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Recent advances in inverse-design approaches for discovering optical structures based on desired functional characteristics have reshaped the landscape of nanophotonic structures, where most studies have focused on how light interacts with nanophotonic structures only. When quantum emitters (QEs), such as atoms, molecules, and quantum dots, are introduced to couple to the nanophotonic structures, the light–matter interactions become much more complicated, forming a rapidly developing field – quantum nanophotonics. Typical quantum functional characteristics depend on the intrinsic properties of the QE and its electromagnetic environment created by the nanophotonic structures, commonly represented by a scalar quantity, local-density-of-states (LDOS). In this work, we introduce a generalized inverse-design framework in quantum nanophotonics by taking LDOS as the bridge to connect the nanophotonic structures and the quantum functional characteristics. We take a simple system consisting of QEs sitting on a single multilayer shell–metal–nanoparticle (SMNP) as an example, apply fully-connected neural networks to model the LDOS of SMNP, inversely design and optimize the geometry of the SMNP based on LDOS, and realize desirable quantum characteristics in two quantum nanophotonic problems: spontaneous emission and entanglement. Our work introduces deep learning to the quantum optics domain for advancing quantum device designs; and provides a new platform for practicing deep learning to design nanophotonic structures for complex problems without a direct link between structures and functional characteristics.

Dissipation, often associated with plasmons, leads to decoherence and is generally considered fatal for quantum nonlinearities and entanglement. Counterintuitively, by introducing a dissipative plasmonic nanoantenna into a typical cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) system, we unveil the wide existence of the atom-photon quasi-bound state (qBS), a kind of exotic eigenstate with anomalously small decay, in the hybrid plasmonic-photonic cavity. To derive the analytical condition of atom-photon qBS, we formulate a quantized two-mode model of the local density of states by connecting the interacting uncoupled cavity modes to the macroscopic QED. With resonant plasmon-photon coupling, we showcase the single-atom qBS that improves the efficiency of single-photon generation over one order of magnitude; and the two-atom qBS that significantly enhances spontaneous entanglement generation compared with a bare photonic cavity. Notably, such single-atom and multi-atom qBS can be simultaneously accessed in realistic plasmonic-photonic cavities, providing a versatile platform for advanced quantum technologies, such as quantum light sources, quantum computation, and quantum information.

Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lacks highly sensitive and specific protein biomarkers. Proteomics-driven discovery of tumor biomarkers is an important direction for omics study. Here, we described a staged mass spectrometry (MS)-based discovery-verification-validation proteomics workflow to explore serum proteomic biomarkers for HCC early diagnosis in 662 individuals (373 HCC patients and 289 non-HCC patients). Our workflow reproducibly quantified 451serum proteins using a data independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) strategy from discovery cohort, and proteins with significantly altered abundance in HCC were validated as candidates in an independent validation cohort using targeted proteomics based on parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Machine learning models determined as P4 serum protein-panels (two serum proteomics biomarkers: HABP2, CD163 and two clinical used serum biomarkers: AFP, PIVKA-II) could clearly distinguish HCC patients from LC patients in an independent validation cohort (AUC 0.979, sensitivity 0.925, specificity 0.915), outperforming existing clinical prediction strategies (p

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Purpose:Intratumoral hepatitis B virus (HBV) integrations and mutations are related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has shown itself as a powerful noninvasive biomarker for cancer. However, the HBV integration and mutation landscape on cfDNA remains unclear.Experimental Design:A cSMART (Circulating Single-Molecule Amplification and Resequencing Technology)-based method (SIM) was developed to simultaneously investigate HBV integration and mutation landscapes on cfDNA with HBV-specific primers covering the whole HBV genome. Patients with HCC (n = 481) and liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 517) were recruited in the study.Results:A total of 6,861 integration breakpoints including TERT and KMT2B were discovered in HCC cfDNA, more than in LC. The concentration of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was positively correlated with the detection rate of these integration hotspots and total HBV integration events in cfDNA. To track the origin of HBV integrations in cfDNA, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on their paired tumor tissues. The paired comparison of WGS data from tumor tissues and SIM data from cfDNA confirmed most recurrent integration events in cfDNA originated from tumor tissue. The mutational landscape across the whole HBV genome was first generated for both HBV genotype C and B. A region from nt1100 to nt1500 containing multiple HCC risk mutation sites (OR > 1) was identified as a potential HCC-related mutational hot zone.Conclusions:Our study provides an in-depth delineation of HBV integration/mutation landscapes at cfDNA level and did a comparative analysis with their paired tissues. These findings shed light on the possibilities of noninvasive detection of virus insertion/mutation.

