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The purpose of this study was to develop a wearable platform system that can detect and acquire a soldier’s biosignals (i.e., heart activity signal, respiration rate, etc.) in a nonrestrained, unconscious manner. These detected biosignals are transmitted to a processing device to analyze and monitor the soldier’s physical status. To achieve this, textile-based heart activity electrodes and a strain gauge sensor for the respiration signal measurement were developed, and their performances in detecting each signal were verified. These sensors were embedded in a chest belt to design a wearable platform that can simultaneously measure heart activity and respiration signals. The sensor part of the chest belt has a dual layer structure to detect high-quality signals. Stretch fabric was used on the outer layer and a respiration sensor was attached to the belt. On the inside layer, a non-stretch fabric was used as the base fabric and a heart activity-sensing electrode, that is capable of taking measurements using a modified lead-II heart activity signal induction method, was embroidered onto the fabric. Subjects were asked to wear the chest belt, and a biosignal processor module was attached to verify the system’s performance while simultaneously acquiring the heart activity and respiration signals. More specifically, it was confirmed that the two signals were detected in a stable. It is expected that the biosignal-monitoring wearable platform system developed in this study will be able to effectively analyze and monitor soldiers’ biosignals.

The strain-gauge type textile sensors adopted in many studies on respiration-sensing wearable systems have been reported to have two major limitations that result in reduced sensing accuracy and insufficient durability of the sensor. The two limitations are the inability to accurately monitor the changes in the three-dimensional (3D) body contour during changes in the respiration cycle and the frequent occurrence of baseline drifts. To solve these issues, this study proposes new types of textile respiration rate sensors with a 3D structure, which measure the respiration rate based on the variation in the size of the contacting section’s surface during respiration, rather than the changes in the length of the sensor, as in existing strain-gauge type sensors. Firstly, the sensing signals were analyzed based on morphology and size measurements. Then, the sensing reliability of three respiration rate sensor types, namely the no-filler, 3D hard, and 3D soft types, was analyzed by comparing their measurements with those of the SS5LB. Finally, the reproducibility and baseline drifts of the sensors’ measurements were evaluated by taking and comparing repeated measurements. As a result, the consistency of the sensing signals of the SS5LB and those of the two types of 3D sensors was higher than those of the no-filler type sensor, and the 3D soft type sensor had the highest reliability and reproducibility among the three new types of sensors. The result showed relatively reduced baseline drifts in the two types of 3D sensors.

Intensive-care unit nurses may experience difficulties in end-of-life care because of frustration or lethargy. The purpose of this study was to develop a mobile end-of-life care program for intensive-care unit nurses and evaluate the effects on competence factors such as knowledge, self-efficacy, and compassion. A quasi-experimental design was used. The participants included 44 nurses who had less than three years of experience in the intensive-care unit, divided into the experimental group and control group. After the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in self-efficacy in end-of-life care and compassion in end-of-life care. Based on the results of this study, the end-of-life care mobile app was an effective educational method for nurses with experience of less than 3 years in an intensive-care unit. To improve the quality of end-of-life care, it is necessary to develop various educational programs considering the greater role of the fourth industrial revolution in the future.

