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ObjectivesTo assess participants’ satisfaction with and predictors of upper gastrointestinal cancer screening in rural areas.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTen screening centres in seven cities across five provinces in China.ParticipantsOf the 452 participants screened during the survey period, 438 completed the survey (response rate: 96.90%).Primary outcome measuresScreening satisfaction was the primary outcome and it was assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the predictors of satisfaction.ResultsThe percentages of satisfaction with the General Satisfaction, Technical Quality, Interpersonal Manner, Communication, Financial Aspects, Time Spent With Doctor, and Convenience and Accessibility dimensions were 95.89%, 79.68%, 88.36%, 83.56%, 75.11%, 82.19% and 66.44%, respectively. Education (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.90), health self-assessment (OR 15.29, 95% CI 2.86 to 81.78) and family history of cancer (OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.29 to 13.71) were associated with General Satisfaction. Residence (OR 4.31, 95% CI 1.89 to 9.81) was associated with Technical Quality. Occupation (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.88), health self-assessment (OR 11.30, 95% CI 3.94 to 32.43), screening purpose (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.92) and distance from the screening centre (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.35 to 15.61) were associated with interpersonal manner. Gender (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.34), residence (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.23 to 8.53) and endoscopy in the previous year (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.13 to 6.90) were associated with Communication. Body mass index (BMI; OR 5.06, 95% CI 1.40 to 18.25) and health self-assessment (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.88) were associated with financial aspects. Gender (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.38), residence (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.30 to 7.79), BMI (OR 5.26, 95% CI 1.14 to 24.34) and health self-assessment (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.34) were associated with time spent with doctor. Gender (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.60) and residence (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.46 to 6.88) were associated with convenience and accessibility.ConclusionThere was heterogeneity across the dimensions of satisfaction with rural upper gastrointestinal cancer screening. Project manager should prioritise improving the aspects related to the convenience and accessibility dimension. Furthermore, to improve the efficiency of potential interventions, the predictors of the various dimensions should be considered.

Background:. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common public health problem worldwide. Recent studies have reported that socioeconomic status (SES) is related to the incidence of COPD. This study aimed to investigate the association between SES and COPD among adults in Jiangsu province, China, and to determine the possible direct and indirect effects of SES on the morbidity of COPD. Methods:. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 40 years and above between May and December of 2015 in Jiangsu province, China. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling approach. COPD, the outcome variable, was diagnosed by physicians based on spirometry, respiratory symptoms, and risk factors. Education, occupation, and monthly family average income (FAI) were used to separately indicate SES as the explanatory variable. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were introduced to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for examining the SES-COPD relationship. A pathway analysis was conducted to further explore the pulmonary function impairment of patients with different SES. Results:. The mean age of the 2421 participants was 56.63 ± 9.62 years. The prevalence of COPD was 11.8% (95% CI: 10.5%–13.1%) among the overall sample population. After adjustment for age, gender, residence, outdoor and indoor air pollution, body weight status, cigarette smoking, and potential study area-level clustering effects, educational attainment was negatively associated with COPD prevalence in men; white collars were at lower risk (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43–0.83) of experiencing COPD than blue collars; compared with those within the lower FAI subgroup, participants in the upper (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.97) tertiles were less likely to experience COPD. Such negative associations between all these three SES indicators and COPD were significant among men only. Education, FAI, and occupation had direct or indirect effects on pulmonary function including post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), FEV1, FVC, and FEV1 percentage of predicted. Education, FAI, and occupation had indirect effects on pulmonary function indices of all participants mainly through smoking status, indoor air pollution, and outdoor air pollution. We also found that occupation could affect post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC through body mass index. Conclusions:. Education, occupation, and FAI had an adverse relationship with COPD prevalence in Jiangsu province, China. SES has both direct and indirect associations with pulmonary function impairment. SES is of great significance for COPD morbidity. It is important that population-based COPD prevention strategies should be tailored for people with different SES.

