphere. The timings of occurrence and detachment of the shock waves are advanced with the increase in ρambient, but less sensitivity to Pinj. The difference in penetration lengths for N2 and CO2 atmosphere are not consistent as Pinj and ρambient varied, indicating the complicated role of shock waves in influencing the spray behaviors. Several mechanisms for the generation of shock waves were discussed, as well the physical meaning of the timing to the peak velocity of the spray tip with breakup time.

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcription factors that regulate the transcription of auxin-responsive genes during plant growth and development. In this study, 29 and 30 ARF members were identified from the two wild peanut species, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis, respectively. The ARFs, including their classifications, conserved domains and evolutionary relationships were characterized. RNA-seq analyses revealed that some of the ARF genes were responsive to abiotic stress, particularly high salinity. In addition to abiotic stress, the expression of 2 ARF members was also regulated by biotic stress, specifically Bradyrhizobium infection in A. duranensis. The ARF gene Arahy.7DXUOK was predicted to be a potential target of miR160. Overexpression of miR160 could cause degradation of the Arahy.7DXUOK target gene transcript and increased salt tolerance in miR160OX transgenic plants. Therefore, these molecular characterization and expression profile analyses provide comprehensive information on ARF family members and will help to elucidate their functions to facilitate further research on peanuts.

We characterized the electric field distribution of GaN-on-GaN p–n diodes with partially compensated ion-implanted edge termination (ET) using an electric field induced second harmonic generation technique (EFISHG). The distributed electric field from the anode to the outer edge of the ET demonstrates the effectiveness of the ET structure. However, EFISHG also shows that its effectiveness is strongly dependent on the acceptor charge distribution in the ET's partially compensated layer (PC). A generally lower amount of acceptor charge can be inferred from the measured electric field distribution resulting from excessive ion implantation energy or dose during ET fabrication and causing lower than optimal breakdown voltage. Localized field crowding can be observed when the remaining acceptors uncompensated by the implant in the PC layer are nonuniformly distributed around the periphery of the devices. Important information can be obtained from these direct electric field measurements and used for optimizing the device design and fabrication process.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an allotetraploid oilseed crop worldwide due to its abundant high-quality oil production. Peanut oil stability and quality are determined by the relative proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The principle approach to minimize the content of SFAs in peanut is to reduce the content of palmitic acid, which is linked to cardiovascular disease. Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (FATs) determine the types and levels of fatty acids that are exported them from the plastids. Two different classes of FAT have been classified into two families in plants, FatA and FatB. Among them, AhFatB has become the primary objective to genetically reduce the content of palmitic acid in peanut. Here, we identified 18 AhFatB genes in A. hypogaea genome and grouped into four major subfamilies through gene structures and phylogenetic relationships. Expression profiling of AhFatB genes was assessed using the publicly available RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR in 22 tissues. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we designed two sgRNAs to edit the homologs AhFatB genes Arahy.4E7QKU and Arahy.L4EP3N, and identified different types of mutations. Additionally, we discovered mutations at Arahy.4E7QKU exhibited low palmitic acid and high oleic acid phenotypes. The obtained peanut mutants with altered SFAs content have great potential for improving peanut oil quality for human health.

Integrated energy system can combine power, thermal and natural gas systems, which can effectively improve energy efficiency and maximize system benefits. The research on integrated energy system covers many aspects, among which the modeling and optimization research of system are more important. On the basis of existing research literature on integrated energy system, this paper summarizes the modeling methods and key issues of optimization research of the system respectively. At the same time, a typical integrated energy system is optimized to verify the feasibility of the relevant methods. In addition, this paper also makes a prospect for the future development of integrated energy system, and puts forward reasonable suggestions on key issues, in order to provide reference for future research.

Background: Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are known to transfer various lipid molecules between lipid bilayers in plants. In Arachis duranensis, however, little is known about the nsLTPs and their responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Results: In this study, we identified 64 nsLTP family members (AdLTPs) in A. duranensis. These AdLTPs were classified into six subfamilies (Types 1, 2, C, D, E, and G) and were randomly distributed along nine chromosomes. The Ks value and Ka/Ks value significantly differed between Type 1 and Type D subfamilies. Among paralogs, eight AdLTPs were under positive selection, indicating that these AdLTPs might have different functions in the evolutionary history of A. duranensis. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of AdLTPs changed in response to abiotic stresses, including salinity, PEG, low temperature, and ABA. Using RNA-seq data, we also found three AdLTPs (AdLTP1.14, AdLTPd8, and AdLTPe2) that were possibly associated with resistance to nematode infection. Among them, AdLTP1.14, which belongs to the Type 1 subfamily, was up-regulated at three time points after nematode infection. Co-expression analysis indicated that DOF and WRI1 transcription factors may regulate the AdLTP response to nematode infection. Conclusions: We identified AdLTPs in A. duranensis. Based on both RNA-seq and qRT-PCR datasets, we found that AdLTPs are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our results could provide valuable genomic information for the breeding of peanut cultivars that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

