Search

Purpose: To evaluate the value of the three-line (TL) method in the diagnosis of vertebral fractures. Methods: 286 patients over 50 years old who received thoracolumbar X-ray examination in our hospital from 2013 to 2019 were selected and divided into three groups according to their age. The incidence and severity of vertebral fractures were measured by the TL method and Genant semi-quantitative technique by the same observer. Eight vertebrae were measured in each patient, ranging from T10 to L5. Results: The TL method was consistent with the Genant semi-quantitative method when evaluating whether patients had vertebral fractures (k >0.75), and the McNemar-bowker test showed no difference in the diagnosis between the two methods (P >0.05). However, Wilcoxon rank sum test found a difference between the two methods in assessing the severity of fractured vertebrae (P < 0.05), and the TL method was more sensitive. Conclusion: The two methods can be substituted for each other in the diagnosis of vertebral fractures. However, TL method is more sensitive in the diagnosis of the severity of spinal fractures. And the TL method is more quantitative and easier for beginners to master.

Identification of metabolic alterations is useful for elucidating the pathophysiology and mass spectrometry-aided metabolomic, which provides small molecule metabolites to understand underlying mechanisms of complex diseases. In this work, we developed a novel liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics screen coupled with multivariate statistical analysis workflow to obtaining the metabolite annotation, visualization and rapid characterization of small molecular metabolites, then revealed the altered metabolic pathway in a rat model of alcohol-induced liver damage rats as case study. The ions were detected in both positive and negative mode, and the key biomarkers were selected through multivariate statistical screening analysis. We employed the enhanced mass spectrometry coverage method to comprehensive analysis of the metabolite data. Importantly, we further find these small molecule metabolites were associated with multiple metabolic pathways. The elucidation of these altered metabolic pathways should help identify new and specific therapeutic targets. In addition, this metabolomics workflow coupled to LC-MS/MS has been successfully applied to the identification of small molecule metabolites in this complex disease. We strongly believe that metabolomics studies will benefit from incorporating liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry strategies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still a major problem nowadays. Under the circumstance of many chemical drugs have poor effects on AD, traditional Chinese medicine has become a hot spot for us due to its multi-target and multi-path advantages. To explore the potential therapeutic targets of Kaixinsan (KXS) protects against AD in APP/PS1 transgenic mice model. All mice were divided into three groups: control group, model group and KXS group. Orally given KXS from two month old, and the control and model groups were given the same dose of distilled water. We collected all mice's serum samples at the 12th month age to determine the lipid markers of AD by compare with the model and control groups in full-scan analysis based on high-throughput serum lipidomics technology. Then we found the lipid molecules called back by KXS from the KXS protects against AD. Compared with the control group, the metabolic profile of the model mice was obviously disordered, and we identified 16 lipid-related biomarkers associated with AD. After KXS treatment, the metabolic profiles of these disorders tended to recover compared with the model group. And we identified eight key lipid molecules, of which four had statistical significance. We found that the main perturbation pathways related to AD were linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. All these metabolic pathways showed different degrees of rotation after KXS administration. Through the pathways analysis, we found 4 lipids molecules with significant differences, which could be used as new targets for the treatment of AD.

