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Headspace–solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS) method was used to determine the composition and content of volatiles in dried flower buds of Lonicera macranthoides obtained by five processing methods (PMs). Sixty-five compounds were identified, which included alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, acids, esters, terpenoids, and others. Alcohols were the most abundant compounds in most of the samples while acids were present in negligible amounts. Samples obtained by sun drying (PM4) and by heating in an oven with a programmed temperature cycle (PM2) were characterized by higher amounts of esters and terpenoids. PM4 resulted in larger numbers of compounds albeit in lower amounts. The principal component analysis confirmed that terpenoids and esters were the most prominent volatiles from PM2. The HS–SPME–GC–MS method can be used to rapidly ascertain the volatile content in L. macranthoides samples; the results herein provided provide a valuable source for comparing the effects of applying different processing methods.

A simple method involving DBN‐mediated spirocyclopropanation of para‐quinone methides with 3‐chlorooxindoles is reported, providing a novel class of bis‐spiro compounds in short reaction times under mild conditions. Twenty‐four examples of the target compounds were obtained in up to 96 % yield.

Purpose The Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II (BEPCII) Linac is powered by 20 klystrons, and the output windows of each klystron need to be protected from being broken, which are currently protected by a system based on reflected radiofrequency (RF) power and vacuum levels. The primary weak point of reflection-based protection is the difficulty of accurately measuring the value caused by an uneven waveform. Moreover, vacuum protection is restricted by the long response time, which results in delayed protection. Both of the weak points may damage the output window of the klystron. An arcing-based protection system is then introduced into the BEPCII Linac, considering the constant presence of light during arcing and the experiences of other laboratories and colleagues in the RF group. Methods The system development mainly consists of the design and test of the E-bend waveguide observation window, selection of the arcing detection module, offline joint test, system assembling and online operation. Results The system was assembled with a new klystron at the K6 position on the summer of 2018. During the following annual operation year, the light signal was captured, and the interlock was successfully realized. Conclusion The arcing-based protection system assembled online was found to work well. Moreover, the light signal was successfully captured, and the interlock function worked fine. The system is planned to be applied in other klystron locations in the future.