Background Screening for upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGC) effectively reduces morbidity and mortality in gastric and oesophageal cancers. It is considered one of the effective measures for cancer control in China, but studies on its functional quality are lacking. Our study assessed the quality of screening service funded by Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Early diagnosis and treatment (UGCEDAT) and its correlation in Yangzhong People’s hospital, China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 516 screening users at a screening centre in Yanghzong People’s hospital from April to July 2021. The service quality questionnaire (SERVQUAL) base on the service quality gap (SQG) model was adopted. We calculated the mean scores of perceptions and expectations and their gap. To determine the association between overall SQG and related features of participants, we used a multivariate logistic regression. Results The average scores of screening service users’ perceptions and expectations were 4.05 and 4.55, respectively. The SQG of five dimensions (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy) were negative, and the overall SQG was − 0.51. The responsiveness dimension had the largest gap, and tangibles had the smallest gap. Occupation status (AOR:0.575; CI:0.371–0.890), health self-assessment (AOR:4.965; CI:1.352–18.232), endoscopy experience (AOR:0.551; CI:0.377–0.806), distance from screening hospital (AOR:1.847; CI:1.249–2.733) and frequency of visit (AOR:1.646; CI:1.100-2.462) were associated with the overall SQG. Conclusions We observed a negative gap between perceptions and expectations of the function quality of screening service, implying a high dissatisfaction across different dimensions. Service providers should take adequate measures to bridge the dimension with the largest quality gap. Meanwhile, attention should be paid to identifying the influencing factors of the overall gap and the characteristics of dimensional expectations and perceived scores to improve the effectiveness of the intervention.

Plant‐insect herbivore‐entomopathogen interactions are one of the hot topics in biological control and humoral immunity, and biochemical metabolism are important responses of herbivores to pathogen infection. Entomopathogens are key biocontrol agents of caterpillars, but how plants affect the responses of caterpillars to these organisms is not well understood. We studied hormonal immunity (lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities) and biochemical metabolism (total protein and lipid contents) of Beauveria bassiana‐infected beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) larvae that feed on five different host plants (soya bean, Chinese cabbage, edible amaranth, water convolvulus and pepper). Results indicated that plant species differentially affected lysozyme and phenoloxidase activity and lipid content, but had no effect on protein content of pathogen‐infected caterpillars. Both lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities were generally higher in entomopathogen‐infected larvae that feed on edible amaranth or water convolvulus compared with the other three plants from days 1 to 5 after treatment. Plant species did not affect in regular changes during the 5 days in the lipid content of infected or non‐infected caterpillars. Our study reveals that plants fail to affect the biochemical metabolism but plants can mediate the humoral immunity of caterpillars to defend against pathogens. This study provides insight into plant‐mediated effects on the response of herbivores to pathogens.