Objective In this study, we collected samples from postmenopausal women aged >60 y and evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) in addition to other biochemical variables to evaluate risk factors for osteoporosis. Furthermore, we investigated whether an association exists between the CpG island methylation levels in the promoter region of the TBC1D8 gene and osteoporosis incidence. Our goal was to identify contributing factors to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and provide a theoretical basis for osteoporosis testing and therapy. Materials and methods We used questionnaires to collect data from Chinese Han women in their communities. The following parameters were measured: uric acid, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, P1NP, β-CTX, PTH, 25(OH)D and bone mineral density from lumbar spine 1 to 4, femoral neck, and total hip. DNA was also extracted to assess the methylation level of the TBC1D8 gene. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a lower body mass index (BMI) infrequent exercise and certain sleep durations may be associated with osteoporosis. In addition, higher serum creatinine, β-CTX and PTH and lower 25(OH)D levels may be associated with osteoporosis. In Chinese Han postmenopausal women, decreased methylation of the TBCF1D8 gene promoter CpG islands is associated with osteoporosis. Finally, we also observed that TBC1D8 is negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Lipid metabolism has a significant function in the central nervous system and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related senile disease characterized by central nerve degeneration. The pathological development of AD is closely related to lipid metabolism disorders. To reveal the influence of Kai-Xin-San (KXS) on lipid metabolism in APP/PSI transgenic mice and potential therapeutic targets for treating AD, brain tissue samples were collected and analyzed by high-throughput lipidomics based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. The collected raw data were processed by multivariate data analysis to discover the potential biomarkers and lipid metabolic profiles. Compared with the control wild-type mouse group, nine potential lipid biomarkers were found in the AD model group, of which seven were up-regulated and two were down-regulated. Orally administrated KXS can reverse the changes in these potential biomarkers. Compared with the model group, a total of six differential metabolites showed a recovery trend and may be potential targets for KXS to treat AD. This study showed that high-throughput lipidomics can be used to discover the perturbed pathways and lipid biomarkers as potential targets to reveal the therapeutic effects of KXS.

High-throughput metabolomics can clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of diseases via the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites. This study used the established Yang Huang syndrome (YHS) mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of geniposide (GEN). Urine metabolic data were quantified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The non-target screening of the massive biological information dataset was performed, and a total of 33 metabolites, including tyramine glucuronide, aurine, and L-cysteine, were identified relating to YHS. These differential metabolites directly participated in the disturbance of phase I reaction and hydrophilic transformation of bilirubin. Interestingly, they were completely reversed by GEN. While, as the auxiliary technical means, we also focused on the molecular prediction and docking results in network pharmacological and integrated analysis part. We used integrated analysis to communicate the multiple results of metabolomics and network pharmacology. This study is the first to report that GEN indirectly regulates the metabolite "tyramine glucuronide" through its direct effect on the target heme oxygenase 1 in vivo. Meanwhile, heme oxygenase-1, a prediction of network pharmacology, was the confirmed metabolic enzyme of phase I reaction in hepatocytes. Our study indicated that the combination of high-throughput metabolomics and network pharmacology is a robust combination for deciphering the pathogenesis of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome.

Objective Epidemiological evidence suggests a possible association between sleep duration and cancer-related mortality, but the reported findings are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies to evaluate the relationships between sleep duration and cancer mortality. Methods Potentially relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase databases in addition to manual searches of references of retrieved full publications. The summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random-effect model. The meta-regression analyses were performed to explore any potential effect modifier. Results A total of 17 reports from 11 independent prospective studies were included in this meta-analysis. When comparing with reasonable sleep duration (mostly defined as 7 or 7–8 h), the summary RR for long sleep duration (mostly defined as ≥9 or ≥10 h) and short sleep duration (mostly defined as ≤6 or ≤5 h) was 1.11 (95% CI = 1.05–1.18) and 1.05 (95% CI = 0.99–1.11), respectively, with little evidence of heterogeneity. There was evidence of publication bias for the association of long sleep duration with cancer mortality, and the summary RR was slightly attenuated to be 1.10 (95% CI = 1.02–1.18) after using a statistical method to correct for the bias. Conclusion This meta-analysis of prospective studies suggests that long, not short sleep duration is associated with significantly increased risk of total cancer mortality.

