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본 연구는 실제 현장인 건물외부에 광촉매 코팅제, 광촉매 페인트, 광촉매 숏크리트를 적용함으로써 미세먼지의 원인물질인 NOx의 저감효과를 정량적으로 분석하였다. NOx 저감을 확인하기 위해 실험실 환경에서 ISO 22197-1에 의거하여 예비시험을 실시한 후, 실제 건물을 대상으로 현장실험을 측정 및 분석하였다. 예비시험을 통해 NO 저감량은 광촉매 코팅재 7.29 μmol/150 ㎠, 광촉매 페인트 5.76 μmol/150 ㎠, 숏크리트 11.28 μmol/150 ㎠로 나타났으며 이는 일본광촉매협회에서 정한 평가 기준인 1.5 μmol/150 ㎠ 이상인 것을 참고할 때 광촉매 외장재료 3개의 제품 모두 NO 제거성능이 기준치 이상임을 확인하였다. 실험실 측정과 현장실험의 실험 조건을 최대한 동일하게 설정하기 위해 UV 광량과 해당 광량에 대한 NO 주입량이라는 변수를 분석하였고, 현장 실험을 위한 광촉매 반응기를 자체 제작하였다. 현장의 UV 광량을 측정하고 이를 고려한 NO 주입량을 3 ppm으로 결정하였다. 현장 실험 결과, NO 제거량은 광촉매 코팅을 적용한 A건물은 11.06 μmol/150 ㎠, 광촉매 페인트를 도포한 B건물은 맑은 날에 10.03 μmol/150 ㎠, 흐린 날은 4.87 μmol/150 ㎠로 나타났다. 광촉매 숏크리트를 설치한 C건물에는 맑은 날에 6.78 μmol/150 ㎠, 흐린 날에 2.62 μmol/150 ㎠로 나타났다. 3개의 건물 모두 맑은 날 측정한 NO 제거량이 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 실험실에서 측정한 예비시험의 NO 제거 성능에 비해 현장에서 측정한 NO 제거 성능이 높았고, A, B건물이 C건물에 비해 NO 제거 성능이 높게 나타났다. 이는 예비시험을 실시한 실험시 조건보다 UV 광량이 다소 높은 것에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 광촉매 기술을 활용한 외장재를 실제 건물의 적용 시 주변건물과 환경조건을 고려하여 일조에 유리하게 외장재를 적용하여야 NO 저감을 극대화할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 실험실 조건에서 실시했던 ISO-22197-1 NO 제거 성능시험방법을 착안하여 실제 자연광 상태의 대기조건 하에서 건물에 적용해봄으로써, 실험실과 자연상태의 NO 제거성능을 비교하고 정량적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 환경 조건의 실제 건물들에 적용하여 실험 결과의 객관성을 확보할 수 있는 연구를 수행할 계획이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a control technology for air-clearing ventilation system considering the characteristics of school facilities, and to investigate, classify, compare, and analyze data that can consider general environment and school characteristics. Method: The current and characteristic of school facilities and the status of management of pollutants were investigated using government public data and the resulting environment variables were derived. The concentration of fine dust and carbon dioxide, which are the main causes of human activity and breathing, was selected as the main factors to analyze the correlation with general school facilities, such as locality, establishment date and coeducation status. Result: First, the standard classrooms in Korea are located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, with a total of 23 students or less. Second, the survey on the concentration of fine dust by age of school facility showed no significant difference, but in the case of carbon dioxide, the average concentration decreased as the age of school facility grew older. Since the age of school facility is related to the building’s confidential performance, it is considered that the building’s airtight performance is highly correlated with the concentration of carbon dioxide. Third, according to the analysis of indoor air quality according to the sex ratio of students, this ratio is also a major factor for indoor air quality, and it was deemed necessary to consider this when applying the air-cleaning ventilation system.