Background In China, stomach cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. Few studies have examined Chinese stomach cancer patients’ medical expenses and their associated trends. The Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) is a Major Public Health Project funded by the central government. Through this project, we have extracted patients’ medical expenses from hospital billing data to examine the costs of the first course treatments (which refers to 2 months before and 10 months after the date of cancer diagnosis) in Chinese patients with stomach cancer and the associated trends. Methods The expense data of 14,692 urban Chinese patients with stomach cancer were collected from 40 hospitals in 13 provinces. We estimated the inflation-adjusted medical expenses per patient during 2002–2011. We described the time trends of medical expenses at the country-level, and those trends by subgroup, and analyzed the compositions of medical expenses. We constructed the Generalized Linear Mixed (GLM) regression model with Poisson distribution to examine the factors that were associated with medical expenses per patient. Results The average medical expenses of the first course treatments were about 43,249 CNY (6851 USD) in 2011, more than twice of that in 2002. The expenses increased by an average annual rate of 7.4%. Longer stay during hospitalization and an increased number of episodes of care are the two main contributors to the expense increase. The upward trend of medical expenses was observed in almost all patient subgroups. Drug expenses accounted for over half of the medical expenses. Conclusions The average medical expenses of the first course (2 months before and 10 months after the date of cancer diagnosis) treatments per stomach cancer patient in urban China in 2011 were doubled during the previous 10 years, and about twice as high as the per capita disposable income of urban households in the same year. Such high expenses indicate that it makes economic sense to invest in cancer prevention and control in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4357-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective: This study aims to understand the medical expenditure for liver cancer during 2002-2011 in urban areas of China. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study. Based on a stratified cluster sampling method, a medical expenditure survey collected basic personal information from related medical records. Two-tailed independent sample t-test, variance analysis, and Student–Newman–Keuls Tests were used in cost analysis for the corresponding data types. Results: A total of 12,342 liver cancer patients were included in the analysis. Overall average medical expenditure per case for liver cancer diagnosis and treatment in China has increased from ¥21, 950 to ¥40, 386 over the study period. For each liver cancer patient diagnosed between 2009 and 2011, the average expenditures were 29,332 CNY for stage I, 35,754 CNY for stage II, 34,288 CNY for stage III, and 30,275 CNY for stage IV diseases (P < 0.001). Pharmaceuticals accounted for the biggest part of the medical expenditure and it rose from 48.01% to 52.96% during these ten years, and the share of nursing fee expenses was the lowest (around 1%). Over the entire 10-year data period, the per capita expenditure of the east region (32,983 CNY) was higher than that of the west region (26,219 CNY) and slightly higher than the central region (31,018 CNY, P < 0.001). Discussion: As a major cancer in China, liver cancer accounts for a large portion of health economic burden and its medical expenditure is heavy for families. Early diagnosis and treatment for liver cancer will save medical expenditure. Conclusion: The economic burden of liver cancer is high in China and related medical expenditure has increased.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Corni Fructus (CF), the red fruit of Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc, has been used both as food and medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Loganin is a major iridoid glycoside and one of the quality control indexes of CF. In TCM clinical practice, prescription containing CF is commonly used to treat osteoarthritis (OA), but the underlying mechanisms of loganin are not yet utterly understood. Aim of the study The aims of the present study are to confirm the therapeutic effects of loganin in an OA mouse model and to determine the mechanisms involved in the OA protective effects. Materials and methods The destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) procedure was performed on the right knee of 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice. 30 or 100 μg/ml of loganin was then injected into articular space twice a week for 8 and 12-week. Safranin O/Fast green staining, H&E staining, micro-CT analysis were performed to analyze structural and morphological changes. The protein expression of collagen type II (Col2), metalloproteinase-3 (Mmp3), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) collagen type X (Col10), cryopyrin and caspase-1 were detected by immunochemistry staining. Immuno-fluorescence assay was performed to assess changes in expression of CD31, endomucin, p65 and p-I-κB. Results Results of histomorphometry showed that loganin delays the progression of OA in the DMM model. In cartilage, loganin decreased the OARSI score, increasing hyaline cartilage (HC) thickness and decreasing calcified cartilage (CC) thickness. Moreover, loganin inhibited osteophyte formation, reduced the bone volume fraction (BV/TV), lowered trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in subchondral bone. Mechanistically, loganin increased the expressions of Col2, decreases the expression of Mmp3, Mmp13, Col10, cryopyrin and caspase-1 in cartilage. In parallel, loganin inhibited the expression of CD31 and endomucin in subchondral bone. Furthermore, loganin suppressed nuclear translocation of p65 protein, and decreased the amount of p-I-κB in chondrocytes. Conclusions In summary, these results uncovered that loganin inhibits NF-κB signaling and attenuates cartilage matrix catabolism and pyroptosis of chondrocytes in articular cartilage. Loganin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for OA treatment.