Optical Flow is useful to calculate object movement in computer vision field. It is difficult to realize the optical flow system because of huge data needed to be processed for dynamic images. DSP and FPGA chips are used to solve this problem. The hardware of system is designed by using DSP TMS320C6713 and FPGA XC3S400AN. The L-K algorithm is realized in the system. The experimental result shows that system can work with high accuracy and anti-jamming ability. Therefore it is useful to improve the performance of computer vision computing.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen associated with nosocomial infections in many countries. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is one of the genetic typing methods used to type MRSA with a high discriminatory power, however, it is labor-intensive, timely, and costly. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) coupled with ClinProTools is a potential tool to discover biomarker peaks and to generate a classification model based on highly sophisticated mathematical algorithms to discriminate clonal lineages. We investigated the performance of MALDI-TOF MS for discriminating 154 MRSA-ST239, 72 MRSA-ST5, 30 MRSA-ST59, 14 MRSA-ST45, and 20 MRSA-OST (other clonal lineages). Our results indicate that the model construction and validation have good potency to discriminate ST45 from other lineages with a sensitivity and a specificity of both 100%, and a sensitivity of 95.80% and a specificity of 94.62% to identify ST239. For Biotyper classification, the sensitivity and specificity were more than of 90% for ST239, ST59 and ST45, whereas only 81.94% sensitivity for ST5. By single-peak analysis, the peaks m/z 4808 and 9614 can correctly discriminate ST45 a sensitivity and a specificity of both 100%; the peak m/z 6554 can also discriminate ST239 with a sensitivity of 91.9% and a specificity of 85.4%. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS coupled with ClinProTools has a high detection performance for MRSA typing with obvious advantages of being rapid, highly accurate, and being a low cost in comparison with MLST.

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is more common disease of dementia among the elderly by multiple factors and presents enormous challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Kaixin San (KXS), is a classic prescription for the treatment of memory decline and applied for AD nowadays. However, the quality-markers of KXS for the treatment of AD remain unclear. Purpose To investigate the effects and potential quality-markers of KXS against an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. Methods Two month old APP/PS1 transgenic model mice of AD were orally given KXS for 10 month to intervene. Through the novel object recognition (NOR), the classic Morris water maze (MWM), immunohistochemistry detection of Aβ1-42, Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), blood metabolic profiling evaluated the therapeutic effect of KXS on AD. PCMS software was applied to analysis correlations between biomarkers and serum constituents and became a powerful tool for excavating effective material basis. Behavior, histopathology and Chinmedomics were applied for assessing the efficacy and discovering potential quality-markers. Results The result of MWM showed oral KXS could shorten the escape latency and increased the times of crossing the platform. The result of NOR showed oral KXS increased discrimination index (DI). Though the histopathology, KXS reduced the necrosis of neuron in brain tissue and the deposition of Aβ1-42. Chinmedomics strategy was used to analyze the biomarkers and blood components. KXS called back 20 biomarkers of AD. The effective material basis of KXS was ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside F1, 20-O-glucopyranosyl ginsenoside Rf, dehydropachymic acid and E-3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamic acid. Conclusion This study demonstrate that KXS significantly improved cognitive function of transgenic mice of AD, repaired the damage caused by Aβ, regulated amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism abnormalities and determined the effective material basis of KXS treating AD. Clarifying the quality-markers of KXS can establish scientific quality standard to reflect the safety and effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the major form of dementia. As AD is an irreversible disease, it is necessary to focus on earlier intervention. However, the potential biomarkers of preclinical AD are still not clear. In this study, urinary metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed for delineating the metabolic changes and potential early biomarkers in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. A total of 24 differentially regulated metabolites were identified when comparing transgenic mice to wild-type mice using multivariate statistical analysis. Among them, 10 metabolites were significantly upregulated and 14 metabolites were downregulated. On the basis of these potential biomarkers, metabolic pathway analysis found that pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, the citrate cycle, tryptophan metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism were disturbed in APP/PS1 mice. Our study revealed that levels of endogenous metabolites in the urine of APP/PS1 mice changed prior to the emergence of learning and cognitive impairment, which may be associated with abnormal nitric oxide production pathways and metabolic disorders of monoaminergic neurotransmitters. In conclusion, this study showed that metabolomics provides an early indicator of disease occurrence for AD.