The color purity of the pixels is an essential indicator in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) commercial displays.

Exceptional points (EPs) are the singularities of a non-Hermitian system where the eigenenergies and eigenstates simultaneously coalesce, a topological property that gives rise to a plethora of exotic phenomena. Probing the EPs and associated effects requires the system to go through the EPs. However, the ultrahigh sensitivity of an isolated EP to the external disturbances makes accessing the EPs difficult. To overcome this limit, many approaches have been presented to form the exceptional line/ring and surface. Here, we demonstrate that a quantum exceptional chamber, which is a three-dimensional collection of the EPs, can be constructed in the coupled plasmon-quantum dot (QD) systems by the nondipole effect of the QD. For an asymmetric QD adjacent to a plasmonic nanoparticle, it is found that the contributions of multipole transitions to the coupling strength can be larger than that of dipole transition. The orientation-dependent quantum interference between the dipole and multipole transitions can lead to controllable switch between the weak and strong coupling, and provides an extra degree of freedom to form a high-dimension EP space. Our approach provides a robust platform for accessing the quantum EPs and related applications.

Fano effect arising from interference between two dissipation channels to the radiation continuum enables to tune the photon statistics. Understanding the role of Fano effect and exploiting to achieve strong photon correlations are of both fundamental and applied significance. We present an analytical description of Fano-enhanced photon correlations based on cavity quantum electrodynamics to show that, the Fano effect in atom-cavity systems can improve the degree of antibunching by over four orders of magnitude. The enhancement factors and the optimal conditions are explicitly given, and found related to the Fano parameter $q$. Remarkably, the Fano enhancement manifests robustness against the decoherence processes, and can survive in the weak coupling regime. We expect our work to provide insight in tuning the photon statistics through Fano effect, which offers a new route to enhance the photon correlations, as well as the possibility of generating nonclassical light in a wider diversity of systems without the need of strong light-matter interaction., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

We investigate the single-photon blockade (1PB) in the quasichiral regime of atom-photon interaction that mediates via dissipative environment, where the effective atom-photon interaction is asymmetrical but achiral. The synthetic magnetic current in the closed-loop coupling breaks down the reciprocity of atom-photon interaction, resulting in an asymmetrical and even completely unidirectional effective coupling between two selected quantum states. As an example, we couple the single-atom cavity-QED (cQED) system to a strongly dissipative auxiliary cavity. We find that in the quasichiral regime, the unconventional photon blockade (UPB) always incorporates with the conventional photon blockade (CPB) in the condition of maximum chirality. Furthermore, we show that 1PB in the quasichiral regime combines the advantages of UPB and CPB, demonstrating the perfect single-photon purity, higher efficiency, smooth time dynamics as well as lower requirement of modes coupling to achieve UPB. Our work paves the way for 1PB towards practical applications and reveals the intriguing quantum-optics phenomena in the quasichiral light-matter interaction., 9 pages, 6 figures

Purpose To comparethe effectiveness of the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in the treatment of clavicularfracturebetween experienced and inexperienced orthopedic surgeons. Methods A total of 80 patients with clavicle fracture (from February 2017 to May 2021)were enrolled in our study. Patients were divided randomly into four groups: group A: Patients underwent low-dose CT scan and 3D models were printed before surgeries performed by inexperienced surgeons; group B: Standard-dose CT were taken and 3D models were printed before surgeries performed by experienced surgeons; group C and D: Standard-dose CT were taken in both groups, and the operations were performed differently by inexperienced (group C) and experienced (group D) surgeons. Operation time, blood loss, length of incision and number of intraoperative fluoroscopy were recorded. Results No statistically significant differences were found in age, gender, fracture site and fracture type (P value: 0.23–0.88).Group A showed shorter incision length and less intraoperative fluoroscopy times than group C and D (P value

Significant decoherence of the plasmon-emitter (i.e., plexcitonic) strong coupling systems hinders the progress towards their applications in quantum technology due to the unavoidable lossy nature of the plasmons. Inspired by the concept of spectral-hole-burning (SHB) for frequency-selective bleaching of the emitter ensemble, we propose ‘cavity SHB’ by introducing cavity modes with moderate quality factors to the plexcitonic system to boost its coherence. We show that the detuning of the introduced cavity mode with respect to the original plexcitonic system, which defines the location of the cavity SHB, is the most critical parameter. Simultaneously introducing two cavity modes of opposite detunings, the excited-state population of the emitter can be enhanced by 4.5 orders of magnitude within 300 fs, and the attenuation of the emitter’s population can be slowed down by about 56 times. This theoretical proposal provides a new approach of cavity engineering to enhance the plasmon-emitter strong coupling systems’ coherence, which is important for realistic hybrid-cavity design for applications in quantum technology.