To explore infection rate of different adeno-associated virus (AAV) on knee joint cartilage in mice and to find a good gene editing tool for mice chondrocytes of knee joint.Forty-five 4-week-old SPF C57BL/6 weighed(14.3±0.2) g were selected. According to different injections(6 μl) for right knee joint, mice were divided into 9 different groups, 5 mice in each group. The groups were such as following:control group (normal saline), Vigene 2 group (AAV2 from vigene biosciences, titer for 1×10¹³ vg/ml), Vigene 5 group (AAV5 from vigene biosciences, titer for 1×10¹³ vg/ml), Vigene 6 group (AAV6 from vigene biosciences, titer for 1×10¹³ vg/ml), Vigene 7 group (AAV7 from vigene biosciences, titer for 1×10¹³ vg/ml), Vigene 8 group (AAV8 from vigene biosciences, titer for 1×10¹³ vg/ml), Vigene 9 group (AAV9 from vigene biosciences, titer for 1×10¹³ vg/ml), Hanbio DJ group(AAV2-DJ from Hanbio, titer for 1×10¹² vg/ml), Hanbio 5 group (AAV5 from Hanbio, titer for 1×10¹² vg/ml). All AAVs were over-expressed green fluorescent protein(GFP). Knee joint specimens were taken and observed injury of cartilage under stereomicroscope at 30 days after injection, then 10 μm thick frozen sections were prepared. Distribution of green fluorescent protein of meniscus and cartilage of knee joint was observed under fluorescence microscope.Stereomicroscope observation indicated that no obvious lesion was observed in knee joint cartilage of mice after intra-articular injection of AAV. According to frozen sections of knee joints, strong green fluorescence was observed in knee joint cartilage in all AAV experimental groups. Compared with other groups, significantly stronger green fluorescence were observed both in AAV2 and AAV7 groups, whose average fluorescence density was 0.077±0.020 and 0.061±0.022. There were significant differences between two groups and other groups.AAV could infect chondrocyte of knee joint in vivo by injecting into knee joint cavity. Higher infection efficiency of AAV2 and AAV7 on knee joint cartilage were observed. Local injection of AAV into knee joint cavity could be used as an effective tool for gene editing of knee joint chondrocyte.

Background: Significant advances have been achieved in the outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) after both HLA-matched sibling donor transplants (MSDT) and non-MSDT in the past few years, the latter including HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUDT) and haplo-identical donor transplants (HIDT). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 85 consecutive patients with MDS who received allogeneic HSCT between Dec 2007 and Apr 2014 in our center. These patients comprised 38 (44.7%) who received MSDT, 29 (34.1%) MUDT, and 18 (21.2%) HIDT. Results: The median follow-up was 30.0 months. Over all, the median overall survival (OS) was 60.2 months and the probabilities of OS at the first, second and fifth year were 63%, 57% and 48%, respectively. Median OS post transplant (OSPT) was 57.2 months and the probabilities of OSPT at the first, second and fifth year were 58%, 55% and 48%, respectively. Relapses occurred in 16 patients (18.8%), and the cumulative incidence of relapse at the first, second and third year were 14%, 23% and 27%, respectively. The survival of patients receiving non-MSDT was superior to that of MSDT, median OSPT being 84.0 months and 23.6 months, respectively (P=0.042); And the similar result was observed when we analyzed the OS of patients who underwent non-MSDT or MSDT (median OS: 120 months vs. 27.0 months; P=0.028). We also found that using antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in conditioning regimens significantly improved survival after non-MSDT, with better OS and OSPT (P=0.016 and P=0.025). Furthermore, we compared OS or OSPT of patients who received non-MSDT with ATG (n=38) and MSDT without ATG (n=37). Our results showed that using ATG in conditioning regimen significantly improved survival of non-MSDT, with better OSPT (median OS: 84.0 months vs. 23.0 months; P=0.026) and OS (median OS: 120 months vs. 25.1 months; P=0.016). Conclusions: These data suggest that, non-MSDT could be a valid alternative when MSDT is not available, and ATG may improve the survival of MDS patients after non-MSDT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The dynamic recrystallization behavior of single-crystal(SC) superalloy SRR99 at low strain rate was investigated by high-temperature creep testing. The results show that dynamic recrystallization may take place after the uncoated samples have been creep-tested in air at high temperature and low stress for a long time. Both the threshold temperature and strain for the dynamic recrystallization of SC superalloy SRR99 at low strain rate are lower than those for the static recrystallization. Dynamically recrystallized grains with the depth less than 15 μm are only located in the surface γ′-free layers, and the recrystallized grains are well-developed grains without columnar γ′ precipitates within them. The dynamic recrystallization behavior of SC superalloy SRR99 at low strain rate is mainly related to high-temperature oxidation. Suitable protective coating can effectively prevent the dynamic recrystallization of SC superalloy components in service. In addition, the dynamic recrystallization behavior of SC superalloy SRR99 at high strain rate was also studied by high-temperature compression testing. At high strain rate, a higher temperature and larger strain are needed for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization than at low strain rate, and the recrystallized grains have cellular structures with an amount of columnar γ′ precipitates within them.