Background Shengmai San (SMS), a Chinese classic herbal formula, has been widely used for the treatment of Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome in Asia. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that SMS improves the cognitive function. However, the quality markers (Q-markers) for SMS still need further research. Purpose Using chinmedocmics strategy to systematically evaluate the efficacy of SMS in the treatment of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to discover the efficacy-related Q-markers. Methods The effect of SMS on APP/PS1 mice was evaluated by behavioral test, immunohistochemistry and urine metabolic profile, and the urine marker metabolites associated with SMS treatment of AD were characterized using metabolomics method. In the premise of efficacy, Serum Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine was applied to investigate the in vivo constituents of SMS. A correlation analysis between marker metabolites of therapeutic effects and serum constituents was completed by chinmedomics approach. Results SMS had a therapeutic effect on APP/PS1 mice, and 34 potential urine biomarkers were reversed by SMS treatment. A total of 17 in vivo constituents were detected, including 14 prototype components and 3 metabolites. The correlation analysis showed that eight constituents were extremely correlated with protective effects of SMS in AD, and considered as potential Q-markers of SMS, including schisandrin, isoschisandrin, angeloylgomisin Q, gomisin D, angeloylgomisin H, gomisin M2, ginsenoside F1, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that chinmedomics is novel strategy for discovering the potential effective constituents from herbal formula, which are recognized as Q-markers.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 22MnB5 Steel were analysis with different heat treatment experiment. The result show that the martensite lath with water cooling become smaller than that with metal die cooling, The lath martensitic microstructure is disappeared with die cooling & tempered specimen. The tensile strength reaches the highest 1645.34MPa by water cooling, but the plastic strength product is lowest. Q&P and die cooling & tempering process can improve the elongation of 22MnB5 with a small amount of tensile strength decrease. The plastic strength product reaches the highest of 20312.74MPa•% by die cooling & tempering method.

In this paper, the process of the transformation from kaolin to metakaolin was investigated. The kaolin was calcined at different temperatures and analyzed by Xray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The formation of metakaolin structure was based on the stacking polyhedrons changes, which originated from dehydroxylation of kaolinite. With increasing temperature, kaolin kept structure of kaolinite unchanged in the course of dehydroxylation and then structure of kaolinite transformed to metakaolin when the dehydroxylation was over. It was demonstrated that the essence of pozzolanic activity of metakaolin. The result revealed that the pozzolanic activity of metakaolin increased with increasing temperature at the range of 600~900 °C.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 22MnB5 Steel were analysis with different cooling method. The result show that the volume fraction of martensite in 22MnB5 is increased with the rising of cooling speed, the microstructure with air cooling is composed of ferrite and pealite, and the quenched microstructure is 100% martensite with metal die cooling and water cooling, tensile strength increased with the rising of cooling speed. The highest tensile strength is 1569.60MPa with elongation only 2.13% with water cooling method.

Scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) is the representative ingredient of Yinchenhao (Artemisia capillaris Thunb.) which is a famous Chinese medicinal herb and shows favorable efficacy for all kinds of liver disease, specifically for the treatment of Yanghuang syndrome (YHS). The precise molecular mechanism concerning the action of scoparone on YHS is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism of scoparone and evaluate its efficacy on metabolite levels. The differential expression of metabolites responsible for the pharmacological effects of scoparone was characterized and the protection effect of scoparone against this disease. Using multivariate statistical analysis, 33 biomarkers were identified using precise MS/MS and play an important role in the regulation of key metabolic pathways associated with liver disease. In addition, pathological results also showed consistent changes in the YHS model group and after treatment with scoparone, both the metabolic profile and histopathology resembled that of normal level, which suggesting favorable efficacy over the observed time period. The present work indicated that a metabolomics platform provided a new insight into understanding the mechanisms of action of natural medicines such as scoparone.

The forming and springback of sail surface during the multi-point forming under force-displacement separated control (MPF-FD) was studied. Numerical simulation method was adopted to study the springback of sail surfaces with different radius, sheet thicknesses and forming forces. The results show that the springbacks on two directions influence each other. The springback on the bigger radius direction is on the leading role, and will influence that on the smaller direction. On the direction of the bigger radius, the springback is decreased with the increase of sheet thickness, forming force and decrease of the radius. On the direction of the smaller radius, the springback is decreased with the decrease of the sheet thickness and the increase of the forming force, and the radius has a small impact on springback.