High-performance vertical GaN-based p-n junction diodes fabricated using bandgap selective photoelectrochemical etching-based epitaxial liftoff (ELO) from bulk GaN substrates are demonstrated. The epitaxial GaN layers and pseudomorphic InGaN release layer were grown by MOCVD on bulk GaN substrates. A comparison study was performed between devices after liftoff processing (after transfer to a Cu substrate) and nominally identical control devices on GaN substrates without the buried release layer or ELO-related processing. ELO and bonded devices exhibit nearly identical electrical performance and improved thermal performance, compared with the control devices on full-thickness GaN substrates. The breakdown voltage, ideality factor, and forward turn-ON performance were found to be nearly identical, indicating that the transfer process does not degrade the quality of the p-n junctions. The devices exhibit turn-ON voltages of 3.1 V at a current density of 100 A/cm2, with a specific ON-resistance ( ${R} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ ) of 0.2–0.5 $\text{m}\Omega \cdot \text {cm}^{{2}}$ at 5 V and a breakdown voltage ( ${V} _{\text {br}}$ ) of 1.3 kV. Both optical and electrical characterization techniques show that the thermal resistance of ELO devices bonded to a Cu carrier is approximately 30% lower than that for control devices on GaN substrates.

s 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) has been considered as a potential biofuel candidate for the renewable feedstock and attractive properties. In this study, the spherically propagating flames of the MTHF/isooctane-air mixtures in different blending ratios were investigated at elevated temperatures and pressures over equivalence ratios of 0.8–1.5 in a constant volume chamber using high-speed photography technique. Laminar burning velocities were calculated through nonlinear method and correlated by mixing rules as a function of initial temperature, pressure, equivalence ratio, and blending ratio. To investigate the influence of the potential interaction between MTHF and isooctane, a detailed model was established by merging the models of the two fuels and validated against laminar burning velocity, ignition delay times and flame structure. The laminar flame velocities of MTHF were observed to increase with initial temperature while the flame velocities decrease with increase in pressure. Kinetic analysis indicates that the major consumption pathways for MTHF are through H abstraction reactions at 2 and 5 sites. The H abstraction reactions at methyl group are less competitive. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and aldehydes are produced in high concentration and are the main stable intermediates of MTHF combustion. The laminar burning velocity is sensitive to the reactions of small radicals and some intermediates such as propylene and ethylene. The laminar burning velocities of MTHF/isooctane blends increase with MTHF blending ratio. The influence of blending ratio on laminar burning velocity should attribute to the chemical factors, rather than thermal or diffusion factors. MTHF oxidation generates less proportion of propylene and higher fractions of H, OH than isooctane, reflecting positive chemical effects on laminar burning velocity as MTHF blended. According to the instability analysis, the Markstein length and critical radius shows similar flame instability among different blending ratios.

Background: Soil salinity can significantly reduce crop production, but the molecular mechanism of salinity tolerance in peanut is poorly understood. A mutant (S1) with higher salinity resistance than its mutagenic parent HY22 (S3) was obtained. Transcriptome sequencing and digital gene expression (DGE) analysis were performed with leaves of S1 and S3 before and after plants were irrigated with 250 mM NaCl. Results: A total of 107,725 comprehensive transcripts were assembled into 67,738 unigenes using TIGR Gene Indices clustering tools (TGICL). All unigenes were searched against the euKaryotic Ortholog Groups (KOG), gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and these unigenes were assigned to 26 functional KOG categories, 56 GO terms, 32 KEGG groups, respectively. In total 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between S1 and S3 after salinity stress were screened, among them, 86 were responsive to salinity stress in S1 and/or S3. These 86 DEGs included genes that encoded the following kinds of proteins that are known to be involved in resistance to salinity stress: late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAs), major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) or aquaporins, metallothioneins (MTs), lipid transfer protein (LTP), calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and oleosins, etc. Of these 86 DEGs, 18 could not be matched with known proteins. Conclusion: The results from this study will be useful for further research on the mechanism of salinity resistance and will provide a useful gene resource for the variety breeding of salinity resistance in peanut. Keywords: Digital gene expression, Gene, Mutant, NaCl, Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), RNA-seq, Salinity stress, Salinity tolerance, Soil salinity, Transcripts, Unigenes