Background The mechanism for the new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is still unclear. Although it has been demonstrated that IL-23 plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of AS, IL-23 has no direct effects on osteoblasts but modulates the function of osteoclasts. Aims To explore whether IL-23 indirectly facilitates new bone formation through osteoclasts in AS, here we analyzed whether IL-23 enhances the expression levels of pro-osteogenic factors by osteoclasts. Methods Mononuclear cells were harvested from mouse bone marrow and cultured in the presence of M-CSF (50 ng/ml) and RANKL (30 ng/ml) to trigger the production of osteoclasts. Protein and mRNA expression levels of Semaphorin 4D, Ephrin B2, BMP2, BMP6, SPHK1, HtrA1 and Wnt10b were measured using Western blot and qRT-PCR. Results Primary mononuclear cells were transformed into osteoclasts with RANKL and M-CSF. The increased expression of NFATc1 and TRAP together with TRAP staining of>3 nuclei were used to identify mature osteoclasts. The mRNA expression levels of BMP2, Ephrin B2 and SPHK1 were enhanced by 1.46, 2.1 and 2.46 folds after exposure to IL-23. Confirmation of increased levels of Ephrin B2 and SPHK1 in IL-23-stimulated osteoclasts was provided by Western blot analysis. IL-23 had no effects on the expression of BMP6 or Wnt10b, or on the anti-osteogenic factors Semaphorin 4D or HtrA1. Conclusions IL-23 induces osteoclasts to express pro-osteogenic factors rather than anti-osteogenic factors, suggesting IL-23 might indirectly promote the differentiation of osteoblasts through activated osteoclasts in ankylosing spondylitis. Hintergrund Der Mechanismus der Knochenneubildung bei ankylosierender Spondylitis (AS) ist nach wie vor unklar. Es wurde zwar nachgewiesen, dass IL-23 in der Pathophysiologie von AS eine zentrale Rolle spielt, doch IL-23 hat keine direkten Auswirkungen auf Osteoblasten, sondern moduliert die Funktion von Osteoklasten. Ziele Es sollte untersucht werden, ob IL-23 bei AS indirekt eine Knochenneubildung durch Osteoklasten begunstigt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde analysiert, ob IL-23 die Expressionsniveaus pro-osteogener Faktoren durch Osteoklasten steigert. Methoden Es wurden mononukleare Zellen aus dem Knochenmark von Mausen gewonnen, die zur Auslosung der Produktion von Osteoklasten in Gegenwart von M-CSF (50 ng/ml) und RANKL (30 ng/ml) kultiviert wurden. Mithilfe von Western-Blots und qRT-PCR wurden die Protein- und mRNA-Expressionsniveaus von Semaphorin 4D, Ephrin B2, BMP2, BMP6, SPHK1, HtrA1 und Wnt10b gemessen. Ergebnisse Primare mononukleare Zellen wurden mithilfe von RANKL und M-CSF in Osteoklasten umgewandelt. Die Identifikation reifer Osteoklasten erfolgte anhand der erhohten Expression von NFATc1 und TRAP zusammen mit dem Nachweis von mehr als 3 Zellkernen in der TRAP-Farbung. Die mRNA-Expressionsniveaus von BMP2, Ephrin B2 und SPHK1 waren nach Exposition gegenuber IL-23 um das 1,46-, 2,1- und 2,46-Fache erhoht. Die Bestatigung der erhohten Konzentration von Ephrin B2 und SPHK1 in IL-23-stimulierten Osteoklasten erfolgte durch Western-Blot-Analyse. IL-23 hatte keine Auswirkungen auf die Expression von BMP6 oder Wnt10b oder auf die anti-osteogenen Faktoren Semaphorin 4D oder HtrA1. Schlussfolgerungen IL-23 induziert Osteoklasten eher zur Expression pro-osteogener als anti-osteogener Faktoren, was darauf schliesen lasst, dass IL-23 bei ankylosierender Spondylitis durch aktivierte Osteoklasten die Differenzierung von Osteoblasten fordern konnte.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most notorious plant pathogens affecting the production of tomato worldwide. While the occurrence of age-related resistance (ARR) against TYLCV has been reported, the factors impacting its development remain unknown. We conducted a series of experiments with three tomato cultivars that vary in basal resistance to TYLCV to explore factors involved in the development of ARR. Our data indicate that ARR is more pronounced in tomato cultivars with higher basal resistance. Additionally, increased plant biomass in older plants does not contribute to ARR. Virus source plants with a younger age at initial inoculation facilitates virus acquisition by whiteflies. Finally, an analysis on plant hormones suggests that salicylic acid (SA) may play a major role in the development of ARR in tomato against TYLCV. These findings provide new insights into the developmental resistance in tomato against TYLCV as well as clues for the deployment of ARR in the management of diseases caused by TYLCV.

Objective To investigate the population pharmacokinetics of delayed methotrexate (MTX) excretion in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Materials and methods A total of 1,659 plasma concentration samples of MTX from 190 patients with 1 - 4 courses (plasma concentrations > 0.1 µmol/L) were collected in this study. The data analysis was performed using Phoenix NLME 1.3 software. The covariates included age, body surface area (BSA), body weight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), and serum creatinine (SCr). The final model was validated by bootstrap resampling procedures (1,000 runs) and visual predictive check (VPC) method. Results The data were best described by a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model. The mean values of clearance (CL) and distribution volume (Vd) of MTX were 6.53 L/h and 67.88 L, respectively. Analysis of covariates showed that BSA influenced the CL of MTX. Conclusion The final model was demonstrated as appropriate and effective for assessing the pharmacokinetic parameters of delayed MTX excretion in children with ALL.