To investigate effects of manganese (Mn) deficiency (0 μM L–1) on concentrations of chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, biomass, and accumulations of active constituents in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., seedlings of 1-year-old G. uralensis were grown in a nutrient solution for 60 days. In this experiment, three concentrations of Mn were set up: 0 (–Mn), 7 μM L–1, and 14 μM L–1 Mn. The results showed that –Mn decreased the concentration of chlorophyll a with no significant differences in concentrations of chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll a + b, carotenoids, and chlorophyll a/b ratio. On days 45 and 60, SOD activity significantly decreased. However, dry weight of roots under –Mn showed no significant difference during the whole experiment. The accumulations of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were significantly inhibited by Mn deficiency at different times. Thus results indicated that Mn deficiency could affect growth and contents of its secondary metabolites of G. uralensis.

Synchronized hydraulic bulging forming technology on three-layer-metal tubes was studied. The possibility of three-layer-metal tubes formed by hydraulic bulging method was discussed and proved by elastic-plastic theory. The calculation formulas about the bulging pressure, the residual contact stress and the relationship between them were derived and the main process parameters were analyzed. Finite element analysis was carried out on bulging forming process using MSC. Marc. Practical bulging forming experiments were conducted and well compounded three-layer-metal tubes with tight interfaces were obtained. Through the comparison of the results of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and practical experiments, proper parameters for the bulging process were obtained and the theoretical analysis was verified and proved.

Preparation of semi-solid microstructure with less liquid content of 7A09 aluminum alloy industrial extrusion billets is studied in this paper. In the treatment, melting-stirring and predeformation of the alloy billets are not required. The influences of different heating temperatures and insulation time on the microstructure evolution are studied and the obtained microstructure is observed and analyzed by optical microscopy. The results indicate that a fine microstructure can be obtained with the proposed process and the processing parameters can be controlled over a wide range. The liquid content can be controlled within a certain range.

The interface is the area where two type of materials are connected, the strength and property of interface are important for the application of the clad. In this paper, interfacial strength and fracture properties of stainless steel-aluminum clad are analyzed with the methods of interfacial shear test and four point bending test, and the interfacial crack and the interfacial fracture structure are analyzed with SEM. The results show that the bonding of stainless steel and aluminum is successfully realized by explosive welding, the interfacial shear strength reach 70.90MPa, and the interfacial energy release rate is 1.725 MPa•m, the thickness of transition layer is about 10μm at the interface, the interfacial fracture happen and extend in the transition layer along the interface and the interface fracture structure is inclined to brittle fracture.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 7A09 aluminum alloy ribbon prepared by rapid cooling solidification are studied. Single roller is applied to produce rapid solidification ribbon of 7A09 aluminum alloys. Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the rapid solidified ribbon of 7A09 aluminum alloys are studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscopy (SEM) and hardness measurement. The results show that the rotate speed of the roller is the key factor affecting the ability of the forming ribbon. At a roller rotate speed of 1500rpm, the ribbon with a good quality can be obtained. Microstructure features of the rapid solidification ribbon are refined with the increase of the cooling rate, all of the crystals translate into nanocrystalline. All the hardness of the rapid solidification ribbon of 7A09 aluminum alloys is higher than that of the original alloys and increases with the rotate speed of the rotor.

To evaluate the molecular mechanism of fluoroquinolones resistance in Mycoplasma hominis (MH) clinical strains isolated from urogenital specimens. 15 MH clinical isolates with different phenotypes of resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotics were screened for mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) in comparison with the reference strain PG21, which is susceptible to fluoroquinolones antibiotics. 15 MH isolates with three kinds of quinolone resistance phenotypes were obtained. Thirteen out of these quinolone-resistant isolates were found to carry nucleotide substitutions in either gyrA or parC. There were no alterations in gyrB and no mutations were found in the isolates with a phenotype of resistance to Ofloxacin (OFX), intermediate resistant to Levofloxacin (LVX) and Sparfloxacin (SFX), and those susceptible to all three tested antibiotics. The molecular mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of MH was reported in this study. The single amino acid mutation in ParC of MH may relate to the resistance to OFX and LVX and the high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones for MH is likely associated with mutations in both DNA gyrase and the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV.

To meet the strict requirement of International Marine Organization (IMO) Tier III regarding emission from marine diesel engines, many researchers have been conducted at marine vessels to reduce exhaust emissions from large diesel engines. This paper introduces many methods to control emission of NOx. Based on some particular types of engines, the emphasis is put upon the technologies currently employed onboard to reduce the NOx emission, especially those technologies utilized overseas in this field with more potential. Finally, trend of development in this field is proposed as well.