Background Previous investigations of the protein kinase C zeta (PRKCZ) gene, a susceptibility factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have focussed on its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In a departure from these earlier studies, we tested six tagging markers of PRKCZ based on the Hapmap database to evaluate their association with T2DM. Methods PCR-RFLP was performed to test the genotypes in type 2 diabetes patients (n = 343) and normal controls (n = 429). Insulin-related indexes were calculated from levels of fasting plasma insulin (FPI) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Results The variant genotypes, rs3753242TT, rs2503706CT, rs2503706CT/ TT and rs262654TT were associated with T2DM. And the significance remained for rs3753242 TT (p < 0.001) after the false discovery rate (FDR) correction. There was a doubling in the prevalence of the TTGCCC haplotype in the case subjects (14.2%) compared with the control subjects (6.9%) [OR (95% CI) = 2.19(1.49–3.22)]. In the control group, none of the haplotypes studied was associated with insulin-related indexes. Conclusions The PRKCZ gene variants associated with the development of T2DM in this study must be investigated in a larger population to reveal any potential effects on metabolism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The network coding system COPE [1] shows us the improvements obtained by COPE-type network coding in wireless networks. In this paper, by introducing 802.11 interference model, we analyze the maximal multi-commodity flow problem in wireless network coding and put forward a new scheduling mechanism 802.11st which has higher throughput for multihop wireless networks with network coding. We use linear programming to compute the maximum multi-commodity flow of multiple unicast flows in which the constraints are rebuilt according to the new scheduling mechanism.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in Jiangsu Province of China. Methods: Incidence and mortality data for female breast cancer and corresponding population statistics from eligible cancer registries in Jiangsu from 2006 to 2010 were collected and analyzed. Crude rates, age-specific rates and age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality were calculated, and annual present changes (APCs) were estimated to describe the time trends. Results: From 2006 to 2010, 11,013 new cases and 3,068 deaths of female breast cancer were identified in selected cancer registry areas of Jiangsu. The annual average crude incidence and age-standardized incidence by world population (ASW) were 25.2/ and 17.9/100,000 respectively. The annual average crude and ASW for mortality rates were 7.03/ and 4.81/100,000. The incidence was higher in urban areas than that in rural areas, and this was consistent in all age groups. No significant difference was observed in mortality between urban and rural areas. Two peaks were observed when looking at age-specific rates, one at 50-59 years and another at over 85 years. During the 5 years, incidence and mortality increased with APCs of 4.47% and 6.89%, respectively. Compared to the national level, Jiangsu is an area with relatively low risk of female breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer has become a main public health problem among Chinese females. More prevention and control activities should be conducted to reduce the burden of this disease, even in relatively low risk areas like Jiangsu.

To explore the relationship between weekly alcohol drinking behavior and the prevalence of hypertension.Data was collected in a Kadoorie study of chronic disease in Wuzhong district, Suzhou city of Jiangsu province, China. Data from the baseline survey was used to describe the status of alcohol drinking and the prevalence of hypertension among local residents. Relationships between the frequency of alcohol drinking, consumption of alcohol, age when initiating weekly drinking behavior, drinking-related adverse conditions and the prevalence of hypertension, were studied by logistic regression.The rates on weekly alcohol drinking in the studied population were 40.7% in men and 0.6% in women. The amount of weekly average alcohol intake showed as 250.8 g in males and 47.2 g in females, with statistical significance seen between genders (P0.01). The prevalence rates of hypertension among male and female were 39.7% and 36.1% respectively, with significant difference (P0.01). Data from Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that when the frequency of alcohol drinkingor = 3 days per week or the weekly average alcohol intakeor = 100 grams, the risk would be higher to develop hypertension than in those non-drinkers (P0.01). The age of initiating behavior as weekly alcohol drinking younger than 20 years old or the dinking-related adverse condition appeared to be more than two kinds. The risks of developing hypertension were 1.50 times and 3.27 times than those non-drinkers in men but not in women.The frequency of drinking alcohol and the amount of alcohol intake per week was different between males and females. Along with the following factors as: increase of frequency on alcohol drinking per week, the amount of alcohol intake also increased. The advance of age related to the initiation of weekly drinking and the increase of alcohol-related adverse condition was also seen, the risk of hypertension showed an upward trend in males but not in females.