본 연구의 목적은 키워드 네트워크 분석을 활용하여 장애유아 통합교육 관련 연구동향을 분석하는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 1995년부터 2017년까지 KCI 등재지와 등재후보지에 발표된 장애유아 통합교육 관련 논문의 시기별, 학술지별 경향을 파악하고, 논문에 제시된 주제어에 대한 키워드 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째,1995년부터 2017년 사이 총 134편의 장애유아 통합교육 관련 논문이 게재되었으며, 학술지는 ‘유아특수교육연구’에서 가장 많은 논문이 발표된 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 키워드는 연구주제와 관련된 ‘유아교사’와 ‘인식’이 가장 높은 빈도를 나타냈으며, ‘지원’, ‘비장애유아’, ‘프로그램’, ‘태도’, ‘통합교육경험’ 등의 순으로 높은 빈도를 보였다. 셋째, 연결정도 중심성 분석결과 ‘유아교사’와 ‘인식’이 지수가 높게 나타났으며, 가장 큰 군집은 ‘장애유아 통합교육에 대한 인식’이 형성되었다. 본 연구는 장애유아 통합교육 연구의 동향 및 핵심 연구주제에 대한 구체적인 경향성을 파악하였다는데 의의가 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 유아기 자녀 둔 아버지의 부모역할 만족도 평가 척도를 개발하는데 있다. 이를 위해 관련문헌 고찰 및 유아교육 전문가와 유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지들과의 인터뷰를 통해 부모역할 만족도 구성요인을 수집하였다. 수집된 자료를 토대로 아버지의 부모역할 만족도 구성요인을 추출하였으며, 타당도 검증과정을 거쳐 최종시안이 구성되었다. 최종시안은 본 조사에서 타당도와 신뢰도 검증을 통해 평가 척도로 개발되었다. 본 연구의 참여자는 서울, 경기, 충청, 그리고 광주광역시에 소재한 유치원과 어린이집에 재원중인 자녀를 둔 384명의 아버지들이었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지의 부모역할 만족도 평가 척도는 부모역할 지지(9문항), 부모 됨의 만족감(5문항), 부모-자녀관계(7문항), 부모역할 책임 (8문항), 그리고 부모역할 수행(7문항) 등 5개 요인의 36문항으로 구성되었다. 이 요인들의 신뢰도와 내적 합치도(Cronbach’-ɑ)는 ,87에서 .94까지 나타났으며, 총 Cronbach’-ɑ 값은 .92로 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해서 이 연구에서 개발된 아버지의 부모역할 만족도 평가 척도는 신뢰롭고 안정된 도구임이 검증되었다.

This study examined the effects of soil type and fertilizer regimes on variations in fatty acids (FAs) and vitamin E (Vit-E) in 6-year-old ginseng roots. We observed significant variation in both FA and Vit-E contents owing to the type and quantity of organic fertilizer used in each soil type during cultivation. Unsaturated FAs were approximately 2.7-fold higher in ginseng than in saturated FAs. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs detected in ginseng roots. Additionally, α-tocopherol was the major Vit-E detected. In particular, the increased application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer elevated the quantity of nutritionally desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots showed that soil type might be the main cause of differences in FA and Vit-E levels in ginseng. Specifically, the PLS-DA model indicated that palmitic acid is a suitable FA marker in determining whether ginseng plants were grown in a paddy-converted field or an upland field. Moreover, linoleic acid levels were highly correlated with α-linolenic acid (r=0.8374; p

목적: 본 연구에서는 성인 여성을 대상으로 얼굴형과 메이크업 색상변화에 따른 이미지 지각의 차이점을 규명하고자 한다. 방법: 2014년 8월 1일부터 8월 25일까지 여성 679명을 대상으로 하였으며 자극물을 조사대상자들에게 보여주고 이미지를 설문지를 통해 평가하는 실험연구 방식으로 진행되었다. 결과: 여성의 이미지에 영향을 주는 외적 요소를 살펴본 결과 메이크업이라고 응답한 사 람은 330명으로 가장 많았으며, 헤어스타일 164명, 의상 115명, 피부 70명 순으로 조사되었다. 얼굴형에 따른 이미지 지각은 긴형 은 화려한 이미지, 둥근형은 귀여운 이미지, 사각형은 우아한 이미지, 타원형은 자연스러운 이미지로 지각되었다. 메이크업 색상변 화의 차이는 화려한 이미지는 오렌지 톤이 높게 지각되었고 핑크 톤은 우아한 이미지, 자연스러운 이미지, 귀여운 이미지 모두에서 높게 지각되었다. 결론: 메이크업은 여성의 이미지 지각에 가장 영향을 미치는 외적 요소이며 얼굴형과 메이크업 색상은 그 유형에 따라 다양한 이미지를 형성하며 여성의 이미지 지각에 의미 있는 영향을 주는 단서로서 제공되고 있음을 확인할 수었 있다.