There is currently no standard adjuvant treatment proven to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. Recent studies suggest that postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE) is beneficial for patients at high risk of tumor recurrence. However, it is difficult to select the patients. The present study aimed to develop an easy-to-use score to identify these patients.A total of 4530 patients undergoing liver resection were recruited. Independent risk factors were identified by Cox regression model in the training cohort and the Primary liver cancer big data transarterial chemoembolization (PDTE) scoring system was established.The scoring system was composed of ten risk factors including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade, operative bleeding loss, resection margin, tumor capsular, satellite nodules, tumor size and number, and microvascular and macrovascular invasion. Using 5 points as risk stratification, the patients with PA-TACE had higher recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared with non-TACE in5 points group (P0.001), whereas PA-TACE patients had lower RFS compared with non-TACE in ≤ 5 points group (P = 0.013). In the training and validation cohorts, the C-indexes of PDTE scoring system were 0.714 [standard errors (SE) = 0.010] and 0.716 (SE = 0.018), respectively.The model is a simple tool to identify PA-TACE for HCC patients after liver resection with a favorable performance. Patients with5 points may benefit from PA-TACE.

The generation and manipulation of single photons are crucial in advanced quantum technologies, such as quantum communication and quantum computation devices. High-purity single photons can be generated from classical light using the single-photon blockade (1PB). However, the efficiency and purity are exclusive in 1PB, which hinders its practical applications. Here, we show that the resonantly coupled plasmonic-photonic cavity can boost the efficiency of single-photon generation by more than three orders of magnitude compared with that of all-dielectric microcavity. This significant improvement is attributed to two new mechanisms of atom-microcavity coupling after introducing the plasmonic cavity: the formation of a quasi-bound state and the transition to the nonreciprocal regime, due to the destructive interference between the coupling pathways and the nonzero relative phase of the closed-loop coupling, respectively. The quasi-bound state has a relatively small decaying, while its effective coupling strength is significantly enhanced. Suppressing the dissipative component of the effective atom-microcavity coupling in the nonreciprocal regime can further improve single-photon performance, particularly without temporal oscillations. Our study demonstrates the possibility of enhancing the intrinsically low efficiency of 1PB in low excitation regime, and unveils the novel light-matter interaction in hybrid cavities.

Summary Near-infrared (NIR) emission is useful for numerous practical applications, such as communication, biomedical sensors, night vision, etc., which encourages researchers to develop materials and devices for the realization of efficient NIR organic light-emitting devices. Recently, the emerging organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have attracted wide attention because of the full utilization of electron-generated excitons, which is crucial for achieving high device efficiency. Up to now, the TADF emitters have shown their potential in the deep red/NIR region. Considering the color purity and efficiency, however, the development of NIR TADF emitters still lags behind RGB TADF emitters, indicating that there is still much room to improve their performance. In this regard, this perspective mainly summarizes the past progress of molecular design on constructing TADF NIR emitters. We hope this perspective could provide a new vista in developing NIR materials and enlighten breakthroughs in both fundamental research and applications., Graphical Abstract, Organic Chemistry; Optical Materials; Photonics

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) is one of the most effective surgical treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. Steatosis is a contributor for inferior graft quality. But its impact and safety on transplantation was less assessed in Chinese patients. METHODS: Graft steatosis and related information involved in recipients, donors and surgical procedures were retrospectively collected from 239 patients. RESULTS: Donor macrosteatosis (MaS) caused about 2.14 and 2.80 folds of increment on patient and graft mortality. Dose-response analysis revealed prominent risk of grafts on overall patient/organ mortality when MaS content exceeded 10% (P