We disclose herein a highly diastereoselective approach for the Cu(OTf)2/AcOH cooperative promoted bicyclization reaction of 3-cinnamyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles and ortho-quinonemethides (o-QMs) generated in situ from salicylaldehydes for the synthesis of spiro-furo[3,2-c]benzopyranoxindoles. The reaction has the advantages of readily available starting materials, simple operation, and high bond-forming efficiency, which not only provides an efficient access to spiro-furo[3,2-c]benzopyranoxindoles but also enriches the research contents of o-QMs-involved reactions. The synthetic applications of the products such as amide reduction are also demonstrated.

As the key approach to enhance the efficient application of solar energy, solar selective absorbers have been extensively investigated in the past years. With great efforts contributed by scientists and engineers all around the world, new materials and excellent structures were achieved in solid progress to stimulate applications in broad fields. In this book, we will present an overview of both theory and experimental methods to fulfill the high-efficiency solar absorber devices. It begins with a historical description of the study and development for the spectrally selective solar absorber materials and structures based on the optical principles and methods in past decades. The optical properties of metals and dielectric materials are addressed to provide the background on how to realize high performance of the solar absorber devices applied in the solar energy field. In the following sections, different types of materials and structures, including the experimental methods, are discussed for practical construction and fabrication of the solar absorber devices, aiming at maximally harvest the solar energy, at the same time to suppress the heat-emission loss effectively. The optical principles and methods used to evaluate the performance of solar absorber devices with broad applications in different physical conditions are presented. The book will be suitable for graduate students in applied physics fields with valuables reference also for the researchers working actively in the solar energy fields.

In order to reveal the transfer factor and perform health risk assessments of heavy metals in soil-crop systems in the high incidence area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Guangdong province of China, the farmland system of Sihui City in the high incidence area of NPC was selected as the research object, and rice, lettuce, and corresponding soil samples were collected. As, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in the soil and crop samples were analyzed. Based on the contents and chemical forms of seven heavy metals, the environmental pollution, bioavailability, and transfer factors of heavy metals in the soil-crop system were assessed using statistical analyses, pollution index evaluations, and transfer factor methods, and the health risks of adults and children in the study area were assessed using the health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The results showed that the farmland soil in the study area was basically clean (

Jiangxi Province (South China) is one of the world&rsquo, s top tungsten (W) mineral provinces. In this paper, we present a new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope data on the W ore-related Xianglushan granite in northern Jiangxi Province. The magmatic zircon grains (with high Th/U values) yielded an early Cretaceous weighted mean U-Pb age of 125 &plusmn, 1 Ma (MSWD = 2.5, 2&sigma, ). Zircon &epsilon, Hf(t) values of the Xianglushan granite are higher (&minus, 6.9 to &minus, 4.1, avg. &minus, 5.4 &plusmn, 0.7) than those of the W ore-related Xihuanshan granite in southern Jiangxi Province (&minus, 14.9 to &minus, 11.2, avg. &minus, 12.5 &plusmn, 0.9), implying different sources between the W ore-forming magmas in the northern and southern Jiangxi Province. Compiling published zircon geochemical data, the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the late Yanshanian granitic magmas in Jiangxi Province (the Xianglushan, Ehu, Dahutang, and Xihuashan plutons) were calculated by different interpolation methods. As opposed to the W ore-barren Ehu granitic magma, the low fO2 of the Xianglushan granitic magma may have caused W enrichment and mineralization, whilst high fO2 may have led to the coexistence of Cu and W mineralization in the Dahutang pluton. Additionally, our study suggests that the absence of late Mesozoic Cu-Mo mineralization in the Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Anhui Provinces (Zhe-Gan-Wan region) was probably related to low fO2 magmatism in the Cretaceous.

The development of a rapid, highly efficient, and one-pot synthesis of C3-α-prenylated oxindoles with simple reagents is described. The process is based on zinc-mediated α-regioselective prenylation of 3-acylidene-oxindole with commercially available prenyl bromide using inexpensive CeCl3 as the catalyst. The new transformation tolerates a wide range of 3-acylidene-oxindoles, providing easy access to a variety of functionalized 3-prenylated oxindoles. The synthetic utility of the approach is verified by formal synthesis of the flustramine family alkaloid (±)-debromoflustramine E.

