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This article draws from multiple sources of data including longitudinal field research such as interviews with diverse stakeholders—party apparatchik, leaders of civil society organizations, and representatives of international institutions operating in Cambodia. Analyzing these data using the literature on the durability of single-party authoritarianism, we argue that authoritarian durability in Cambodia is associated with the ruling party’s strength, which has its roots in the party’s evolution from a liberation movement and counterinsurgency struggle from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. This movement and struggle fostered a shared sense of hardship, and a common identity among the party’s leadership, which in turn generated enduring partisan identities, rigid interparty boundaries, and strong party organizational structure. Additionally, we postulate that distribution of patronage largesse made possible through rents associated with extraction of natural resources, foreign aid, and foreign investment further strengthened the ruling party, allowing it to project infrastructural power in surveilling and mobilizing voters and in exercising coercion against its challengers.

Nesfatin-1, an anorexic neuropeptide discovered in 2006, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It has been shown to be involved in the regulation of food intake and lipid metabolism, inhibiting fat accumulation, accelerating lipid decomposition, and in general, inhibiting the development of lipid-related diseases, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. Potential mechanisms of Nesfatin-1 action in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases will be discussed as well as its role as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease. This review expected to provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of clinically related diseases.

Lead (Pb) is a common heavy metal contaminant in the environment, and it may perturb autophagy and cause neurodegeneration. Although sodium para-aminosalicylic (PAS-Na) has been shown to protect the brain from lead-induced toxicity, the mechanisms associated with its efficacy have yet to be fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of PAS-Na in attenuating the neurotoxic effects of lead, as well as the specific mechanisms that mediate such protection. Lead exposure resulted in weight loss and injury to the liver and kidney, and PAS-Na had a protective effect against this damage. Both short-term and subchronic lead exposure impaired learning ability, and this effect was reversed by PAS-Na intervention. Lead exposure also perturbed autophagic processes through the modulation of autophagy-related factors. Short-term lead exposure downregulated LC3 and beclin1 and upregulated the expression of p62; subchronic lead exposure upregulated the expression of LC3, beclin1, and P62. It follows that PAS-Na had an antagonistic effect on the activation of the above autophagy-related factors. Overall, our novel findings suggest that PAS-Na can protect the rat cortex from lead-induced toxicity by regulating autophagic processes. (1) Short-term lead exposure inhibits autophagy, whereas subchronic lead exposure promotes autophagy. (2) PAS-NA ameliorated the abnormal process of lead-induced autophagy, which had a protective effect on the cerebral cortex.

The soil environmental pollution situation has been severe in recent years, but studies on evaluating with bioavailability testing and prediction models are lacking, which makes it difficult to accurately assess the ecological risks of contaminated soil. As an important indicator of bioavailability, the bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in the soil was analyzed in this study. The bioaccessibility content and their corresponding soil property data were screened and systematically analyzed to explore the relationship between bioaccessibility content and soil properties. Furthermore, some testing methods for bioaccessibility were summarized to analyze the relationship between bioaccessibility content, test methods, and bioavailability content. Additionally, the bioaccessibility content prediction models were established. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the bioaccessibility content and the total content of heavy metals (

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is raging worldwide; the number of new cases and deaths is increasing daily. This study aims to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 among residents of Quang Binh, Vietnam. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted between the 1st and 10th of March 2022 in Quang Binh with 413 participants through convenience sampling. A self-designed questionnaire was used for data collection, using SPSS (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) version 26.0 for management and analysis. Results: Among the 413 participants, 80.5% of participants had good knowledge about COVID-19. Kinh people and those with a high level of education have higher odds of having good knowledge. 78.2% of participants had a positive attitude and 78.2% had good practice toward COVID-19. Knowledge-Practice scores and Attitude-Practice scores have a positive correlation. TV (65.4%) and the internet (66.6%) are the most popular channels for information about COVID-19. Common barriers for participants taking COVID-19 prevention measures were "due to the demands of life" (61%) or "due to the specificity of the work" (47.7%). Conclusions: Residents of Quang Binh have a moderate KAP towards COVID-19. Health education programs are needed to improve knowledge about COVID-19 among Quang Binh residents, with a focus on ethnic minorities and people with low levels of education.

