Search

To study the effects of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))exposure to cognitive function and intestinal flora abundance and diversity in adult male mice.The SPF grade male C57 BL/6 J mice with 8 weeks old were randomly divided into control group(NS group), PM_(2.5) exposure group(PM_(2.5) group), probiotic group(VSL#3 group) and PM_(2.5) + VSL#3 group(PMV group), with 8 mice in each group. The PM_(2.5) group and PMV group mice were exposed to PM_(2.5) using animal exposure system equipped with real-time PM_(2.5) concentration, and concentrated 6 times the outdoor PM_(2.5) concentration, 8 h every day, 5 d every week for 4 weeks. The VSL#3 group and PMV group mice were given VSL#3, 0.5 mL, 2×10~9 CFU/mL. After four weeks of exposure, feces from mice were collected for 16 s rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and the cognitive function was evaluated using Morris water maze and object recognition experiments.The escape latency of PM_(2.5) group in four-day training [(54.99±6.77) s, (41.21±9.98) s, (36.27±13.11) s, (30.01±14.80) s] were higher than that of NS group [(32.19±4.59) s, (20.50±6.77) s, (19.93±7.30) s, (16.94±9.91) s], and the difference were statistically significant(Plt;0.05). The escape latency of PMV group on the first and second day of training [(39.02±6.23) s, (28.83±9.53) s] were lower than that of PM_(2.5) group(Plt;0.05). The target quadrant residence time of mice in PM_(2.5) group [(18.30± 8.88) s] was lower than that in NS group and PMV group [(30.53±9.10) s, (30.00±10.61) s]. Compared with NS group(6.09±0.40), the shannon index of PM_(2.5) group and PMV group(5.05±0.65 and 5.46±0.52) were significantly reduced(Plt;0.05). The target quadrant time was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Actinomyces(r=0.576, Plt;0.05), and the recognition index was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes(r=0.612, Plt;0.05).PM_(2.5) could lead to cognitive dysfunction in mice, which is related to diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora. Probiotic can improve cognitive function.

A novel biphasic layered Na0.62Ni0.33Mn0.62Sb0.05O2 cathode is introduced which can be easily synthesized via a solid-state reaction method. Compared with its monophasic counterpart Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2, biphasic Na0.62Ni0.33Mn0.62Sb0.05O2 displays a smoother (dis)charge profile, superior rate capability along with splendid cycling performance. Structural and kinetic studies respectively demonstrate extremely small volume strain and rapid charge transfer during the electrochemical process.

Introduction Although the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has been considered a site of therapeutic potential for cluster headache (CH), the optimal technique of SPG is still to be determined. Low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation (LTPRA) has been proposed as an alternative treatment for several neuropathic pain diseases. Aim To evaluate the effect of LTPRA of SPG in treating chronic and episodic CH. Material and methods The patients with CH, who achieved temporary pain relief following SPG block, treated using LTPRA between January 2015 and October 2017 were reviewed. Seventy-six patients were included: 50 patients suffered from episodic CH and the remaining 26 patients from chronic CH. The primary outcomes were clinical improvement rate, defined as the percentage of partial and complete pain relief results at 1 day, 12 months, and 24 months of follow-up after the operation. Results Clinical improvement rates were 92.3%, 92.3% and 73.1% in chronic CH and 73.1%, 84% and 68% in episodic CH at each follow-up time point, respectively. 3 chronic CH patients and 7 episodic CH patients showed no pain relief after the operation. Drooping eyelids were found in 2 cases, one recovered at the 3-month follow-up but another one did not in the 24-month follow-up. No serious complications occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively. Conclusions LTPRA can be considered an effective and alternative surgical modality in treating patients with chronic and episodic CH, based on SPG block.

