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BACKGROUND: Several studies have continuously investigated FFRs using binaural beat (BB) stimulations and their related effects. However, only a few studies have investigated the differences in BB stimulation effects according to basic demographic characteristics, such as gender and age. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the alpha wave activity after a 10-Hz BB stimulation and subsequently identify differences according to gender across all brain areas (frontal, central, parietal, temporal, and occipital areas). METHODS: A total of 23 healthy adults (11 male and 12 female), aged 20–29, participated in the study. For the 10-Hz BB stimulation, pure tone auditory stimuli of 250 and 260 Hz were given to the left and right ear, respectively. Through a power spectrum analysis of the phase-excluding BBs (non-BBs) and phase-including 10-Hz BBs (α-BBs), the alpha power at each brain area was estimated. These values were compared using a mixed-design ANOVA. RESULTS: With the exception of the temporal area, all other brain areas showed a significant increase in alpha power for α-BBs compared to those of non-BBs. However, the difference according to gender was not significant. CONCLUSION: The results indicated the lack of gender effects in alpha wave generation through a 10-Hz BB stimulation.

This study analyzes the change in working memory capacity between parous and nulliparous groups by studying the changes in event-related potential (ERP) patterns during 1- and 2-back tasks. A total of 50 women participated in the study: 27 belonging to the parous group (mean age: 33.1 ± 3.0 years) and 23 belonging to the nulliparous group (mean age: 30.8 ± 2.3 years). The parous group included women who had given birth within three years, while the nulliparous group included women who had not given birth. To compare the working memory capacity of the two groups, 1- and 2-back tasks were presented and the accuracy rate (%) and reaction times (ms) were extracted. While the subjects were performing their tasks, electroencephalograms were used to measure ERP patterns. The ERP patterns from Fz (midline frontal), Cz (midline central) and Pz (midline posterior), which are highly associated with working memory tasks, were analyzed. From the ERP patterns, N100, P300, P300 peak-to-peak (P300 p_p), P600 and P600 peak-to-peak (P600 p_p) components were extracted. The results showed no significant differences in working memory capacity (accuracy rate and reaction time) and ERP components between the two groups. These findings indicated that childbirth experience has no significant effect on working memory capacity.

Introduction: The patient-to-nurse ratio is highly variable among dialysis facilities. However, there is little known about the association between nurse caseload and hemodialysis (HD) patient outcomes. We evaluated the association between patient-to-nurse ratio and mortality in the Korean patients undergoing HD. Methods: We used HD quality assessment data and National Health Insurance Service claim data from the year of 2013 for collecting demographic and clinical data. Altogether, 21,817 patients who participated in the HD quality assessment in 2013 were included in the study. Nurse caseload was defined as the number of HD sessions performed by a nurse per working day. The patients were divided into two groups according to the nurse caseload as follows: low nurse caseload group (≤6.0) and high nurse caseload group (>6.0). We analyzed mortality risk based on nurse caseload using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The mean age was 59.1 years, and males accounted for 58.5%. The mean hemoglobin was 10.6 g/dL and albumin was 3.99 g/dL. At the mean follow-up duration of 51.7 (20.6) months, the ratio between low and high groups was 69.6% (15,184 patients) versus 30.4% (6,633 patients). The patients in the high nurse caseload group were older and showed lower levels of hemoglobin, albumin, calcium, and iron saturation and higher levels of phosphorus than those in the low nurse caseload group. A high nurse caseload was associated with a lower survival rate. In the adjusted Cox analysis, a high nurse caseload was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.14; p = 0.01). Conclusion: High nurse caseload was associated with an increased mortality risk among the patients undergoing HD. Further prospective studies are needed to determine whether a caseload of nursing staff can improve the prognosis of HD patients.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the binaural beat (BB) on brainwave induction using an inaudible baseline frequency outside the audible frequency range. Experiments were conducted on 18 subjects (11 males [mean age: 25.7 ± 1.6 years] and 7 females [mean age: 24.0 ± 0.6 years]). A BB stimulation of 10 Hz was exerted by presenting frequencies of 18,000 Hz and 18,010 Hz to the left and right ears, respectively. A power spectrum analysis was performed to estimate the mean of the absolute power of the alpha frequency range (8-13 Hz). The variation in the mean alpha power during the rest and stimulation phases in each brain area was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Compared to the rest phase, the stimulation phase with BB showed an increasing trend in the mean alpha power across all 5 brain areas. Notably, a significant increase was found in the frontal, central, and temporal areas. This is a significant study in that it determines the effects of only BB without the influence of auditory perception, which has been overlooked in previous studies.