Yucca contains high a content of saponin that has a glucocorticord-like effect in animals, e.g., anti-inflammation and anti-microbiota. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of yucca powder may alleviate heat stress and improve growth performance of growing broilers subjected to cycling high ambient temperature. A total of 240 male broiler chicks (yellow feathered chicken) aged 28 days, with body weight (BW) of 792 ± 43.7 g, were randomly allocated to one of four treatments (6 replicates per treatment): control (normal temperature, 24 ± 2°C, 24 h), fed diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg yucca under normal temperature (Y), high ambient temperature exposure (HT, 34 ± 2°C, 11 h), fed diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg yucca (HT+Y) under high ambient temperature. After 7 days of adaption, the experiment was conducted for 4 weeks (aged 28–56 days). HT significantly reduced feed intake, BW, and average daily gain (ADG) of broiler, but yucca improved the feed intake under HT condition. Yucca supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the HT-induced increase in temperature of rectum and leg skin. Supplementation of yucca increased the hypothalamic mRNA expression of TRPV2, TRPV4, and TRPM8 (P < 0.05). Yucca reduced (P < 0.05) the plasma lipid oxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), but did not affect the activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide oxidase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx). Yucca did not affect the plasma neuro peptide Y (NPY), which was reduced by HT, yucca reduced circulation cholecystokinin (CCK) and hypothalamic mRNA expression of CCK. Supplementation of yucca increased the mRNA expression of both heat and cool sensing receptors. The results of the present study indicate that yucca could improve antioxidant status and attenuate the heat stress response by regulating hypothalamic temperature-sensing genes in growing chickens. Besides, yucca supplementation improved feed intake probably through modulating CCK in growing broilers under high ambient temperature.

Digital microfluidic (DMF) has been a unique tool for manipulating micro-droplets with high flexibility and accuracy. To extend the application of DMF for automatic and in-site detection, it is promising to introduce colorimetric sensing based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which have advantages including high sensitivity, label-free, biocompatibility, and easy surface modification. However, there is still a lack of studies for investigating the movement and stability of AuNPs for in-site detection on the electrowetting-based digital microfluidics. Herein, to demonstrate the ability of DMF for colorimetric sensing with AuNPs, we investigated the electrowetting property of the AuNPs droplets on the hydrophobic interface of the DMF chip and examined the stability of the AuNPs on DMF as well as the influence of evaporation to the colorimetric sensing. As a result, we found that the electrowetting of AuNPs fits to a modified Young–Lippmann equation, which suggests that a higher voltage is required to actuate AuNPs droplets compared with actuating water droplets. Moreover, the stability of AuNPs was maintained during the processing of electrowetting. We also proved that the evaporation of droplets has a limited influence on the detections that last several minutes. Finally, a model experiment for the detection of Hg2+ was carried out with similar results to the detections in bulk solution. The proposed method can be further extended to a wide range of AuNPs-based detection for label-free, automatic, and low-cost detection of small molecules, biomarkers, and metal ions.

Five isomorphic lanthanide metal-organic frameworks constructed from 5-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (H2cppca) and oxalate (H2ox), {[Ln2(cppca)2(ox)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n [Ln = Eu (1), Gd (2), Nd (3), Pr (4),Tb (5)] have been successfully synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. In compounds 1–5, inorganic helical Ln-O chain and cppca2- anions are interconnected to form a one-dimension (1D) helical metal-organic chain, then 1D metal-organic chains are linked into a three-dimension achiral network with 1D channel of 6.31 × 10.13 A2, showing an unprecedented (4,5)-connected topology net with Schlafli symbol {44.62}{44.64.82}. Fluorescent experiment indicated that compounds 1 and 5 show sensitive luminescence quenching response to aniline, and the corresponding quenching constants (Ksv) are 2.81 × 104 M−1 and 3.14 × 104 M−1, respectively. The detection limits of aniline are 3.06 μM for 1 and 2.29 μM for 5. Moreover, compounds 1 and 5 are very stable and their reusability is relatively high and the fluorescence can be easily recovered after washing.