To explore the impact of prior-to-transplantation induction therapy (IT) on patient outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) for higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).A total of 49 consecutive patients underwent Allo-HSCT for MDS between November 2002 and December 2012. Twenty-six lower-risk MDS cases received supportive therapy (ST). And 17/23 cases of higher-risk MDS received IT prior to transplantation while another 6 only with ST. Their survival, relapse rate and incidence of transplantation-related mortality (TRM) were retrospectively analyzed according to International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) scores and marrow blast count.The 5-year cumulative overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), relapse rate and incidence of transplantation related mortality (TRM) were 59.9%, 59.2%, 10.5% and 31.8% during a median follow-up period of 24.4 (6.2-72.0) months. The OS and DFS of higher-risk group with IT, ST and lower-risk group were different (72.1% vs 16.7% vs 68.1%, P = 0.028; 72.1% vs 16.7% vs 67.9%, P = 0.030). And the OS and DFS of higher-risk group with IT were similar to those of lower-risk group (P = 0.526,0.504) . For the higher-risk group, the patients on IT had improved survival than those on ST in terms of OS and DFS (both P = 0.020). Moreover, the OS and DFS of remission group were higher than non-remission group in patients on IT (both 100% vs 46.7%, P = 0.049). The number of marrow blasts significantly decreased after IT (P = 0.010) without increased TRM (28.9% vs 33.6%, P = 0.612).Induction therapy prior to Allo-HSCT for MDS may reduce clone burden and improve the outcomes of higher-risk MDS without increased TRM.

To estimate the association between overweight, obesity and the risk of breast cancer in Chinese female population.Literatures published in China and abroad about overweight, obesity and breast cancer risk among Chinese females were searched. We used "breast cancer", "overweight", "obesity", "weight", "body mass index" and "risk factors" as keywords, to retrieve papers in Chinese literature databases including CNKI, Wanfang and Weipu database. The same strategy was used to retrieve English papers in English literature database including Embase database, PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Cochrane database, supplemented by literature tracing method. Time range was from the founding of each database to April 2012. A total of 124 research papers were collected. Using Stata11.2 software, meta-analysis was conducted, combined odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the associations between overweight, obesity and the risk of breast cancer in Chinese female population.Eighteen studies were included in meta-analysis, among them 12 studies were in Chinese and 6 were in English, with a number of 7217 cases and 81 605 controls. Results showed a 7.7% increased risk of breast cancer among overweight or obesity women (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04 - 1.12). Compared with normal BMI women, the OR (95%CI) of overweight or obesity women were 1.07 (1.03 - 1.11) and 1.56 (1.29 - 1.84) before and after the adjustment of menopausal status.Overweight, obesity may be important risk factors of breast cancer in Chinese female population. The intervention and control activities may reduce the risk of breast cancer at population level.

In this paper, we study the maximum multicast set scheduling problem in a plane wireless network under the physical interference model. Specifically, from a given set of multicast transmissions, select a maximum set of multicast transmissions with largest sum of receivers, where each receiver of a multicast transmission is interference-free from other transmissions subject to the physical interference constraint. This problem is known to be NP-hard and in this paper we develop an approximation algorithm with constant approximation bound guarantee. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multicast scheduling algorithm under the physical interference model. For ease of implementation in distributed settings, we focus on the problem in an oblivious power assignment setting.

Electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) for space propulsion requires to be compact and efficient. In this work, ECRIS, which generates magnetic field through permanent magnets, is compact and heats electrons by microwave in magnetic field to induce ionization collision and produce plasma. In ECRIS, magnetic field is crucial in gas discharge, plasma confinement and transport. Due to the complex interaction among the processes, including plasma generation, wave transmission and ion extraction, the effects of magnetic field on the performance of ECRIS are complex. In this paper, the effects of magnetic field topology on the performance of the ECRIS are studied experimentally. Argon is discharged by microwaves in four types of ion sources, different in the magnet positions and the ion beam extracted. The gas flow rate varies from 30 to 210 g/s, the microwave power from 10 to 20 W and the extracting voltage form 500 to 1500 V. The properties of the ion sources are analyzed by comparing their extracted ion beams, propellant utilization efficiency, discharge loss and stability. Results show that the maximum ion beam, the highest gas utilization efficiency and the minimum discharge loss are respectively 160 mA, 60%, and 120 WA-1. Each ion source presents more than one mode, determined by the microwave power and the gas flow rate, and affected by the extracting voltage. The microwave power and the gas flow rate at which the ion source mode changes relative to the position of the magnets. Finally, the influences of magnetic topology on the performance of the ion source are summarized and analyzed. It is concluded that inside this kind of ECRIS, the magnetic field featured by a wide electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) zone, and the narrow gap between the ECR zone and the screen grid will increase the extracted ion beam at the same level of the input power and the gas supply. But it is difficult to achieve high gas utilization efficiency in the ion source with such a structure. By keeping the ECR zone close to the power entrance, the gas inlet will significantly decrease the threshold for the power and gas consumption to sustain the high current mode. But the discharge loss in the ion source of such a structure is huge. Elaborate considerations should be taken to balance the magnitude of the extracted ion beam and the efficiency. These results may improve the understanding of the working process of this type of ECRIS and help the design processes.

In a practical wireless network, the coding opportunities may be reduced by limited decoding buffers. In this paper, we introduce a new scheme called decoding buffer management (DBM) in practical wireless network coding. The DBM is composed of two parts named respectively decoding buffer filtering and packet information distributing. By decoding buffer filtering, the packets invaluable for future coding/decoding are filtered instead of storing in decoding buffer. Meanwhile, through packet information distributing, the overhead brought by packet information announcing is further reduced. We evaluate the proposed scheme on a regular 4×4 grid wireless network. Comparing with COPE, the simulation results show that when decoding buffers are limited, the DBM has up to 6.7 times coding opportunities while the amount of the packets stored in decoding buffers is reduced by up to 88% and the amount for packet information announcing is reduced by over 95%.

To describe the mortality of colorectal and anal cancer in the Chinese population during 2004 - 2005.Mortality of colorectal and anal cancer from The 3rd National Death Retrospective Sampling Survey (2004 - 2005) were analyzed, with that the total population was 142 660 482 person-year and the number of death cases was 10 586. Crude death rate, age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population (CASR) and world standard population (WASR), the constitute proportion to all cancer deaths and rank of cancer death were calculated and compared with The 1st (during 1973 - 1975) and The 2nd (during 1990 - 1992) National Death Retrospective Surveys.The mortality of colorectal and anal cancer in China was 7.42/100 000 (10 586/142 660 482) during 2004 - 2005, accounting for 5.46% of total cancer deaths and ranked the 5th leading cause of death from cancer. CASR and WASR were 4.79/100 000 and 6.57/100 000, respectively. Gender specific mortality was higher for males with 8.38/100 000 (6114/72 970 241) than for females with 6.42/100 000 (4472/69 690 241). The crude death rates were 10.01/100 000 (4796/47 899 806) in urban areas and 6.11/100 000 (5790/94 760 676) in rural areas, moreover, the crude death rates in Eastern, Middle and Western part of China were 8.67/100 000 (4558/52 556 694), 7.19/100 000 (3580/49 781 225) and 6.07/100 000 (2448/40 322 563) respectively. Compared to the crude death rate 5.30/100 000 and CASR 4.54/100 000 during 1990 - 1992, the crude death rate and CASR from colorectal and anal cancer increased by 40.00% and 5.51%, whereas compared to the crude death rate 4.17/100 000 and CASR 4.27/100 000 during 1973 - 1975, the crude death rate and CASR had increased by 77.94% and 12.18% respectively.The mortality of colorectal and anal cancer has been increasing rapidly in China. The mortality is higher in males, and appears to be diverse in different areas.