A non-contact tactile stimulation system using a time-varying magnetic field was developed. The system comprises a control unit, power unit, output unit, and actuator. The control unit adjusts stimulation parameters, particularly the signal intensity and frequency. The power unit produces high voltages for generating the magnetic field, whereas the output unit transmits the energy generated according to the signal from the control unit to the actuator. A spiral coil actuator generates the magnetic field. To validate the effectiveness of the system, preliminary experiments on 10 male adults without neurological disorders (23.2 ± 3.05 years) were conducted. Magnetic field stimuli were presented to the right palm of the subjects at three different frequencies (10, 30, and 50 Hz), and corresponding electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were measured simultaneously. Event-related potential (ERP) analysis showed that N100 and P300 components were identified in somatosensory areas. Subjective evaluations revealed that feelings such as “tingling,” “trembling,” “tapping,” and “percussing” were induced. Moreover, as the stimulus frequency changes, differences may occur in induced feeling. The system uses a time-varying magnetic field, which not only induces tactile stimulation without contact but also has trans-object characteristics that can present tactile sensations, even when there is an obstacle between an actuator and skin.

This study aimed to compare the cognitive performance and event-related potential (ERP) patterns between females who have given birth (parous) and those who have not (nulliparous). A total of 50 female participants, including 27 who were parous (33.2 ± 3.2 years) and 23 who were nulliparous (30.8 ± 2.3 years), were recruited. Only parous females who were ≤36 months postpartum (17.7 ± 8.1 months) were included. To compare the cognitive performance between the two groups, we presented the 3-back task (a working memory task) and compared the accuracy rate (%) and reaction time (ms) between the groups. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were simultaneously recorded and the ERP patterns at Fz, Cz, and Pz, which are highly associated with the 3-back task, were analyzed. From the ERP patterns, we extracted N100, P300, P600, P300 peak-to-peak (P300p_p), and P600 peak-to-peak (P600p_p). There were no significant between-group differences in terms of accuracy rate, reaction time, or ERP components (N100, P300, P600, P300p_p, or P600p_p) at the three sites (Fz, Cz, and Pz). Since this study, using meaningful objective data, did not show that parity was significantly correlated with cognitive performance ability and ERP patterns, childbirth does not appear to influence cognitive decline.

In this study, we attempted to observe changes in cognitive characteristics according to 3 intensity changes (Level 1: 0.25 gravity, Level 2: 0.38 gravity, Level 3: 1.3 gravity) at 8 vibration frequencies (10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 225, 250, 300 Hz). The subjects were twelve male (22.1 ± 0.6 years old) and twelve female (21.5 ± 0.8 years old) healthy, right-handed adults with normal cognitive abilities. An experimental trial consisted of a stimulation phase (0.1 sec) in which a vibration stimulus was presented and a rest phase (6 sec) in which no vibration stimulus was presented. A selected stimulus was presented on the first knuckle of the right index finger 5 times (trials). Cognitive characteristics scores according to changes in intensity at each frequency were sampled using a subjective assessment sheet consisting of eighteen items (“ticklish,” “shivery,” “push,” “convex,” “thick,” “numb,” “slow,” “fast,” “shallow,” “strike,” “weak,” “strong,” “dense,” “blunt,” “heavy,” “light,” “stab”, “no stimulus”). To identify the cognitive characteristics according to intensity changes by frequency, the 3 intensities were designated as variables, and a curve estimation regression analysis was performed. At 10 Hz, cognitive characteristics of ’blunt’ increased with the intensity, and ’weak’ decreased. In 100 and 225 Hz, increase or decrease in intensity led to opposite cognitive characteristics (‘weak-strong’ in 100 and 225 Hz, ‘light-heavy’ in 225 Hz). In 100 and 225 Hz, as the intensity increased, expressions on the sense of surface such as ’blunt’ were superior, and the shape of an object (thick) and dynamics (push) differed with the change in intensity. In addition, in 225 Hz, decrease in intensity led to increase in cognitive characteristics such as ’light’ and 'shallow. ’Fast’ was unique in that it only appeared as the intensity increased at 300 Hz.