Resume Objectifs mieux comprendre l’effet des anti-TNF (TNFi) sur la formation d’os nouveau chez les patients atteints de spondylarthrite ankylosante (SpA). Methodes Nous avons releve de maniere systematique les articles dans Embase et Pubmed. Resultats Quinze articles ont ete retenus. Dans toutes les 9 cohortes traitees par TNFi, les coins vertebraux avec lesion inflammatoire a l’inclusion presentaient un risque plus eleve de developper de nouveaux syndesmophytes que ceux sans lesion inflammatoire, bien que quelques syndesmophytes se soient egalement developpes dans les coins vertebraux sans lesion inflammatoire a l’inclusion. Les lesions inflammatoires avancees, y compris avec des depots de graisse sur l’IRM de reference, induisent un risque plus eleve pour la formation de syndesmophyte que les lesions inflammatoires aigues. Parce que le nombre de coins vertebraux analyses etait trop faible, on ne peut pas affirmer que les nouveaux syndesmophytes se developpent plus frequemment dans les coins avec des lesions inflammatoires completement eteintes avec une inflammation persistante apres traitement par TNFi. Quatre etudes avec 2 ans de suivi ont revele un effet nul des TNFi sur la progression radiographique par rapport a ce qui etait observe dans une cohorte historique de temoins ayant une activite inferieure de leur maladie, 3 etudes avec un suivi ≥ 4 ans ont constate un effet inhibiteur des TNFi sur la formation d’os nouveau chez les patients atteints de SpA. Les patients ayant debute le traitement par TNFi au moins 10 ans plus tard etaient plus susceptibles de presenter une progression radiographique par rapport a ceux qui l’ont commence plus tot. Conclusions chez les patients atteints de SpA et traites par TNFi, l’inflammation a l’inclusion est correlee au developpement de syndesmophytes. Une initiation precoce du traitement par TNFi peut ralentir la progression radiographique dans la SpA. Mais les TNFi peuvent perdre leur effet benefique sur le retard de la formation d’os nouveau a un stade avance de la SpA surtout quand existe une infiltration graisseuse focalisee ou que se forment des syndesmophytes.

Objective: To clarify if non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could retard the disease progression of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: A systematic search of Embase, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT) databases was conducted. Structural damage of AS was evaluated using spinal radiographs to assess modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Results: Five full-text papers (from 2 prospective and 2 retrospective studies) were included. Of the 4 studies deemed relevant, 3 reported no significant inhibition of spinal progression in AS patients treated continuously with NSAIDs, as determined by radiograph over 2-3 years. Only the 1st prospective randomized trial demonstrated that 2-year continuous use of celecoxib reduced mean changes in mSASSS of AS patients compared with on-demand treatment. However, the dosage difference of celecoxib between the two groups in the study seemed to be too small to elicit such differences in radiographic progression, while the therapy did not elicit any differences in disease activity, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels or global pain. Of the 3 studies that reported radiographic progression in the subgroup with elevated CRP, only post-hoc analysis of the 1st randomized study revealed that the patients treated continuously with NSAIDs had less radiological progression than those using on-demand NSAIDs. In 2 studies that reported radiographic progression in the patient subgroup with baseline syndesmophytes, both reported that there was no significant inhibition of progression of mSASSS in patients who had received continuous NSAID treatment compared with patients given on-demand NSAIDs. Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that NSAIDs are unable to delay radiographic progression of AS even in patients with elevated CRP levels.