The contents of gallic acid, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoic acid and paeonol extracted in different growth years, collecting season and of different parts of Paeonia lactiflora were determined. The results showed that the contents of catechin and paeoniflorin in Paeonia lactiflora collected in autumn are the highest, and the contents of benzoic acid was lower than that of those collected at other time. The longer is the age of Paeonia lactiflora, the higher is the contents of catechin and paeoniflorin. The contents of catechin and paeoniflorin in the root of Paeonia lactiflora were higher than those in other parts of the plant. There is a certain content of paeoniflorin in the leaves of Paeonia lactiflora. Judging from the result, paeoniflorin is synthesized in the leaf and then transported to the root. Catechin is not synthesized in the leaf, but mainly in the root. Paeonia lactiflora should be collected in autumn, and immature plant should not be collected.

Objective To compare pharmacognostic characteristics and microscopic characteristics of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chishao) from different areas. Method Pharmacognostic characteristics and microscopic characteristics of Radix Paeoniae Rubra were compared by microscope count methods. Result Chishao in duolun was more straighter and longer, cortex with a set of closely spaced rill, peel off easily, pink section, etc. The wild chishao were different from the cultivated chishao on pharmacognostic characteristics and microscopic characteristics, such as appearance shape, smell, vessel arrangement, and number of crystal and starch in unit area. Conclusion Chishao in duolun were different form others, appearance shape, wood fiber, difference of appearance shape, vessel arrangement, and number of crystal and starch in unit area can be used as identificatin feature of the wild chishao and the cultivated chishao.

Mg(+2) and Cu(+2) have different binding capacities to quinolone drugs and have different binding modes with calf thymus DNA. Using the method of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, the influence of Mg(+2) and Cu(+2) on the binding between calf thymus DNA and each of four quinolone drugs has been studied. The results show that both Mg(+2) and Cu(+2) can bind with the four drugs. In the absence of divalent metal ions, quinolone drugs interact with DNA double helix by forming hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and carbonyl groups of the drugs and the phosphate groups of the DNA bases, and the binding capacity shows a close relationship with the drug structures. The two metal ions show different influences on the binding between the drug and DNA, which depends on the type of ion, concentration of the metal ions and the structure of drugs. Mg(+2) in lower concentrations (0.01 mM to 3.0 mM) can act as a bridge between the carboxyl group/carbonyl group of the drug and the phosphate group of the DNA by electrostatic interaction, while Cu(+2) can act as an intermediary ion between carboxyl group/carbonyl group of the drug and the DNA bases by a co-ordinate bond. Both actions can increase the interaction of the π electron between the condensed rings of the drugs and the DNA bases. In some conditions, Cu(+2) can weaken the binding between the drug and the DNA by competitive inhibition if there is a site on the drug that can directly bind both DNA bases and Cu(+2).

To discuss the feasibility of the operation of minimal invasive with gallbladder preserved via choledochoscopy.From February 1992 to June 2006, there were 760 patients who underwent cholecystolithiasis treated with the minimal invasive operation with gallbladder preserved via choledochoscopy, among which there were 428 males and 332 females, aged from 18 to 81 years old. All cases were diagnosed by ultrasonography and their gallbladder functions were proved normal by the examination of oral cholecystography or ECT before operation. In the operation gallstones were removed from gallbladder completely.There were 612 cases who were followed up for 1-15 years and the follow-up rate was 80.5%. All patients recovered well after operation. The post-operation rate of recurrence of gallstone was 0.49%, 4.39%, 5.83%, 6.60%, 7.21% and 8.38% within the first year, the second year, the third year, the fifth year, the seventh year and the ninth year respectively, rate of recurrence of gallstone were 10.11% within both the tenth and the fifteenth year.The minimal invasive operation with gallbladder preserved via choledochoscopy is effective to cholecystolithiasis patients whose gallbladder function is normal. It is a feasible operation that preserves the normal functional gallbladder and improves the patients' life quality.