We first investigate the nondipole effect of asymmetric quantum dots (QDs) in plasmonic antennas of shell, rod, triangle, and disk. The rod and triangle are found to have greater nondipole effect compared to shell and disk due to the larger electric field gradients resulting from high surface curvature. For a 3nm-radius QD adjacent to the rod end or the corner of triangle, the coupling strength of plasmon-QD interaction has a 10% enhancement for dipolar plasmonic mode. The multipole expansion shows that the enhancement is mainly contributed by the dipole-quadrupole transition interference, which will be suppressed in a symmetrical dimer structure. We further explore the nondipole effect in the plasmonic nanocavity formed by a gold nanotip and substrate. The nondipole effect is found to increase the quantum nonlinearities and lead to better single-photon purity. Our work demonstrates the impact of nondipole effect on plasmon-QD strong coupling and potential applications in quantum optics.

We study the coherence preservation of quantum bit in photonic crystal using input–output trace distance. The input–output trace distance can be extremely short and the information hardly dissipates when the quantum bit frequency lies deep inside the photonic band gap. Different from the behavior in cavities, the undissipated information of the quantum bit can be held in the photonic band gap due to the effective interaction between the quantum bit and photonic crystal. A factor called coherence radius is defined in this paper for evaluating the quantum coherence preservation in photonic crystal, which is straightly linked to the visibility of input–output trace distance and the coherence of quantum states.

Background Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common cause of death from vascular diseases. Studies have found that smoking increases the risk of ischemic stroke, but the association of smoking with the outcome of IS remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the effect of smoking on the prognosis of IS. Methods We searched four electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Web of science for papers, published before January 2019. In this meta-analysis, Review Manager 5.3 software was used to calculate for the pooled estimate effect, as well as the inverse-variance method for pooled mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) of incidence in two groups of population. Results A total of 14,789 citations were identified during the literature search, 21 studies were included in the meta-analyses after screening. The full-adjusted OR of poor prognostic outcome in smoking and nonsmoking patients with stroke was pooled as 0.96 (95% CI 0.77–1.21), suggested that smoking or not has no impact on prognosis of IS. The pooled MD of onset age between smoking and nonsmoking IS patients was − 10.05 (− 12.91, − 7.19), indicated that smoking causes first onset of IS to occur 10 years earlier. Conclusions This meta-analysis showed that smoking was not a protective factor for poor prognosis of IS. Smoking patients with IS are 10 years younger than nonsmoking patients at time of the first onset of stroke.

The development of red/near-infrared (NIR) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are relatively lagging due to the spin statistics and energy gap law. Herein, we designed and synthesized a new NIR TADF emitter, 3-(4-(9,9′-spirobi[fluorene]-3-yl(phenyl)amino)phenyl)acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrazine-8,9-dicarboni-trile (SDPA-APDC), by incorporating a spiro-type electron-donating moiety N,N-diphenyl-9,9′-spirobi[fluorene]-2-amine (SDPA) to an electron-withdrawing unit acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrazine-8,9-dicarbonitrile (APDC). The photophysical, electrochemical and thermal properties of SDPA-APDC have been systematically explored. Consequently, the emitter was found high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow bandgap, small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, SDPA-APDC was developed for electroluminescence devices. The doped devices of SDPA-APDC achieved a red emission peak at 696 nm with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.75%. And the non-doped device exhibited a NIR emission peak at 782 nm with a maximum EQE of 2.55%

Aromatic hydrocarbons are usually metabolized to the central intermediate benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) prior to ring cleavage. 6-Oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonyl-CoA hydrolase, a key enzyme involved in the reductive benzene ring cleavage, encoded by the bamA gene can serve as a functional biomarker for detecting anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in different environments. In the present study, we examined the diversity the bacterial bamA gene in oil field. We sequenced bamA fragments that were PCR amplified from the microbial biomass of two mesophilic oil producing reservoirs during a period of four months. The results showed the presence and a higher diversity of bamA gene than previous studies, indicating its potential involvement in degrading aromatic hydrocarbons through anaerobic biochemical pathways in oil fields. The bamA gene sequences were affiliated to bacteria that are known to degrade aromatics, including Azoarcus, Georgfuchsia, Sulfuritalea, Peptococcaceae and Syntrophus. Differences of composition and diversity of bamA gene sequences over a period of four months in these oil reservoirs showed that it is necessary to monitor functional genes over a period of time to fully establish their significance to any specific process at any site.