본 연구는 미세먼지의 2차 오염물질 저감을 위한 TiO2를 혼합한 광촉매 페인트와 UV 램프에 따른 NOx 농도 변화를 Mock-up 실험을 통해 실시한 것으로 그 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 산화티탄(TiO2)을 활용한 광촉매는 자외선과의 광반응을 통하여 2차 오염물질 발생을 감소시킬 수 있는 대표적인 물질로 알려져 있다. 그러나, 실내인 경우 자외선 도입이 어렵고 광원도 약하여 지금까지 사용이 쉽지 않은 형편이었다. 최근 기술의 발달로 대표적인 건축 자재 중 페인트에 광촉매를 혼합한 재료가 NOx 농도를 감소한다고 하는데 아직까지 검증되지 않은 상황이다. 둘째 본 연구에서 Mock up 실험을 통하여 광촉매 페인트가 도포된 밀폐된 실내에서 UV 램프 ON/OFF에 따른 NOx 농도 변화를 확인한 결과 UV램프 ON 상태가 OFF 상태에 비해 약 11.87%(3회 평균 값) 정도 NOx 농도가 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 광촉매 페인트가 도포된 벽면에 UV 램프 광량크기를 2배, 4배, 6배로 증가하면서 질소산화물(NOx) 농도변화를 측정한 결과 광량의 증가에 따라 NOx 농도 저감이 비례하진 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, UV 램프의 광량이 약 0.25 mW/cm2보다 2배인 0.5 mW/cm2에서 가장 높은 절감율(3회 평균 18.6%)을 나타내고 있었다. 또한, 마찬가지로 광촉매 페인트에서 UV 램프가동시(ON)에 램프비가동시(OFF) 보다 질소산화물(NOx) 농도는 15.44%~18.60% 저감되고 있음을 확인하였다. 추후 광촉매페인트의 면적과 UV 램프 광량의 크기에 따른 질소산화물(NOx) 농도 변화에 대한 세부 후속연구가 더 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of the study is to develop an IoT sensor module for environmental measurement that can compare indoor and outdoor contamination. Low-cost and high-performance indoor environmental devices have been developed for easy access by researchers. The results as follows: The products used the Aduino Uno R3 with outstanding scalability and affordability. Performance verification shows the same trend of Fine dust concentration, Temperature and humidity error rate were 4.08% and 4.96% respectively, Air flow error rate is 4.58%. Therefore, the sensor modules developed in this study can be applied indoor the building for environmental measurement and are easily accessible to other researchers.

In South Korea, the gradual increase in particulate matter generation has received significant attention from central and local governments. Exhaust gas, which contains nitrogen oxides (NOx), is one of the main sources of particulate matter. In this study, the reduction of NOx using a coating material mixed with a titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was demonstrated. The NOx reduction performance of the TiO2 photocatalyst-infused coating was evaluated by applying the ISO 22197-1: 2007 standard. Subsequently, the performance was evaluated by changing the NO gas concentration and ultraviolet (UV)-A irradiance under standard experimental conditions. It was determined that NOx reduction can be achieved even if the NO gas concentration and UV-A irradiance are lower than those under the standard conditions when the TiO2 photocatalyst-infused coating was used. This study revealed that NOx reduction can be realized through TiO2 photocatalyst-infused coating in winter or cloudy days with a low solar altitude. It was also confirmed that compared with the UV-A irradiance, the NO gas concentration has a greater effect on the NOx reduction performance of the TiO2 photocatalyst-infused coating. These findings can be used to evaluate a variety of construction materials with TiO2 photocatalysts in the future.

This study examines diverse thermal control algorithms to control the openings and cooling systems of double skin envelope (DSE) buildings in summer. In order to examine the system performance of control algorithms, five control algorithms combining a conventional rule-based algorithm and four proposed algorithms including fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural network (ANN), and two adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were developed. The system performance of the algorithms was compared to those from field measurements to validate prediction accuracy. Further simulations were performed for the DSE building by using the five validated control algorithms. The results indicate that the algorithm employing FL to operate cooling systems created the most acceptable and stable indoor temperature in which 99.98% of the test period was within the target indoor temperature with the narrowest ranges. Compared to other algorithms, the FL-based control algorithm for cooling system can potentially improve building energy efficiency demonstrating an amount of reduction in heat removal up to 49.4%. The ANN-based and ANFIS-based algorithms operated the cooling system more stably and effectively reduced the number of times that the cooling system was turned on and off.