This study aims to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the effective connectivity between the regions of the brain activated when driving and performing a secondary task (addition task). The subjects used an MR-compatible driving simulator ㅊ to manipulate the driving wheel with both hands and control the pedals (accelerator and brake) with their right foot as if they were driving in an actual environment. Effective connectivity analysis was performed for three regions of the right and the left hemispheres with the highest z-scores, and six of the regions of the entire brain (right and left hemisphere) activated during driving by dynamic causal modeling (DCM). In the right hemisphere, a motor control pathway related to movement control for driving performance was discovered, in the left hemisphere, the pathways in the regions related to movement control for driving performance, starting with the region associated with the secondary task, were discovered. In the whole brain, connectivity was discovered in each of the right and left hemispheres. The motor network of declarative memory, which is the connectivity of the right thalamus, left lingual gyrus, and right precentral gyrus, was worth noting. These results seem meaningful, as they demonstrate the connectivity associated with the control of voluntary movement related to memory from human experience, although limited to driving tasks.

In this study, we measured neuronal activation in the primary somatosensory area (S1) and Brodmann area 3 (BA3) using 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while presenting a 250-Hz high-frequency vibrational stimulus to each of three phalanges (distal, intermediate, and proximal) of four fingers of the right hand (index, middle, ring, and little). We compared the nerve activation area between each finger and each phalange. Ten healthy male college students (26.6 &plusmn, 2.5 years old) participated in this study. One session consisted of three blocks: a rest (30 s), stimulation (30 s), and response phase (9 s). In the rest phase, the vibrational stimulus was not presented. In the stimulation phase, the vibrational stimulation was presented at any one of the three phalanges of the selected finger. In the response phase, subjects were instructed to press a button corresponding to the phalange that they thought had received the vibration. The subtraction method was used to extract the activation area. The activation area in the S1 was the largest when the little finger was stimulated (for the finger comparison), and largest when the second phalange was stimulated (for the phalange comparison). The BA3 showed similar trends, and there was no statistically significant difference.

Under the establishment and operating regulations of school presented only minimum standard for the founding of the school. Therefore, It is intended to suggest the reasonable space standard of the school facility, through comparison & analysis of facility standard in each city and provincial education office. Especially, The facilities standard of Chungcheongbuk-do Office Of Education has been exceeded standardization of architectural space which is proposed the Ministry of Education, and they has made the various learning space reflected creative ideas by designing all of the new school competition since 2000. In order to deal with reacting the changing method of studying like as the examples of Middle & High school in Chungcheongbuk-do, they need to set aside the enough required area for a head of students and the common space which is more than 40% in the total area according to the various learning space, securing the supporting facilities, and break & movement of the students. Moreover, Each of the city and provincial education offices are needed to establish the standardization of proper area for space organization of the planned school throughout upcoming competition.

The policy of the Ministry of education through the social awareness and issues are being changed. Accordingly, in response to the school building which also has to be changed. This study is Low-floor(1~2 floor) for high accessibility, important management and a lot of locomotion. This study is analysis by floor of newly established schools in Chungbuk. Facility and space on the possible low-floor situated are classified administrative zone, health zone, student support + local exchange zone, STEAM(creativity, personality) supporting zone. The administrative area includes administration office, principal`s office and board rooms. The administrative zone is located against schoolyard. Because it is possible visual control of schoolyard. also it controls visitor access so it is placed near main entrance. Health zone is located near a special class, counseling center and wee class for emergency situation. and is located near schoolyard for visual control. Student support + local exchange area includes library and computer lab, audio-visual room, auditorium or gymnasium. It put more emphasis resident welfare, culture and education. So it opens for local residents. It is located center of few stories or near entrance. STEAM(creativity, personality) supports science lab, art room, family room. It is possible such a theory class, experience class and indoor and outdoor class. It is located few floors. This study is used as a reference for school building projects planing.