Small GTP-binding proteins, Rab7, are known to be responsive to abiotic stresses in plants, but the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. To investigate how AhRab7 increases resistance to salinity stress in peanut, this study compared a transgenic genotype (S5) that overexpressed the AhRab7 gene and that had high salinity resistance with a non-transgenic genotype (S7) that had low salinity resistance. Digital gene expression (DGE) sequencing was performed with leaves of S5 and S7 before and after salinity-stress treatment. In total, 2697 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between S5 and S7, and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the DEGs are involved pathways including endocytosis, lysosome, hormone signaling, phosphatidylinositol signaling, calcium, and others. Among them, 164 were differentially regulated after salinity-stress treatment. Of 164 DEGs, 110 were responsive to salinity stress in S5 and/or S7. The 110 DEGs included genes that encode the following kinds of transcription factors and proteins known to be involved in resistance to salinity stress: WRKY, NAC, MYM-type zinc finger, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, lipid transfer protein, 1-cys peroxiredoxin, aquaporin, oleosin, and others. AhRab7 gene might mediate signaling pathways including phosphatidylinositol, calcium, abscisic acid, etc., and then regulate the expression of transcription factors and downstream genes for ROS scavenging in peanut. The results of this study will be useful for further investigations of the mechanism underlying the role of the AhRab7 gene in resistance to salinity stress in peanut.

Kinetic analyses were performed based on the experimental results of ignition delay times of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) using shock tube technique at temperatures of 1050–1800 K, equivalence ratios of 0.5–2.0, fuel mole concentrations of 0.25–1.0%, and pressures of 1.2–10 atm. A new kinetic model of 2-MTHF oxidation named Mech III was established according to the analysis of simulation using two published models (Mech I from Ravi Fernandes group and Mech II from Battin-Leclerc group) and the experimental data in this work. Comparison between simulation and experimental data indicated that Mech II shows remarkable under-prediction while Mech I gives a good agreement with ignition delay times under most conditions except for underprediction on fuel-rich mixtures at relative low temperature around 1250 K. Sensitivity analysis indicated that both models underestimated ignition delay times for the reactions of C0-C4 molecules, so Mech III was formed by introducing such reactions and can demonstrate improved simulation performance under all conditions. Reaction pathway analysis of Mech III showed that 2-MTHF is mainly consumed through fuel decomposition at high temperatures (around 1550 K), and H-atom abstraction reactions at lower temperatures (around 1250 K), respectively. The comparative experimental and kinetic study between 2-MTHF and 2-methylfuran (MF) indicated that 2-MTHF has higher ignition delay times under the same conditions in this work, while the disparity decreases as the temperature increases, and 2-MTHF produces less soot precursors under high temperature conditions.

Yuhua91 is a new peanut variety with high oleic acid content bred by Qingdao Agricultural University. The crossing was conducted with Luhua11 as female parent and with Kainong1715, an F435-type variety with high oleic acid content as male parent. The real F1 hybrids were screened by sequencing on PCR amplification products, and those homozygotes with bb genotype in F2 populations were screened by the same sequencing method as above. The content of oleic and linoleic acid was measured on the kernels harvested from F2 single plants by near infrared ray method, and those kernels whose content of oleic was above 80%, oleic and linoleic acid ratio was above 10.0 were obtained and planted into a row, with pedigree method for subsequent selection breeding. Yuhua91 has some characters of small pod, light and obvious pod texture, 148.06 g per 100 pods, 63.31 g per 100 kernels, 75.15% shelling percentage, long elliptic seed kernel, pink seed coat, without crack, white endotesta. Its content of protein, oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid was 26.57%, 52.72%, 80.40%, 2.50% and 5.57% respectively. Yuhua91 has other characters of strong seedlings, compact pod areas, and moderate resistance to leaf spot disease and bacterial wilt. Average pod yield is 215.79 kg per Mu, 15.27% higher than the control variety Huayu20. Average seed kernels yield is 157.33 kg per Mu, 21.64% higher than the control variety Huayu20. Yuhua 91 has been registered on department of agriculture in 2018, and the registration No. is GPD peanut (2018) 370210, fit for growing in Shandong Province.宇花91 是青岛农业大学选育的高油酸花生新品种。以普通油酸含量品种鲁花11 号为母本，F435 型高油酸花生品种开农1715 为父本配置杂交组合。利用PCR 产物测序法筛选获得F1 代真杂种，对F2 代单株提取叶片基因组DNA，利用PCR 产物测序法筛选基因型纯合的单株个体。对当代收获的单株籽粒利用近红外法多粒模型测定油酸、亚油酸含量，筛选油酸含量在80%以上且油酸亚油酸比值在10.0 以上的单株种植成株行，随后利用系谱法进行选择育种。宇花91 荚果为普通型小果，网纹较细、较明显，百果重148.06 g，百仁重63.31 g，果皮薄，出米率75.15%。籽仁长椭圆形，种皮粉红色、无裂纹，内种皮白色。籽仁蛋白质含量26.57%，脂肪含量52.72%，油酸含量80.40%，亚油酸含量2.50%，棕榈酸含量5.57%，油酸亚油酸比值32.16。苗期生长旺盛，封垄早，结果集中，中抗叶斑病和青枯病。2017 年参加山东省夏播多点试验，平均荚果产量215.79 kg/667 m²，比对照花育20 号增产15.27%；平均籽仁产量157.33 kg/667 ² 号增产21.64%。2018 年通过国家花生品种登记，登记号：GPD 花生 (2018) 370210，适于在山东花生产区种植。.