To find out the situation of seat belt wearing among drivers and passengers in Nanjing after the National Road Traffic Safety Law and its Ordinance had been issued for 3 years, in Jiangsu province.Situation on seat belt wearing among drivers and front passengers on four types of vehicles including taxi, cars (below 8 seats), vans and pickups was studied during different time blocks at 4 sites in the city.A total number of 35 256 vehicles, their drivers and another 15 772 passengers sitting in the front, were observed. The prevalence rates of seat belt wearing, not wearing and pretend wearing among drivers were 49.9%, 44.1%, and 4.6% respectively while among front-seat passengers were 9.1% and 90.9% respectively. There were significantly declining trends in seat belt wearing among both drivers and front-seat passengers during the 3-years of observation, after adjustment by sex, types of vehicles and other factors (P0.01). Risk of not wearing among front seat passengers was higher for those 'not-wearing' drivers (OR = 8.10, P0.01).Neither the current law nor ordinance in Jiangsu province gives detailed regulations on seat belt wearing, which hampers the effective enforcement.

To investigate the association between a polymorphism (rs228648) of urotensin II (UT-II) gene and type 2 diabetes in pedigrees.Patients and controls with/without familial history were enrolled in the same place.Carriers with AG or AA genotype from pedigrees had higher disease risk than those with GG genotype (OR=1.98, 95% CI:1.19-3.29,OR=2.46,95% CI:1.39-4.34), the frequency of A allele was higher in the patients from pedigrees than inner controls and patients who had no familial history (P=0.01). The frequency of A allele was higher in the inner controls than outer ones (P=0.001). The insulin resistance index, insulin sensitivity index and pancreatic secretion index of inner controls with AG genotype were higher than those with GG genotype (All P0.05).This polymorphism of UT-II gene might be a risk to type 2 diabetes, the insulin function of people from pedigrees is associated with the mutation.

A miniature ion thruster has been proposed in recent years for a small propulsion system applied in space missions such as deep space exploration, precise high-stability attitude and position control. An electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion thruster is free from contamination and degradation of electron emission capacity and will offer a potentially longer thruster lifetime than that in the electron bombardment type. The microwave ECR ion source with a 20-mm diameter designed here consists of two annular permanent magnets (SmCo), ring coupling antenna and a grid system including screen and acceleration. For the ion source performance optimization, with a fixed magnetic structure, the antenna position and cavity length in the discharge chamber can be adjusted to strengthen electron ECR heating and increase ion beam extraction. According to the distribution of static magnetic field and the ECR layer measured by Gauss meter, three possible sizes of antenna position (L1) are set; depending on the cut-off characteristics of the discharge chamber and the distribution of microwave electric field calculated by finite element method, six candidate sizes of cavity length (L2) are set. By comparing the difference in plasma discharge and ion beam extraction, the optimal structure of ion source can be obtained. Experimental results show that for a given antenna position, there is a cavity length not too long or too short to extract the maximum ion beam. And the launch of microwave from strong magnetic field near ECR layer is conductive to lossless wave propagation in plasma and highly efficient electron ECR heating. To maintain a plasma in very low power and flow, the size combination of 0.6-mm in L1 and 5-mm in L2 is selected as the preferred structure. The performances of miniature ECR ion source, that is, ion beam current, discharge loss, propellant utilization efficiency, thrust and specific impulse are 5.4 mA, 389 W/A, 15%, 163 μup N and 1051 s, respectively, at an incident power of 2.1 W and argon flow of 14.9 μg/s.