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Background & Aims Genetic variability in the hepatitis B virus X gene (HBx) is frequently observed and is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, a genotype classification based on the full-length HBx sequence and the impact of genotypes on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC prognosis remain unclear. We therefore aimed to perform this genotype classification and assess its clinical impact. Methods We classified the genotypes of the full-length HBx gene through sequencing and a cluster analysis of HBx DNA from a cohort of patients with HBV-related HCC, which served as the primary cohort (n = 284). Two independent HBV-related HCC cohorts, a validation cohort (n = 171) and a serum cohort (n = 168), were used to verify the results. Protein microarray assay analysis was performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Results In the primary cohort, the HBx DNA was classified into 3 genotypes: HBx-EHBH1, HBx-EHBH2, and HBx-EHBH3. HBx-EHBH2 (HBx-E2) indicated better recurrence-free survival and overall survival for patients with HCC. HBx-E2 was significantly correlated with the absence of liver cirrhosis, a small tumor size, a solitary tumor, complete encapsulation and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A-0 tumors. Additionally, HBx-E2 served as a significant prognostic factor for patients with BCLC stage B HCC after hepatectomy. Mechanistically, HBx-E2 is unable to promote proliferation in HCC cells and normal hepatocytes. It also fails to activate the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/STAT5 pathway. Conclusion Our study identifies a novel HBx genotype that is unable to promote the proliferation of HCC cells and suggests a potential marker to preoperatively predict the prognosis of patients with BCLC stage B, HBV-associated, HCC. Lay summary We classified a novel genotype of the full-length hepatitis B virus X gene (HBx), HBx-E2. This genotype was identified in tumor and nontumor tissues from patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. HBx-E2 could preoperatively predict the prognosis of patients with intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma, after resection.

M2 macrophages play critical roles in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and they are associated with poor outcomes. TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be critically important to cancer cell dissemination in HCC. However, the relationship between stromal-like HCC cells and M2 macrophages formation is not clear. Here, we interrogated the molecular link between mesenchymal-like HCC cells and the formation of M2 macrophages. We demonstrated that mesenchymal-like HCC cells secrete connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to polarized macrophages. Reciprocally, Chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) from M2 macrophages promotes HCC progression. Furthermore, CTGF and CCL18 were increased significantly in HCC compared to adjacent normal liver tissues. In summary, our study discovered a positive feedback loop between CTGF and CCL18 in HCC metastasis. Targeting CTGF or CCL18 might provide beneficial effects for the clinical treatment of HCC.

Gender dysphoria (GD) is characterized by an incongruence between the gender assigned at birth and the gender with which one identifies. The biological mechanisms of GD are unclear. While common genetic variants are associated with GD, positive findings have not always been replicated. To explore the role of rare variants in GD susceptibility within the Han Chinese population, whole-genome sequencing of 9 Han female-to-male transsexuals (FtMs) and whole-exome sequencing of 4 Han male-to-female transsexuals (MtFs) were analyzed using a pathway burden analysis in which variants are first collapsed at the gene level and then by Gene Ontology terms. Novel nonsynonymous variants in ion transport genes were significantly enriched in FtMs (P- value, 2.41E-10; Fold enrichment, 2.8) and MtFs (P- value, 1.04E-04; Fold enrichment, 2.3). Gene burden analysis comparing 13 GD cases and 100 controls implicated RYR3, with three heterozygous damaging mutations in unrelated FtMs and zero in controls (P = 0.001). Importantly, protein structure modeling of the RYR3 mutations indicated that the R1518H mutation made a large structural change in the RYR3 protein. Overall, our results provide information about the genetic basis of GD.

N6 -Methyladenosine (m6 A) modification has been implicated in many biological processes. However, its role in cancer has not been well studied. Here, we demonstrate that m6 A modifications are decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, and that methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) is the main factor involved in aberrant m6 A modification. Moreover, METTL14 down-regulation acts as an adverse prognosis factor for recurrence-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma and is significantly associated with tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We confirm that METTL14 interacts with the microprocessor protein DGCR8 and positively modulates the primary microRNA 126 process in an m6 A-dependent manner. Further experiments show that microRNA 126 inhibits the repressing effect of METTL14 in tumor metastasis. Conclusion These studies reveal an important role of METTL14 in tumor metastasis and provide a fresh view on m6 A modification in tumor progression. (Hepatology 2017;65:529-543).