We disclose herein a highly diastereoselective approach for the Cu(OTf)

Objectives To better understand the effect of TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi) on new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Methods We systematically searched the articles in EMBASE and PubMed. Results Fifteen articles were enrolled. In all the 9 TNFi-treated cohorts, the vertebral corners with inflammatory lesions at baseline were at higher risk to develop new syndesmophytes than those without inflammatory lesions, although a few syndesmophytes also developed at the vertebral corners without inflammatory lesions at baseline. The advanced inflammatory lesions including fat deposition on baseline MRI showed a higher risk for syndesmophyte formation than the acute inflammatory lesions. Because the number of analyzed vertebral corners were too small, it might not be true that new syndesmophytes developed more frequently at the corners with inflammatory lesions completely resolved than those with persistent inflammation after TNFi treatment. Four studies with 2-year follow-up revealed null effect of TNFi on radiographic progression compared with historical controls with lower disease activity, and 3 studies with ≥ 4-year follow-up proved inhibitory effect of TNFi on new bone formation in AS patients. Patients with a delay of > 10 years in starting TNFi therapy were more likely to experience radiographic progression as compared to those who started earlier. Conclusions In TNFi treated AS patients, baseline inflammation is linked with syndesmophyte development. An earlier initiation of TNFi therapy may slow the radiographic progression in AS, and TNFi may lose its benefit of retarding new bone formation at advanced stage of AS especially after the focal fat infiltration or syndesmophyte formation.

Bioinformatics analyses have shown that transmembrane and coiled-coil domain 1 (TMCO1) may be associated with lung adenocarcinoma. However, to the best of our knowledge, no current research has determined whether TMCO1 is involved in the development of lung adenocarcinoma. The present study aimed to identify the association between TMCO1 and lung adenocarcinoma. The present study demonstrated that the positive immunohistochemical staining of TMCO1 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher compared with paracarcinoma tissues. Additionally, knockdown of TMCO1 was demonstrated to downregulate B-cell lymphoma-2 protein expression levels and upregulate cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (caspase)-3 and caspase-9 protein expression levels in A549 cells. These changes resulted in decreased apoptosis of A549 cells uponTMCO1 downregulation. In addition, knockdown of TMCO1 decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression levels. The expression of N-cadherin and vimentin also decreased. By contrast, the expression levels of E-cadherin protein increased. Knockdown of TMCO1 resulted in the inhibition of A549 cell migration. The results of the present study demonstrated that TMCO1 was associated with lung adenocarcinoma and that inhibition of TMCO1 expression levels negatively regulated the apoptosis and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Therefore, the present study suggests the potential for TMCO1 to be used in the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

Photosynthesis can reflect the responses of plants to environmental changes. In this study, photosynthetic light-response curves were measured by the Li-6400XT photosynthetic system in Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem Research Station. Photosynthetic light-response curves were fitted by Ye model. The differences of photosynthetic parameters between inner and margin forests were examined. Stomatal conductance (g植物的光合作用在一定程度上能够体现其对生境的响应情况.采用Li-6400XT光合测定系统,测定了黄河小浪底森林生态系统定位研究站栓皮栎和刺槐人工林林内、林缘叶片气体交换的光响应曲线,利用叶子飘模型对光合作用-光响应进行了拟合,分析了林内和林缘光合参数的差异,将气孔导度机理模型与光合作用-光响应修正模型进行耦合,研究了气孔导度(

Hirschsprungprime;s disease (HSCR) is one of the major causes of chronic incomplete intestinal obstruction in children. HSCR is considered a type of neurocristopathy caused by no colonization of ganglion cells on some parts of the bowel wall due to abnormal termination of the migration of vagal neural cells during embryonic development. This disease can be classified into different types according to the length of the affected intestinal canal. Most HSCR patients present with single deformity, but some HSCR patients are affected by other deformities, which constitutes syndromic HSCR, such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, Fryns syndrome, and cartilage-hair hypoplasia syndrome. Most syndromes have abnormal genetic material. An adequate knowledge of syndromic HSCR is of vital importance for accurate diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, genetic basis, and genetic modes of different types of syndromic HSCR.