Light-matter interaction in the strong coupling regime enables light control at the single-photon level. We develop numerical method and analytical expressions to calculate the decay kinetics of an initially excited two-level quantum emitter in dielectric nanostructure and single-mode cavity, respectively. We use these methods to discover the dual effects of disorder on the strongly-coupled system composed of a single quantum dot and a photonic crystal L3 cavity. The quality factor is sensitive to disorder, while the g factor and vacuum Rabi splitting are robust against disorder. A small amount of disorder may either decrease or increase the light localization and the light-matter interaction. Our methods offer flexible and efficient theoretical tools for the investigation of light-matter interaction, especially cavity quantum electrodynamics. Our findings significantly lower the requirements for optimization effort and fabrication precision and open up many promising practical possibilities.

In order to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breakerand find outthermal fault in time. This paper puts forward a new method with radio frequency and magnetic saturation power supply technology to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breaker, it designs the high voltage switch circuit breaker contact temperature online monitoring device. The device mainly includes monolithic temperature collector and data receiver, they transmit data wirelessly, and this makes high temperature monitoring terminal and the data receiving terminal completely electrical isolated. Integrated temperature collector doesn’t need external power supply, it uses small CT saturation technology for continuous power. The experiment shows that the temperature error is ±2°C, it can meet online temperature monitoring requirements of high voltage switch circuit breaker contact.

We investigate the quantum optical properties of strong light-matter interaction between a quantum emitter and a metallic nanoparticle beyond idealized structures with a smooth surface. Based on the local coupling strength and macroscopic Green’s function, we derived an exact quantum optics approach to obtain the field enhancement and light-emission spectrum of a quantum emitter. Numerical simulations show that the surface roughness has a greater effect on the near-field than on the far-field, and slightly increases the vacuum Rabi splitting on average. Further, we verified that the near-field enhancement is mainly determined by the surface features of hot-spot area.

Herein, we report a facile approach to tune the bioactivity of orthopedic implants. The wettability of a Ti-6Al-4V orthopedic implant surface based on nanostructured polypyrrole (NPPy) doped with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs, major extracellular matrix components) can be controlled by in situ electrical stimulus, which was utilized to tune their bioactivity.

Propionate is a common metabolic intermediate occurring in environmental samples including petroleum reservoirs. Available microbial genomes were obtained from the NCBI database and analyzed in silico by hmmscan to check three metabolic pathways of propionate production in petroleum reservoir systems. The succinate pathway was the dominant one while the other two (lactate and 1,2-propanediol pathways) contributed less to the formation of propionate according to the Hidden Markov Model calculation. The mmdA gene encoding methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase was used as a biomarker gene to detect the diversity of microbes involved in the propionate formation in Jiangsu oil reservoirs. The mmdA gene clone library showed that microbes affiliated within the genus of Archaeoglobus, Thermococcus, Anaerobaculum, as well as more than ten other genera were the potential microorganisms involved in the production of propionate. Meanwhile, as the biomarker genes involved in the other two propionate-producing pathways, the functional genes of lcdA and pduP were tested with PCR amplification, but no positive results were observed in Jiangsu oil reservoirs.

SummaryObjective This mixed treatment comparison is used to compare the adverse effects of eleven different drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). The drugs that we compare include the following: ropinirole, rasagiline, rotigotine, entacapone, apomorphine, pramipexole, sumanirole, bromocriptine, piribedil, pergolide, and levodopa. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched from the inception to December 2015. Our analysis combines the evidences of direct comparison and indirect comparison between various literatures. We evaluated the merging odds ratios (OR) value and surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) of each of the drugs and used this as a mode of comparison. Results Twenty-four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this study. Our results demonstrated that the incidence of adverse reactions of ropinirole, rotigotine, entacapone, and sumanirole were obviously higher in terms of nausea compared to the placebo. Ropinirole produced the highest incidence rates of dyskinesia side effects, whereas pramipexole was significantly higher in terms of patients’ hallucination. In addition, the SUCRA values of all the drugs showed that the incidence of adverse reaction of pergolide was relatively high (nausea: 83.5%; hallucination: 79.8%); for dyskinesia and somnolence, the incidence of ropinirole was higher (dyskinesia: 80.5%; somnolence: 69.4%); the incidence of adverse reaction of piribedil was higher on PD in terms of dizziness (67.0%); and the incidence of bromocriptine was relatively high in terms of constipation (62.3%). Conclusions This mixed treatment comparison showed that the drugs ropinirole, bromocriptine, and piribedil produced the highest incidence rates of nausea, dyskinesia, hallucination, dizziness, constipation, and somnolence symptoms. Thus, we conclude that as these three drugs produced the most frequent symptoms, they are not recommended for the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease.