In this research, we investigated the luminance efficiency of the computerized embroidery methods applied to flexible plastic optical fiber (POF) for realization of the textile display. Due to the nature of the flexible POF being similar to that of textile yarn, it has been possible to realize a flexible textile display by application of some adjusted fabrication methods. However, besides the simple property of flexibility, two requirements are still demanded for the flexible POF-based textile display: high luminance and the method for realization of pixels in a display. Among the fabrication methods, machine embroidery has feasibility to realize relatively higher luminance of flexible POF-based textiles through a simple procedure. The aim of this study is to evaluate of the feasibility of the embroidery method for the flexible POF-based textile display in terms of luminance, and an approach for a suitable condition in the embroidery method to realize the textile display. To do this, four embroidery methods, in which bending angles from around 90° to around 180° were applied to the flexible POF, were developed in this study. The measurement method was conducted identically on two types of POFs (flexible POFs and non-flexible POFs). The measurement points were selected in consideration of the distance from the light source and the rotation angle of the embroidery, depending on each embroidery design. Based on the resulting luminance efficiency according to the four embroidery methods, suitable conditions for the embroidery method to realize a relatively higher level of luminance for the textile display were suggested.

This research developed a textile coil inductor, in which conductive yarn was wound spirally onto textile, and produced an energy harvesting module utilizing a cylindrical compression coil spring structure to allow a permanent magnet to spin in the center hole of the coil inductor. The study confirmed through a pilot test that the voltage increased as the number of laminated layers of the coil inductor increased. Five subjects were tested in the energy harvesting measuring experiment after producing a sports shoe insole-mounted energy harvesting module. While the subjects executed sports motions such as walking and running at five given frequencies, the peak-to-peak voltage was measured by an oscilloscope and the accumulated energy voltage of the calculated rms voltage (Vrms) and the peak power (㎼) were derived. The output voltage increased as the frequency increased and the average Vp-p (V) of the five subjects was 0.53 V, the average peak power (㎼) was 0.289 ㎼, and the Vrms (V) was 0.065 V. This research is significant in that it suggests the possibility of an energy harvesting module based upon the textile coil inductor emerging from the former shoes’ energy generator packaging method for heavy shoe types by developing a lightweight, flexible, and human-friendly footgear module structure.

BACKGROUND Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the third largest food crop, relatively fewer studies have been reported on rice geographical origin based on light element isotope ratios in comparison with other foods such as wine, beef, juice, oil and milk. Therefore this study tries to discriminate the geographical origin of the same rice cultivars grown in different Asian countries using the analysis of C, N, O and S stable isotope ratios and chemometrics. RESULTS The δ15NAIR, δ18OVSMOW and δ34SVCDT values of brown rice were more markedly influenced by geographical origin than was the δ13CVPDB value. In particular, the combination of δ18OVSMOW and δ34SVCDT more efficiently discriminated rice geographical origin than did the remaining combinations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear discrimination between different rice geographical origins but not between rice genotypes. In particular, the first components of PCA discriminated rice cultivated in the Philippines from rice cultivated in China and Korea. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that analysis of the light element isotope composition combined with chemometrics can be potentially applicable to discriminate rice geographical origin and also may provide a valuable insight into the control of improper or fraudulent labeling regarding the geographical origin of rice worldwide. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

The study aimed to investigate the occupational exposure to airborne solvents in nail salons and to make clear whether relationships between airborne exposure and urinary metabolite excretion would be still useful as biomarkers. Twenty technicians as exposed group and twenty-one as control group were participated. The airborne solvents, urinary acetone and hippuric acid were determined by gas chromatography, UV-visible spectrometer and GC/MS spectrometry. When evaluated with the addictive effects using geometric mean value of each solvent, overall airborne solvents exposed were very low. Concentrations of urinary acetone and urinary hippuric acid were weakly correlated with those of airborne acetone and airborne toluene. In exposed group, urinary acetone concentration was not significant difference and hippuric acid was only slightly above those in control group. In conclusion, urinary acetone and hippuric acid excretion at low level of airborne acetone and toluene would be inadequate biomarkers.

Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the third largest food crop, relatively fewer studies have been reported on rice geographical origin based on light element isotope ratios in comparison with other foods such as wine, beef, juice, oil and milk. Therefore this study tries to discriminate the geographical origin of the same rice cultivars grown in different Asian countries using the analysis of C, N, O and S stable isotope ratios and chemometrics.The δ(15) NAIR , δ(18) OVSMOW and δ(34) SVCDT values of brown rice were more markedly influenced by geographical origin than was the δ(13) CVPDB value. In particular, the combination of δ(18) OVSMOW and δ(34) SVCDT more efficiently discriminated rice geographical origin than did the remaining combinations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear discrimination between different rice geographical origins but not between rice genotypes. In particular, the first components of PCA discriminated rice cultivated in the Philippines from rice cultivated in China and Korea.The present findings suggest that analysis of the light element isotope composition combined with chemometrics can be potentially applicable to discriminate rice geographical origin and also may provide a valuable insight into the control of improper or fraudulent labeling regarding the geographical origin of rice worldwide. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nucleophilic addition reactions of benzylamines (BA; ) to ethyl--cyanocinnamates (ECC;=C(CN)COOEt) have been investigated in acetonitrile at . The rate is first order with respect to BA and ECC. The rate is slower than that expected from the additive effect of or for the activating groups (CN and COOEt). Natural. bond orbital calculations show that the contribution of COOEt group may not be fully effective despite the coplanar molecular structure. The selectivity parameters including the cross-interaction constant ( = -0.22) indicate that the addition occurs in a single step. The kinetic isotope effects (=2.5-2.8) involving deuterated BA () nucleophiles and activation parameters () suggest a cyclic transition state in which N- and H- bonds are formed concurrently.

This study attempted to develop CamouFAB, which uses flexible plastic optic fiber (POF) to display camouflage patterns. Previously developed CamouLED system which uses light emitting diodes (LED) array to present camouflage patterns has limitations in that it is inflexible thus is difficult to be applied to combat uniforms. This study shows a further research to expand the CamouLED system to development of a new military uniform, using photonic technology which can change its color according to background. Like CamouLED, a camera receives background image and camouflage patterns are generated by the real-time patterning program. The generated patterns are then displayed on an 8 x 8 optic fiber display instead of LED display. An 8 x 8 flexible optic fiber patch was made by embroidered fabric with high luminance and controlling module was connected to each pixel of optic fiber bundle. This study concludes with an implication that the use of flexible POFs instead of an LED display would broaden the system’s application and use.

Nucleophilic addition reactions of benzylamines (BA; XC6H4CH2NH2) to benzylidene-1,3-indandiones (BID; YC6H4CH=C(C=O)2C6H4) have been studied in acetonitrile at 25.0 degrees C. The rate is first-order with respect to BA and BID, and no base catalysis is observed. The structure-reactivity behaviors (k2, rhoX, betaX, and betaY) are intermediate between the two series of addition reactions of BA to beta-nitrostyrene (NS) and benzylidenemalononitrile (BMN) in acetonitrile. The normal kinetic isotope effects, kH/kD > 1.0, involving deuterated BAs (XC6H4CH2ND2) are smaller than those for the reactions of NS and BMN suggesting a somewhat looser bond formation in the transition state. The reaction is predicted to proceed in a single step with concurrent C(alpha)-N bond formation and proton transfer to C(beta). A hydrogen-bonded, four-center type cyclic transition state is proposed.

Nucleophilic addition reactions of benzylamines (BA) to benzylidenemalononitrile (BMN) have been studied in acetonitrile at 15.0 degrees C. The rate is first-order with respect to both BA and BMN and no base catalysis is observed. The rate decreases as the electron-withdrawing power of the substituent (Y) in the substrate increases (rho Y0). This is in contrast to the similar reactions of beta-nitrostyrenes (NS) with BAs in acetonitrile and the addition reactions of NS and BMN in aqueous solution (rho Y0). This sign change of rho Y is considered to result from the strong electron-withdrawing power of the (CN)2 group in BMN, which leads to polarization of C alpha delta+C delta- (CN)2 in the transition state. The mechanism of amine addition to BMN in acetonitrile is radically different from that in water. The reaction is predicted to proceed concertedly in a single step with a hydrogen-bonded, four-center cyclic transition state.

The kinetics and mechanism of the addition of benzylamines to β-nitrostyrenes in acetonitrile at 25.0 °C have been investigated. The addition reaction proceeds by two pathways, uncatalyzed (k2) and catalyzed (k3) paths. The kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD) involving deuterated benzylamine nucleophiles support the proposal that proton transfer from the amine to the β-carbon occurs concurrently with addition of the amine to the α-carbon. The transition state is predicted to have four- (I) and six-membered (II) cyclic structures for the k2 and k3 paths, respectively, with a tighter and more rigid structure for the uncatalyzed process. The cross-interaction constants, ρXY, are negative (−0.90 and −0.54 when the fall-off factor is taken into account) and the magnitude is larger for the uncatalyzed path than for the normal backside attack SN2 reaction of benzyl derivatives with anilines (−0.6 to −0.8).

and cross-interaction constant ρXZ is relatively large and positive (0.90). These trends are consistent with the rate-limiting breakdown of a tetrahedral intermediate, T ± . The proposed mechanism is also supported by adherence of the rate data to the reactivity-selectivity principle (RSP). The kinetic isotope effects, kH/kD, are greater than unity (1.3-1.4) suggesting a possibility of hydrogen-bonded four-centered transition state. The activation parameters, ΔH ≠ and ΔS ≠ , are consistent with this transition-state structure.