Objective We have reported the presence of discogenic visceral pain secondary to anterior herniation of the lumbar disc. The aim of this study was to observe the inflammatory response of the sympathetic trunk to an autologous degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) injection under fluoroscopy. Methods A total of 72 rats were used. In 24 rats, the autologous NP suspension was injected into the right sympathetic trunk. Next, food intake and body weight of each rat were monitored for 14 days. Fourteen days after the injection, the right lumbar sympathetic trunk was harvested for histological assessment, and protein levels of IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α were quantified via ELISA. Results In the NP-treated group, endoneural hyperemia and intensive infiltration of inflammatory cells could be identified in sections of the sympathetic trunk by the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Meanwhile, elevated concentrations of IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α were determined in the sympathetic trunk of the NP group as compared to that of the naïve and control groups, which indicated the development of an inflammatory response. Furthermore, food intake and body weight of rats in the NP group decreased significantly. Conclusions The results indicated that an inflammatory response in the sympathetic trunk can be caused by anterior herniation of the lumbar disc, which can generate a sympathetic inflammatory pain response.

Hierarchical Sn-Beta zeolite was prepared through a hydrothermal postsynthesis method, which employed no fluoride and only a small amount of tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH). The dual roles of TEAOH as a base and as a structure directing agent were discussed in detail, which were significantly affected by its concentration. At a TEAOH concentration of 0.2–0.4 mol L−1, hierarchical Sn-Beta zeolites with the most probable mesopore diameter of 7.8 nm were achieved. Other physicochemical properties of the hierarchical Sn-Beta including the content and state of Sn and the acidity were also characterized. The hierarchical Sn-Beta zeolite gave a higher yield of methyl lactate (58%) than the microporous Sn-Beta zeolite synthesized in fluoride medium (47%) due to the promoting effect of the hierarchical porosity on the conversion of glucose in methanol, which is an important and challenging process of a biorefinery. The hierarchical Sn-Beta zeolite is stable and can be recycled and reused five times without significant loss of activity and selectivity.

Hidden services are a feature of Tor(The Onion Router)[1]. It provides anonymity for the service requester while maintaining the anonymity of the service provider. Since it is quite difficult to trace back and locate both parties in the communication, the criminals use hidden services mechanisms to construct various illegal activities in the darknet, which has brought adverse effects to society. In order to prevent the abuse of Tor hidden services, the discovery and analysis of hidden services are particularly important. The aim of this survey paper is to review and compare the literature of the past five years, provide the readers with methods for discovering tor hidden services, along with the various content analysis methods developed and proposed from time to time. we explain their key ideas and show their interrelations.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are the popular alternative for grid-scale energy storage due to the abundant resources and wide distribution of sodium. However, NaCrO2, one of the most promising layered oxides for cathode materials, suffers from a serious capacity decrease by charging to the potential higher than 3.6 V, attributed to the irreversible chromium ions migration from CrO6 slabs to sodium layers during the initial charge process. Herein we synthesize a novel O3-type layered Na0.88Cr0.88Ru0.12O2 material, which could be well operated at elevated potential 3.8 V. The Na0.88Cr0.88Ru0.12O2 electrode delivers an extended reversible discharge capacity of 156 mAh g−1 and superior rate capability. Moreover, Na0.88Cr0.88Ru0.12O2 electrode shows excellent cycling performance, illustrated by 80.7% capacity retention over 1100 cycles. The results of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy measurement indicate that the undesired migration of Cr ions during sodium extraction can be suppressed via Ru doping, which can significantly improve the electrochemical properties of Na0.88Cr0.88Ru0.12O2 compared to NaCrO2. Our findings provide new insights for the common transition-metal migration during cycling layered cathodes, and motivate a new design strategy for high-performance SIBs.

H-USY was treated with nitric acid solution to remove Al species and thus adjust the mesoporosity and acidity. Effects of mesopore and acidity of H-USY zeolite were studied on the conversion of carbohydrate to methyl levulinate (MLE). Low concentration of nitric acid mainly removed the extraframework aluminum species with the increase of mesoporosity and resulted in a slight decrease of acidity. Both extraframework and framework Al species were removed to some extent under high concentration of nitric acid, associating with the obvious decrease of acidity. H-USY treated with low concentration of nitric acid showed higher yield of MLE than H-USY-parent. Generated mesopores improved the diffusion limitations, facilitated the accessibility of reactant to the acid sites, and thus promoted the formation of MLE.