Two zinc supramolecular isomers, formulated as α-[Zn(cis-cppca)(H2O)]n (1) and β-[Zn(trans-cppca)(H2O)]n (2), have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and fully characterized (H2cppca = 5-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid). Solvent-induced conformational isomerism of cppca2− ligand and framework isomerism of 1 and 2 are both observed. Each distorted [Zn(cis-cppca)]2 unit joined four equivalent ones in an abnormal 2D puckered layer in compound 1; however, compound 2 displays a 3-D open framework with larger bi-edge channels constructed by 1D Zn–O–Zn chains and trans-cppca bridges, in which the internal edge is a nearly hexagonal channel with an approximate dimension of 14.51 A and the external edge is a circular channel with an approximate dimension of 19.26 A. Fluorescent properties indicated that compound 1 displays an apparent fluorescence emission in acetone solvent; however, compound 2 was very sensitive to acetone molecules which results in nearly 100% fluorescence quenching. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 might be promising luminescent probes for the detection of Fe3+. The dye adsorption experiments demonstrated that compound 2 showed good adsorption properties for MB and RhB molecules.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a central role in hydrolyzing triglyceride and its deficiency leads to atherosclerosis. Artesunate (ART), a derivative of artemisinin, has been demonstrated that ART reduces the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. However, it remains unclear whether ART-alleviated atherosclerotic lesion is involved in regulating lipid metabolism. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet to form atherosclerotic plaques and then injected with artesunate or not. Oil Red O, HE and Masson staining were performed to assess atherosclerotic plaques. Both Western blot and qRT-PCR were applied to detect protein expression. The Luciferase reporter gene and Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to assess the interaction between proteins. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to show the localization of target proteins. In vitro, our data shown that ART increased LPL expression and inhibition of NRF2 blocked the binding of TCF7L2 to LPL promoter region in VSMCs. Downregulated Klf2 could decrease the nuclear enrichment of NRF2, TCF7L2 and LPL expression. In vivo, ART decreased atherosclerotic plaque formation and increased VSMC counts and LPL expression within atherosclerotic plaques. We observed the reduced tendency of serum lipids, and increased in serum LPL activity in mice. In support of vitro data, the markedly increased KLF2, TCF7L2 and LPL expression have been detected in aorta. Our study suggests that ART may be a novel therapeutic drug for inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque formation. The molecular mechanism may involve in upregulation of LPL expression via the KLF2/NRF2/TCF7L2 pathway in VSMCs.

It is of great importance to develop cost-effective materials for large-scale use in CO2 capture and conversion. Herein, mesoporous N-doped carbon materials were prepared by one-step carbonization of tea waste (TW) in the absence of any other additives, and used as a class of bio-friendly adsorbents for CO2 capture and conversion. It is demonstrated that the as-prepared TW-derived N-doped carbon exhibit moderate CO2 adsorption capacities under 1 bar. They also display high activity for catalyzing the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides under mild conditions (e.g., 1 bar, 100 °C, and 8 h). Systematic characterizations prove that TW-900 shows moderate specific surface areas and superhydrophobicity feature, which are responsible for its high performance for CO2 capture and conversion. The direct carbonization of TW offers a facile and environmentally friendly route to N-doped carbon materials for CO2 capture and fixation.

To study the effect of aqueous extracts of Yiqi Jiedu formula (YQ) on the proliferation of CNE2 cells in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and investigate its mechanism to provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical application of YQ. CNE2 cells were treated with different concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 0.25 g·L⁻¹) of YQ, positive control medicine (cisplatin 4.0 mg·L⁻¹), inhibitor PD98059 (50 μmol·L⁻¹), activator isoproterenol hydrochloride (20 μmol·L⁻¹), activator isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO)+YQ 0.5 g·L⁻¹. Then cell labeling by using real-time analyzer (RTCA) and CCK 8 method were used to detect cell proliferation activity, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated. The cell cycle distribution was detected by fluorescence double dye flow cytometry PI staining, and Western blot method was used to detect the expression levels of related protein and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. The results of RTCA and CCK-8 test showed that as compared with the control group, YQ group could effectively inhibit the proliferation of CNE2 cells (

China Ocean Mineral Resources RD National Natural Science Foundation of China [41376171, 41006099]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of T-2 toxin on the transcriptome of the glandular stomach in chicks using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Four groups of 1-day-old Cobb male broilers (n = 4 cages/group, 6 chicks/cage) were fed a corn-soybean-based diet (control) and control supplemented with T-2 toxin at 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg, respectively, for 2 weeks. The histological results showed that dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin at 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg induced glandular gastric injury including serious inflammation, increased inflammatory cells, mucosal edema, and necrosis and desquamation of the epithelial cells in the glandular stomach of chicks. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that there were 671, 1393, and 1394 genes displayed ≥2 (P

It has been suggested that the phytohormone ethylene plays a role in strawberry fruit ripening, and new genetic evidence for the role of this hormone in strawberry ripening is provided in this study. The combined analysis of ethylene production and transcripts of the ethylene biosynthesis-related gene FaSAMS1 and the signaling gene FaCTR1 in ‘Camarosa’ strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruit showed that an increase in ethylene production was concomitant with a rise in transcripts of the two genes during fruit red-coloring, suggesting that FaSAMS1 and FaCTR1 might play a role in fruit ripening. Downregulation of the FaSAMS1 or FaCTR1 transcript via a recently reported tobacco rattle virus-induced gene-silencing technique not only inhibited fruit red-coloring and firmness, but it also promoted ethylene biosynthesis. Furthermore, the latter also affected a series of ethylene-signaling components. Importantly, applied ethephon could promote natural strawberry fruit red-coloring and softening and partially rescue anthocyanin biosynthesis in the two-type RNAi fruit, but could not markedly affect RNAi fruit firmness. These data provide new evidence that FaCTR1 positively regulates strawberry fruit ripening and that ethylene is required for strawberry fruit ripening.