A 325-MHz bi-periodic on-axis coupled accelerating structure prototype which consists of two bi-periodic accelerating modules is under fabrication in the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, dedicated to a 10-MeV/100 kW industrial linear electron accelerator. According to the beam dynamics study, the average power dissipated in the prototype cavity is about 19.1 kW. Effective cooling scheme is one of the most important issues in the high-power operation. This paper mainly deals with the RF, thermal and structural coupled analyses of the accelerating structure prototype with the help of the ANSYS code. The cooling scheme is optimized to minimize the temperature rise, displacement and von Mises stresses. The temperature and stress distributions in the steady state are presented. The maximum von Mises stress is much lower than the yield strength limit of the corresponding material. The frequency shift caused by the thermal expansion is calculated as well, which is within the scope of the tuning range. The coupled analyses based on the ANSYS software package are presented to design and optimize the cooling scheme of the accelerating structure. The von Mises stresses are much lower than the yield strength limit of the material. The calculation results indicate that our cooling scheme can deal with the dissipated RF power efficiently.

Objectives. To examine the expressions of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 receptors in four osteoblast models and the effects of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 on osteoblasts.Methods. Gene expression levels of receptors, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), were evaluated by RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Proliferative responses and cell cycle analysis were detected by a CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. ALP activity and ALP mass were detected by an ALP activity assay and ALP staining, respectively.Results. In primary osteoblasts, only the IL-17 receptor was expressed. In C2C12, MC3T3-E1, and Saos-2 cells, the genes of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 receptors were not detectable. None of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 had an obvious effect on the proliferation of primary osteoblasts, but IL-17 exhibited an inhibitory effect on the gene expression of ALP, OCN, and Runx-2. The ALP activity and ALP mass of primary osteoblasts were downregulated by IL-17 treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and IL-17 failed to inhibit BMP-2-induced phosphorylation of Smad.Conclusion. Primary osteoblasts constitutively express IL-17 receptors, but none of C2C12 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and Saos-2 cells express any receptors for IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23. IL-17 inhibits BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation via the BMP/Smad-independent pathway.

The technologies of Web-based teleoperation and somatosensory Human-Computer Interaction have become a hot technology in recent years. Combining with these two technologies, this paper is based on the web server, using Kinect as the front-end of the robot teleoperation human-computer interaction equipment to acquire human-interactive data. Data transfer by using the WebSocket based on HTML 5 and establish the model by using WebGL to realize the remote teleoperation of robot. After the test of the function and performance of the system, indicating the practicality of the system.

In the perspective of typological application in architectural design, this paper analyses and summarizes local natural conditions and geographical cultural features of Fuyun County, tries to use the typology approach to architectural design in prototype abstract, light construction, material re-expression and landscape design, and explores the specific processes and methods of the typological applications in architectural design of New Regionalism.

Yidun arc is an important constituent of the Sanjiang Tethyan Domain in SW China. The Changdagou pluton, located in the northern part of the Yidun Arc, mainly consists of granodiorite. In this study, we conducted in-situ LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, and trace element and Hf isotope analyses on the Changdagou granites. Age dating results yielded a weighted mean U-Pb age of 214.97 &plusmn, 0.98 Ma (MSWD = 1.2, 2&sigma, ), broadly coeval with extensive late Triassic magmatism across the Yidun Arc. All zircon grains analyzed showed high concentrations of Th, U, and HREE, with positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies. Logfo2 and CeN/CeN* values vary from FMQ &minus, 3.14 to FMQ +7.44 (average FMQ +3.98), and 14 to 172 (avg. 98), respectively. The zircon EuN/EuN* (avg. 0.22) ratios have no clear correlation with the CeN/CeN* ratios, suggesting that the former were mainly affected by the magma water content. In addition, zircon &epsilon, Hf(t) values vary in a narrow range (&ndash, 2.9 to &minus, 4.9, avg. &minus, 3.4) that clusters around zero, indicating a greater component of mantle-derived magma. Hence, we propose that the Changdagou granodiorite was derived from a highly oxidized, &ldquo, wet&rdquo, Cu-rich source, of the type likely to generate porphyry Cu mineralization. However, these parameters (logfO2, EuN/EuN*, (Ce/Nd)/Y, and &epsilon, Hf(t)) are all lower than those of intrusions associated with Cu ores at Pulang and Lannitang, which may explain why the Cu deposit discovered at Changdagou is small by comparison. Furthermore, on the basis of the decreasing trends of &epsilon, Hf, logfO2, and H2O content from south to north along the Yiduan arc, we infer that the northern segment of the Yidun arc (including Changdagou) was located further away from the subduction front.