Hyaluronic acid is an important polysaccharide of various physiological functions. Nowadays, it is produced mainly through microbial fermentation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. HA production in more safe and efficient genetic modified GRAS strains is a hot research area. Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophiles, Agrobacterium sp. , and some Escherichia coli strains, which were GRAS strains, had been selected for genetic engineering to express hyaluronic acid. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of HA production by these genetic modified GRAS strains.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) provides a potential non-invasive biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, but whether it could reflect tumor heterogeneity and monitor therapeutic responses in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Focusing on 574 cancer genes known to harbor actionable mutations, we identified the mutation repertoire of HCC tissues, and monitored the corresponding ctDNA features in blood samples to evaluate its clinical significance. Analysis of 3 HCC patients' mutation profiles revealed that ctDNA could overcome tumor heterogeneity and provide information of tumor burden and prognosis. Further analysis was conducted on the 4th HCC case with multiple lesion samples and sequential plasma samples. We identified 160 subclonal SNVs in tumor tissues as well as matched peritumor tissues with PBMC as control. 96.9% of this patient's tissue mutations could be also detected in plasma samples. These subclonal SNVs were grouped into 9 clusters according to their trends of cellular prevalence shift in tumor tissues. Two clusters constituted of tumor stem somatic mutations showed circulating levels relating with cancer progression. Analysis of tumor somatic mutations revealed that circulating level of such tumor stem somatic mutations could reflect tumor burden and even predict prognosis earlier than traditional strategies. Furthermore, HCK (p.V174M), identified as a recurrent/metastatic related mutation site, could promote migration and invasion of HCC cells. Taken together, study of mutation profiles in biopsy and plasma samples in HCC patients showed that ctDNA could overcome tumor heterogeneity and real-time track the therapeutic responses in the longitudinal monitoring.

Spontaneous emission of emitters governing the performance of optoelectronic devices is a fundamental phenomenon, and it has strong environment-dependent characteristics. In this article, we mainly review the experimental and theoretical progresses in the control of spontaneous emission by manipulating optical modes with photonic crystals, optical microcavities and metallic nanostructures. The spontaneous emission from emitters in photonic crystals can be modified by the local density of states, and by employing photonic crystals, the devices’ efficiency is enhanced, the angular radiation pattern can be engineered, and highly efficient optoelectronic devices are achieved through decreasing the radiative lifetime. In quantum optical devices, microcavities would alter the lifetime of an excited state through tuning the resonance in the frequency and positioning between the emitters and cavity field, and inducing the emitters to emit spontaneous photons in a desired direction. The emerging enhanced electromagnetic field near metallic nanostructures can help to control and manipulate the spontaneous emission of an emitter. The use of micro- and nano-structures to manipulate spontaneous emission will open unprecedented opportunities for realizing functional photonic devices.

Background We have already discovered 23 patients during the work of the outpatient department and operations whose unstable signs on the posterolateral ankle. The anterior drawer test demonstrated normal during the physical examinations while the spaces of the posterior tibiotalar joints increased in stress X-ray plain films. ATFL intact and posterolateral ligaments lax were found during operations too. It is important to make existence claims and illuminate the mechanism of posterolateral ankle instability. Methods A finite element model of the ankle was established for simulating to cut off posterolateral ligaments in turn. Ankle movements with tibia rotation under load on five forefoot positions were simulated as well. Results The difference values with tibia external rotation were negative, and the positive results occurred with tibia internal rotation. The tibia-talus difference values in some forefoot positions were 2 ~ 3 mm after PTFL together with CFL or/and PITFL were cut off. The tibula-talus difference values were 2.21 ~ 2.76 mm after both PTFL and CFL were cut off. The tibia-fibula difference values were small. The difference values increased by 2 ~ 5 mm after cutting off the PITFL. Conclusions Posterolateral ankle ligaments, especially CFL and PITFL, play a significant role in maintaining ankle stability. The serious injuries of both CFL and PITFL would affect posterolateral ankle stabilities. PITFL was important to subtalar joint stability.