Firstly, several common vertical anti-seepage forms for modern sanitary landfill are reviewed and compared. According to the unreasonable calculation method of the wall thickness in the New Code, this paper proposes a reasonable calculation method of the wall thickness through the two engineering project cases: valley type and plain type landfill, reflecting on the reasonable choice of the vertical anti-seepage forms. For the valley type landfill where the cover layer has a certain thickness, jet grouting pile and post grouting is proposed for the anti-seepage; for the plain type landfill whose foundation is composed of clay or sandy soil, the cement mixing pile is proposed for the anti-seepage.

This paper presents an experimental study on the interaction between sulfate and chloride attack and mechanical loading on concrete specimens made with two different water-to-cement ratios (w/c). The resulting damage owing to these combined effects was investigated using ultrasonic techniques. The experimental results showed that high strength concrete had a strong resistance to sulfate attack. Flexural loading accelerated damage to the concrete, whereas the damage owing to sulfate attack is diminished in the presence of chlorides. In general, sulfate attack initially has a positive effect on concrete performance but this reverses with time and significant deterioration can occur in concrete suffered from a long term sulfate attack.

We have developed a model of the local field potential (LFP) based on the conservation of charge, the independence principle of ionic flows and the classical Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) type intracellular model of synaptic activity. Insights were gained through the simulation of the HH intracellular model on the nonlinear relationship between the balance of synaptic conductances and that of post-synaptic currents. The latter is dependent not only on the former, but also on the temporal lag between the excitatory and inhibitory conductances, as well as the strength of the afferent signal. The proposed LFP model provides a method for decomposing the LFP recordings near the soma of layer IV pyramidal neurons in the barrel cortex of anaesthetised rats into two highly correlated components with opposite polarity. The temporal dynamics and the proportional balance of the two components are comparable to the excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic currents computed from the HH model. This suggests that the two components of the LFP reflect the underlying excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic currents of the local neural population. We further used the model to decompose a sequence of evoked LFP responses under repetitive electrical stimulation (5Hz) of the whisker pad. We found that as neural responses adapted, the excitatory and inhibitory components also adapted proportionately, while the temporal lag between the onsets of the two components increased during frequency adaptation. Our results demonstrated that the balance between neural excitation and inhibition can be investigated using extracellular recordings. Extension of the model to incorporate multiple compartments should allow more quantitative interpretations of surface Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings into components reflecting the excitatory, inhibitory and passive ionic current flows generated by local neural populations.

We here report a novel biomimetic mineralization strategy for enamel remineralization by intergration of calcium phosphate loaded and thermally triggered liposomes and a self-assembly amelogenin-inspired peptide. Firstly, calcium and phosphate loaded temperature sensitive liposomes were synthesized by Interdigitation-fusion method with 1,2-bis(palmitoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphor- choline (DPPC) and 1,2-bis(myristoyl)-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine (DMPC) at mass ratio of 9:1 . The liposomes were stable at room temperature, but slowly released calcium and phosphate ions if heated to 37 °C. Secondly, a novel polyanion amelogenin-inspired oligropeptide (Gln-Pro-Ala)4-Thr-Lys-Arg-Glu-Glu-Val-Asp ) was synthesized by standard solid-phase. Lastly, the mixture of peptide and liposomes solution was exposed to enamel surface at 37 °C. The results showed oriented enamel-like hydroxylapatite evenly deposited on enamel surface.