Several kinds of protein such as the expansin, expansin-like proteins and LPMOs (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases) are known to exert enhancement effects on cellulase activity. In this study, a novel cellulase synergistic protein named POEP1 was purified from the culture filtrate of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans CGMCC 6169, and was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of 60 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that it was an unknown protein without sequence similarity to the expansin and expansin-like proteins. Evaluation of the enzymatic hydrolysis of filter paper revealed that POEP1 had no cellulase activity but displayed high synergistic activity of 364% at a cellulase concentration of 0.1 FPU/g of filter paper. When a mixture containing 0.6 FPU cellulase and 700 μg POEP1 per g of cellulose was evaluated, the maximal sugar yield was achieved, which was 2.2-fold greater than that with the cellulase alone. POEP1 was found to have functional similarity to the expansin and expansin-like proteins, which could decrease both the hydrogen-bond intensity and crystallinity, and cause the filter paper disruption. This study provided evidence for the existence of novel bacterial proteins in nature serving the same function as expansin and expansin-like proteins.

Using photonic crystals (PCs), the extraction efficiency of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be greatly enhanced by the effects of photonic band gap (PBG) and grating diffraction. The two theoretical methods are also discussed. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that LEDs can achieve high extraction efficiency by employing photonic crystal as diffraction grating. PCs with square lattice of cylindrical unit cells are fabricated in GaN layer of GaN-based blue LED. We present a theoretical discussion on the extraction efficiency of PC-LED, which relies on the effective medium theory and transmission matrix method to investigate the effect of lattice constant. The results show that the extraction efficiency of the high performance LEDs can achieve 61.8% when the lattice constant is 270 nm.

The particle swarm optimization algorithm was showed to converge rapidly during the initial stages of a global search, but around global optimum, the search process will become very slow. On the contrary, the gradient descending method can achieve faster convergent speed around global optimum, and at the same time, the convergent accuracy can be higher. So in this paper, a hybrid algorithm combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with back-propagation (BP) algorithm, also referred to as PSO-BP algorithm, is proposed to train the weights of feedforward neural network (FNN), the hybrid algorithm can make use of not only strong global searching ability of the PSOA, but also strong local searching ability of the BP algorithm. In this paper, a novel selection strategy of the inertial weight is introduced to the PSO algorithm. In the proposed PSO-BP algorithm, we adopt a heuristic way to give a transition from particle swarm search to gradient descending search. In this paper, we also give three kind of encoding strategy of particles, and give the different problem area in which every encoding strategy is used. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid PSO-BP algorithm is better than the Adaptive Particle swarm optimization algorithm (APSOA) and BP algorithm in convergent speed and convergent accuracy.

This paper proposed a modified algorithm, sequential niching particle swarm optimization (SNPSO), for the attempt to get multiple maxima of multimodal function. Based on the sequential niching technique, our proposed SNPSO algorithm can divide a whole swarm into several sub-swarms, which can detect possible optimal solutions in multimodal problems sequentially. Moreover, for the purpose of determining sub-swarm's launch criteria, we adopted a new PSO space convergence rate (SCR), in which each sub-swarm can search possible local optimal solution recurrently until the iteration criteria is reached. Meanwhile, in order to encourage every sub-swarm flying to a new place in search space, the algorithm modified the raw fitness function of the new launched sub-swarm. Finally, the experimental results show that the SNPSO algorithm is more effective and efficient than the SNGA algorithm.