// Jie Cai 1, * , Sheng-Xian Yuan 1, * , Fu Yang 2, * , Qi-Fei Tao 1, * , Yuan Yang 1 , Qing-Guo Xu 1 , Zhen-Guang Wang 1 , Jian Yu 1 , Kong-Ying Lin 1 , Zong-Yan Wang 1 , Jin-Zhao Ma 2 , Chuan-Chuan Zhou 2 , Fang Wang 2 , Shu-Han Sun 2 , Wei-Ping Zhou 1 1 The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China 2 The Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Wei-Ping Zhou, email: ehphwp3@126.com Shu-Han Sun, email: shsun@vip.sina.com Keywords: paraoxonase 3, hepatocellular carcinoma, prognostic predictor, cell proliferation, cDNA microarray Received: February 26, 2016 Accepted: September 02, 2016 Published: September 20, 2016 ABSTRACT Paraoxonase 3 (PON3) exerts prominent anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation properties mainly at the cellular level, and is primarily expressed in the liver. However, its role in HCC remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the expression pattern, clinical significance, and function of PON3 in HCC. PON3 mRNA and protein levels were respectively determined in two large cohorts using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue microarray. We found that PON3 was downregulated in most HCCs. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test showed that PON3 downregulation predicted shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) time in all HCC patients, especially early-stage HCC patients. Cox regression analysis revealed that the PON3 downregulation was an independent risk factor for RFS and OS. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that PON3 suppressed cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro , which was attributed to its cell-cycle arrest effect. In addition, microarray analysis showed that some pro-proliferative genes were elevated when PON3 was knockdown, and these genes possibly involved in the underlying mechanisms. In conclusion, our studies reveal the cell proliferation inhibitory function of PON3 and offer a potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for HCC.

Systemic analyses using large-scale genomic profiles have successfully identified cancer-driving somatic copy number variations (SCNVs) loci. However, functions of vast focal SCNVs in “protein-coding gene desert” regions are largely unknown. The integrative analysis of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression profiles with SCNVs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) led us to identify the recurrent deletion of lncRNA-PRAL (p53 regulation-associated lncRNA) on chromosome 17p13.1, whose genomic alterations were significantly associated with reduced survival of HCC patients. We found that lncRNA-PRAL could inhibit HCC growth and induce apoptosis in vivo and in vitro through p53. Subsequent investigations indicated that the three stem-loop motifs at the 5′ end of lncRNA-PRAL facilitated the combination of HSP90 and p53 and thus competitively inhibited MDM2-dependent p53 ubiquitination, resulting in enhanced p53 stability. Additionally, in vivo lncRNA-PRAL delivery efficiently reduced intrinsic tumors, indicating its potential therapeutic application. Conclusions: lncRNA-PRAL, one of the key cancer-driving SCNVs, is a crucial stimulus for HCC growth and may serve as a potential target for antitumor therapy. (Hepatology 2016;63:850-863)

SummaryThe role of TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cell dissemination is well established, but the involvement of lncRNAs in TGF-β signaling is still unknown. In this study, we observed that the lncRNA-activated by TGF-β (lncRNA-ATB) was upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastases and associated with poor prognosis. lncRNA-ATB upregulated ZEB1 and ZEB2 by competitively binding the miR-200 family and then induced EMT and invasion. In addition, lncRNA-ATB promoted organ colonization of disseminated tumor cells by binding IL-11 mRNA, autocrine induction of IL-11, and triggering STAT3 signaling. Globally, lncRNA-ATB promotes the invasion-metastasis cascade. Thus, these findings suggest that lncRNA-ATB, a mediator of TGF-β signaling, could predispose HCC patients to metastases and may serve as a potential target for antimetastatic therapies.

NThese studies reveal an important role of METTL14 in tumor metastasis and provide a fresh view on m

In this study, we found that H19 is the most strongly differentially expressed long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) during liver development. H19 may inhibit the proliferation of fetal liver cells by blocking the interaction between heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) U and actin, which results in gene transcriptional repression. Based on ChIP-seq analysis, we found that genes involved in the Wnt signaling pathway are enriched among hnRNP U-binding genes. Further investigation demonstrated that hnRNP U has opposing effects on cell proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activity compared to H19 and that hnRNP U is very important in this process.