Esterase is the key enzyme involved in microbial degradation of phthalate esters (PAEs). In this study, an intracellular esterase was purified from a coastal sediment fungus Fusarium sp. DMT-5-3 capable of utilizing dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) as a substrate. The purified enzyme is a polymeric protein consisting of two identical subunits with a molecular mass of about 84 kDa. The enzyme showed a maximum esterase activity at 50 °C and was stable below 30 °C. The optimal pH was 8.0 and the enzyme was stable between pH 6.0 and 10.0. The esterase activity was inhibited by Cr 3+ , Hg 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Cd 2+ . Substrate specificity analysis showed that the enzyme was specific to DMT hydrolysis, but had no effect on other isomers of dimethyl phthalate esters (DMPEs) or monomethyl phthalate esters (MMPEs). These findings suggest that the phthalate esterase produced by Fusarium sp. DMT-5-3 is inducible and distinctive esterases involved in hydrolysis of the two carboxylic ester linkages of DMPEs.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to play a role in fruit development, but supporting genetic evidence has been lacking. Here, we report that ABA promotes strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruit ripening. Using a newly established Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing technique in strawberry fruit, the expression of a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene (FaNCED1), which is key to ABA biosynthesis, was down-regulated, resulting in a significant decrease in ABA levels and uncolored fruits. Interestingly, a similar uncolored phenotype was observed in the transgenic RNA interference (RNAi) fruits, in which the expression of a putative ABA receptor gene encoding the magnesium chelatase H subunit (FaCHLH/ABAR) was down-regulated by virus-induced gene silencing. More importantly, the uncolored phenotype of the FaNCED1-down-regulated RNAi fruits could be rescued by exogenous ABA, but the ABA treatment could not reverse the uncolored phenotype of the FaCHLH/ABAR-down-regulated RNAi fruits. We observed that down-regulation of the FaCHLH/ABAR gene in the RNAi fruit altered both ABA levels and sugar content as well as a set of ABA- and/or sugar-responsive genes. Additionally, we showed that exogenous sugars, particularly sucrose, can significantly promote ripening while stimulating ABA accumulation. These data provide evidence that ABA is a signal molecule that promotes strawberry ripening and that the putative ABA receptor, FaCHLH/ABAR, is a positive regulator of ripening in response to ABA.

A population of BC7 near-isogenic cucumber line (NIL210) was made from a cross between the powdery mildew susceptible cultivar (D8) and resistant cultivar (JIN5-508) in order to get powdery mildew resistance genes in cucumber. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridizations (SSHs) were applied to identify differential expressed genes between NIL210 and D8. 166 differentially expressed ESTs were identified from two SSH cDNA libraries including constitutively expressed resistant and susceptible factors. Most of the classified genes belong to four pathogenesis-related categories: ‘disease/defense’, ‘signal transduction’, ‘transcription’ and ‘transporter’, which altogether accounted for 46–53% of the genes classified. Some candidate powdery mildew resistant genes were also identified, such as GT053536 (TIR-NBS-LRR protein) and GT053570 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2). These results will contribute to the better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying powdery mildew resistance in cucumber.

An efficient stereoselective synthesis of the rigid aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane scaffold has been developed to provide 2-cyano pyrrolidine alpha-amino amide 1 as DPP-4 inhibitor.

The expression change pattern of three transcription genes ( WRKY30, WRKY6 and MYB ) in two cucumber lines with different powdery mildew resistance (resistant line ‘JIN5-508’ and susceptible line ‘D8’) were investigated during the infection process with powdery mildew using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene expression analysis during different time points revealed that the expression ratio of WRKY30 was 10.08585 in D8 and 5.117667 in JIN5-508, respectively, and for WRKY6, the expression ratio was 5.396152 in D8 and 3.787322 in JIN5-508, respectively, and for MYB, the expression ratio was 14.17324 in D8 and 10.70195 in JIN5-508, respectively. Additionally, the time point of the highest relative expression ratio for the three genes was different in the two cucumber lines according to their resistance to powdery mildew, whereas the susceptible line D8 was earlier than the resistant line JIN5-508 in responding to the powdery mildew infection. We suggest that the three genes’ expressions induced by powdery mildew pathogen is related to the disease resistance, and the response of susceptible line is earlier and higher than the resistant line, which may have interactions between the three genes and other resistant genes. Key words : Cucumber, powdery mildew, gene expression pattern.

A Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, motile, aerobic bacterium, designated Y2T, was isolated from surface seawater of Yundang Lake, Xiamen, China. The strain was able to grow in the presence of 0.5–6.0 % NaCl (optimum 1.0–1.5 %), at pH 5–10 (optimum pH 8) and at 10–40 °C (optimum 25 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Y2T belongs to the genus Pseudoalteromonas , with the highest sequence similarity of 94.9 % to Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2T; within the genus Pseudoalteromonas , it showed the lowest similarity of 92.8 % to Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans ATCC 43337T. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of strain Y2T was 45.1 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C16 : 0, C12 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The only respiratory quinone detected was Q-8. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain Y2T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas , for which the name Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is Y2T ( = CGMCC 1.12157T = JCM 18779T).