Our school management is changing by soft and self-regulating method from single educational system. Especially, 7th educational curriculum demands change of educational system and operation that correspond spontaneously on various needs of students. Like this, changing educational policy and curriculum accompany change of social awareness, curriculum, and school space should be changed corresponding hereupon. Such our change can say that is appearing fairly similarly, when compare in Japanese educational policy, curriculum, side of change of school space. Because it is resulting from partial accepting of educational curriculum, system, school architecture and space of Japan. In such background, I investigates Japanese schools cases that advanced than us, which is been opened within the latest 6 years. Through this analysis, I find space and function that can apply to our school. And I will propose some basic data needed for educational and architectural planning side.

A total of 2,325 schools including all of the middle and high school have operated variation type since government announced the "Variation Type classroom System Promotion Plan" in May 2009. New education policy, free learning semester of middle school, was introduced after current government took office, followed by extended application of educational policy. Korean students have a low level of happiness and interest in the school due to admissions intensive competition and the investment memorize education and cramming education. Therefore, in consideration of youth development stage, free learning semester system introduction commitment was announced in November 2012, and free learning semester was operated by way of showing an example in 2013, and then expansion implementation plan of 2015 was established, because free learning semester introduction in middle school stage is increasing. This study considers concept and operation method to free learning semester of middle school which are newly introduced, based on the policy documents of Ministry of Education. Also, through the example of Japanese schools, this analyses creativity, personality, social skills, and healthy corresponding to a free learning semester curriculum of middle school, and present method to apply for Korea.

The policies is always changes according to the changing times, and changes take place in educational facilities welfare policy. Early childhood facilities, is no exception. Recent, increase in the number of kindergarten and kindergarten children according to policy changes of government`s active welfare. This change in pattern, policy changes and increased support to know the impact on the community, and this is not just a simply agenda that they need to be recognized social change. In addition, it can be seen changes in relevant laws and educational process according to childhood policy change flow and depending on social change. In this study, comparative study infants and installation of the facility based on criteria, ensuring standards of early childhood facility site, facilities of evolution of infants care act, act infants, infants of activities safety management. And Standards and facilities that are required to change the direction of the revision is for the purpose of research through changes in kindergarten curriculum to respond the policies flow. Research methods are literature on the various laws and research analysts, leading comparison of different child care and child care policy changes in laws and regulations to review materials are analyzed.

Because it is now the fourth year since the first operation of the departmentalized classroom system in March 2010, a clear analysis of the conditions for the system from the investigation of the schools` operating the system is necessary. In particular, in-depth investigation and analysis are pressing, because investigation and observation of the conditions and situations for the departmentalized classroom system are not conducted continuously after creating an environment for the management of the system through a large investment. Therefore, the purpose of this study lies in building clear data on the conditions for the operation of the departmentalized classroom system in schools by visiting schools that operate the system, grasping the conditions for environmental composition, and investigating and analyzing practical use of the environment.

When considering the current state of special schools for students with intellectual disabilities in South Korea, there are not enough customized educational activities on social independence through vocational support for students with intellectual disabilities from the educational program aspect and the existing classroom design is mainly fitted for students without disabilities and special classrooms and space to support specialized practical education for students with intellectual disabilities are missing from the architectural aspect. This study has investigated the contents of educational activities on vocational support for students with intellectual disabilities and the characteristics of special education classrooms and architectural space that can support such activities and aimed to find the variables that influence social independence of students with intellectual disabilities.

This study examines the advances that reinforced concrete structures have gone through from the introduction of concrete to Korea in the early 20th century to the development of composite action be...

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of mungbeanmook prepared with five different levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) of Gugija (Lycii fructus) infusion. We analyzed Hunter's color values, pH, texture characteristics, and perfomed sensory evaluation of mungbeanmook prepared with Gugija infusion. The pH levels of mungbeanmook ranged between 5.45 and 6.12 and did not show significant differences. As Gugija infusion concentration increased, the color lightness "L" value decreased, whereas red- ness color "a" value and yellowness color "b" values increased (P

The number of foreign residents is expected to increase with the increase of international marriage in rural area and the avoidance of 3D jobs, which is also anticipated to cause various problems more serious. This kind of phenomenon will bring about the increase of the students from the multi-cultural families and a big change in the schools along with the decrease of the students in rural area. Currently, school`s interest in and support for those students from multi-cultural families are focused on the promotion of their learning capability. However, I think that not just the support for the students from multi-cultural families but a new space for the two student-groups` smooth communication in schools is to be arranged. Accordingly, this study suggests. The support limited to educational programs for those students from multi-cultural families should be expanded to the school facilities. What kind of preparation should be done by school facilities in the future. There should be five steps of intermediate space with the additional function other than that of communication between Korean native students and those from multi-cultural families along with the utilization of existing rooms and space.