Leaf water potential of peanut subjected to drought stress is positively related to the oil content of peanut kernels. The aim of this study was to directly screen the high oil mutants of peanut and create the new peanut varieties using hydroxyproline as water potential regulator. In vitro mutagenesis was carried out with the embryonic leaflets of peanut variety Huayu 20 as explants and pingyangmycin as a mutagen added into the somatic embryo formation medium. The formed somatic embryos were successively transferred to somatic embryo germination and selection medium containing 6 mmol/L hydroxyproline (at -2.079 MPa water potential ) to induce regeneration and directionally screen high oil content mutants. After that, these plantlets were grafted and transplanted to the experimental field and 132 high oil mutants with oil content over 55% were obtained from the offspring of regenerated plants. Finally, among them, the oil contents of 27 lines were higher than 58% and of 2 lines were higher than 60%. A new peanut variety Yuhua 9 with high yield and oil content was bred from the regenerated plant progenies combining the pedigree breeding method. The yield was 14.0% higher than that of the control cultivar in the testing new peanut varieties of Liaoning province, and also it has passed the national registration of non-major crop varieties. Yuhua 9 with an oil content of 61.05%, which was 11.55 percentage points higher than that of the parent Huayu 20, was the peanut cultivar with the highest oil content in the world. The result showed that it was an effective way for directional breeding of high oil peanut varieties by means of the three-step technique including in vitro mutagenesis, directional screening by reducing water potential in medium and pedigree selection of regenerated plant progenies.笔者前期研究发现经干旱胁迫处理后的花生叶片水势与其籽仁含油率呈显著正相关。文中对羟脯氨酸作为水势 (渗透压) 调节物质用于离体定向筛选花生高油突变体及培育花生新品种进行了研究。以花生品种花育20 号胚小叶作为外植体，平阳霉素作为诱变剂添加于体胚诱导培养基上进行离体诱变培养。形成的体胚转移到添加6 mmol/L 羟脯氨酸 (培养基水势为–2.079 MPa) 的体胚萌发和再生培养基上诱导体胚萌发成苗，同时进行高油突变体定向筛选。再生小苗经嫁接移栽田间，从再生植株后代中获得了132 份含油率55%以上的高油突变体，其中27 份含油率超过58%，2 份超过60%。再生植株后代结合系谱育种法育成了高产高油花生新品种宇花9 号，在辽宁省花生新品种备案试验中，籽仁产量比对照品种增产14.0%，并通过了国家非主要农作物品种登记。宇花9 号含油率达61.05%，比亲本花育20 号高11.55 个百分点，是目前国际上含油率最高的花生品种。本研究结果表明，利用离体诱变、培养基低水势定向筛选及其再生植株后代结合常规育种法选择是定向培育高油花生品种的有效方法。.

The DC and large signal characteristics of a GaN IMPATT diode designed for operation at W-band are investigated using Sentaurus TCAD simulations. The impact ionization model for GaN is calibrated using measured impact ionization coefficients of both electrons and holes, and both field- and carrier-concentration dependent velocity-field relationships are considered for accurate simulation. Large signal simulation results show that the IMPATT diode design evaluated is capable of generating an output RF power larger than 1 MW/cm2 from 80 GHz to 120 GHz with an efficiency larger than 18%.

GaN pn junction diodes grown on native GaN substrates have been fabricated and characterized. The temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics exhibit a positive temperature coefficient of breakdown as expected from impact ionization avalanche. However, for IMPATT and avalanche photodiode applications, device noise is very important. The low frequency noise characteristics of these devices have been measured under forward and reverse bias conditions. The forward noise spectra is dominated by 1/f noise, and the current spectral density is proportional to I1.6. Under reverse bias, the noise spectra show 1/f noise at reverse biases below the avalanche threshold. However, at reverse biases in the avalanche regime, the multiplication noise overwhelms the 1/f noise, resulting in a white noise spectrum. The measured results are consistent with expectations from avalanche noise theory.