Kinetic studies have been carried out on the solvolysis and aminolysis with anilines of anilino thioethers, N-methyl-N-[(Z-phenylthio)methyl]-Y-anilines, YC6H4N(CH3)CH2SC6H4Z, I, in methanol at 45.0°C. In contrast to the iminium cations with significant lifetimes produced in water, the solvolysis proceeds by a direct displacement (SN2) mechanism in methanol. In the aminolysis, both bond formation and cleavage are well under way in a late SN2 transition state with high ρX (βX) and ρZ (βZ) values. However, cross interactions between the nucleophile and leaving group are extensive with large negative constants (ρXZ=−1.7, βXZ=−0.27), which are suggestive of an SN2 reaction with frontside attack. The inverse secondary kinetic isotope effects involving deuterated anilines (kH/kD=0.84–0.88) along with low ΔH≠ (4.2–5.2 kcal mol−1) and ΔS≠ (−46–−59 e.u.) values are consistent with the proposed mechanism.

The harvesting of piezoelectricity through the human body involves the conversion of mechanical energy, mostly generated by the repeated movements of the body, to electrical energy, irrespective of the time and location. In this research, it was expected that the garment design would play an important role in increasing the efficiency of piezoelectricity scavenged in a garment because the mechanical deformation imposed on the energy harvester could increase through an optimal design configuration for the garment parts supporting a piezoelectricity harvester. With this expectation, this research aimed to analyze the effect of the clothing factors, and that of human factors on the efficiency of piezoelectricity harvesting through clothing in joint movements. These analyses resulted in that the efficiency of the piezoelectricity harvesting was affected from both two clothing factors, tightness level depending upon the property of the textile material and design configuration of the garment part supporting the piezoelectricity harvesting. Among the three proposed designs of the garment part supporting the piezoelectricity harvesting, 'reinforced 3D module design,' which maximized the value of radius in the piezoelectricity harvester, showed the highest efficiency across all areas of the joints in the human body. The two human factors, frequency of movement and body part, affected the efficiency of the piezoelectricity harvesting as well.

Recently, several studies have been conducted on the use of optical fibers in the field of photonic technologies. In fact, photonic applications have been developed for various functions including entertainment, communications, and safety protection. However, studies on the applications of flexible optical fiber to smart photonic clothing and luminescence effects are few. The present paper reports on the optimum condition of luminescence effects and the uniform surface through a experimental study of plastic optical fiber(POF)-based flexible textile using different methods of weaving and electronic packaging focused on the red right. For this purpose, we first assessed the differences in the luminance values based on whether etching of the POF-based flexible textile was done and on whether a reflective fabric backing was used. We also analyzed the difference between the luminance values with and without an optical lens on the light source.

Kinetic studies have been carried out on the solvolysis and aminolysis with anilines of anilino thioethers, N-methyl-N-[(Z-phenylthio)methyl]-Y-anilines, YC6H4N(CH3)CH2SC6H4Z, I, in methanol at 45.0°C. In contrast to the iminium cations with significant lifetimes produced in water, the solvolysis proceeds by a direct displacement (SN2) mechanism in methanol. In the aminolysis, both bond formation and cleavage are well under way in a late SN2 transition state with high ρX (βX) and ρZ (βZ) values. However, cross interactions between the nucleophile and leaving group are extensive with large negative constants (ρXZ=−1.7, βXZ=−0.27), which are suggestive of an SN2 reaction with frontside attack. The inverse secondary kinetic isotope effects involving deuterated anilines (kH/kD=0.84–0.88) along with low ΔH≠ (4.2–5.2 kcal mol−1) and ΔS≠ (−46–−59 e.u.) values are consistent with the proposed mechanism.

not Available.