This study is with the subjects of 7 primary schools in Daejon City which opened after 2004 when the Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development released the "Study of Developing the Manual for Safety and Plan of school facilities". This is to study the measures of improving or enhancing the safety criteria on the school facilities from the viewpoint of actual planning as well as of architectural planning through investigating and analysing the cause, the status and the type of negligent accidents by school which are occurring both directly and indirectly. Though the analysis of the examined contents shows there is no facility in primary schools not satisfying `the criteria on safety maintenance of school facilities`, the criteria is so comprehensive and general that its content is just itemized and the current criteria of facilities are not fit for the present situation because of the physical condition of the students in elementary, middle and high schools and the changing curriculum.

To reflect educational space for proper infant/toddler growth & development inducing Korean child care facilities and the kindergarten (Nuri) curriculum, analysis of child behavioral patterns and development, and character building education as well as the analysis of domestic kindergarten conditions were done. In infancy and toddler years, harmonious cognitive, physical, social, linguistic, emotional development is needed, and a variety of spaces are required to abide by the secondary Nuri curriculum. In planning kindergarten spaces, the boundary between classrooms and the playgrounds must be removed where playground per each classroom should be planned enabling a singular „classroom.‟ And safety management wise it is important that the child be recognized as a subject of protection.

Since the first survey of multi-cultural families(hereunder ‘MCF’) in 2006 there has been a substantial yearly increase with Gyeonggi, Seoul, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, Chungnam, and Chungbuk regions being the prominent in respective orders. This paper begins with the assumption that central region’s – including Gyeonggi province – regional, industrial, social backgrounds are associated with the significant increase in distribution of MCF, then analyzing its trends and characteristics, later finally predicting its results. This paper also examines the plausibility of architectural space structuring as a means of setting up physical environments to aid the smooth integration of elementary students from multi-cultural families, and suggests further investigation as later research projects

With free learning semester program planned to be adopted by all middle schools by 2016, many manuals and policies have rolled out from schools since 2013. This paper analyzes the middle school Free Learning Semester Program and the functions and spaces that need to be planned for the system by reviewing the curriculum of a test case middle school which opened after 2010. The objective of the research is to provide basic guidance for architectural planning of middle schools.

Characteristics of Japanese public library recently has been changed to mutual networking between libraries, complex use of data, and long stay of users. Such change requires new service and contents. Also, in Korea, it is circumstance that interest of library`s contents rise politically. And under government leading by BTL project, various libraries are increasing all over the country fast such as public library, extension of existing school library and the small library, etc. In this research, space composition of library, automatic check-out & bookshelf system, and mutual networking between libraries was analyzed by selected 3 libraries (central library of Chiba city, Tomisato and Ichigawa city library) of Chiba area and find applicable contents to our library system.

As about 60 schools have been built in Sejong city, Korea for last 3 years, Sejong city has experienced such a huge improvement in quality and quantity that actually never been seen in other local areas. In early days, the main agent of foundation for schools was the MACC(Multifunctional Adminis- trative City Construction Agency in Sejong City), and after it has been changed to the Sejong city office of education. Depending on the change of the adminis- trative clients, creative planning concepts have been actively attempted and re- flected in school construction through the Competition, BTL(Build-Transfer- Lease), and participation of school facility experts. With this background, this paper will figure out the characteristic of planned elementary schools in Sejong city for construction, depending on the change of the administrative clients and ordering method. Besides, by comparing and evaluating the characteristics and models in architectural site planning, it will explore the direction of school con- struction plan and also it will provide basic data that will henceforward be help- ful for planning of school construction. Toward this end, pilot analyses and re- search on lot area, outdoor spaces and site planning were conducted centering on schools with the same number of classrooms for the purpose of objective comparison.