Purpose: According to the 4th industrial revolution, interest in artificial intelligence is increasing in the field of architecture. However, there are few studies that applied artificial intelligence in the field of architecture. Therefore, this study compares and analyzes the artificial intelligence researches in domestic and overseas architectural and window areas in depth and grasps the technology applicable to window ventilation systems based on artificial intelligence. Method: A total of 456 papers were searched by using domestic and foreign scholarly search engines with kewords;`Artificial Intelligence`, `Artificial Neural Network`,`Machine Learning`, `Support Vector Machine`, `Genetic Algorithm`, `Building`, `Architecture`, `Window Ventilation System`, `Smart Window`, `Smart Ventilation`. Result: Research using artificial intelligence in the field of architecture has been steadily increasing. Among them, there are 266 studies(58.3%) in the field of building environmental facilities. In addition, 312 cases of window system research were investigated, and 115 cases of ventilation related research were 36.9%. The results of this study will be used as basic data for the development of window ventilation system based on artificial intelligence.

The NOx removal performance of photocatalytic construction materials is demonstrated using two experiments under indoor and outdoor environments: (1) A photoreactor test was conducted to assess the NO removal performance of construction materials (e.g., coatings, paints and shotcrete) using a modified ISO 22197-1 method, (2) A water washing test was conducted using two specimens enlarged to the size of actual building materials and artificially exposed to NOx in a laboratory to analyze NOx removal performance. For (1), the UV irradiation of the outdoor environment was analyzed and the experiment was conducted in an indoor laboratory under UV irradiation identical to that of the outdoor condition. Photoreactor tests were conducted on construction materials applied to actual buildings located in Seoul, South Korea. In (2), the enlarged specimen was used for a field experiment by applying a modified method from the ISO 22197-1 standard. On sunny days, the NOx removal performance (3.12–4.76 μmol/150 cm2·5 h) was twice as much as that of the ISO 22197-1 standard specification (2.03 μmol/150 cm2·5 h) in the real-world. The washing water test results indicated that general aqueous paint achieved a NOx removal of 3.88 μmol, whereas photocatalytic paint was superior to 14.13 μmol.

Air purifiers are a popular tool to manage indoor particulate matter ; however, their effectiveness with respect to resuspending and removing particles that have been deposited on surfaces is limited. This study proposed and evaluated a method of removing both suspended and deposited particulate matter using an air purifier in conjunction with an airflow source. First, the effectiveness of the air purifier with respect to removing deposited particulate matter was determined in a static environment and under forced airflow. Then, the removal efficiency of the purification system was evaluated under varying airflow orientations and velocities. Results showed that the air purifier contributed to particulate matter resuspension and removal, and the efficiency was significantly improved under forced resuspension due to airflow generation. The orientation of the airflow was found to have an impact on the resuspension and removal efficiency of particulates, and four-way airflow was more effective compared to one-way airflow. This was attributed to four-way flow increasing the airflow diffusion radius compared to one-way flow. A flow velocity of 5 m/s or greater was necessary to resuspend deposited particulate matter. These findings illustrate that forced resuspension is an effective means of reducing deposited particulate matter in indoor environments, and four-way airflow with a wide diffusion radius and a velocity of 5 m/s or higher are the optimum conditions for this purpose.

In this study, we verified the application of TiO2 photocatalysts on ventilation ducts used in buildings and their effects on reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx), which is a typical particulate matter precursor. The TiO2 photocatalyst produces a radical dioxide with a strong acid oxidation power through photochemical reactions with ultraviolet-A (UV-A) rays and removes NOx through oxidation. The removal experiment was conducted by applying TiO2 photocatalyst coatings inside the duct to comply with the conditions of the ISO 22197-1: 2007. In addition, changes in the NOx removal were confirmed through changes in the concentration of NOx and UV-A irradiance inside the duct. At approximately 100 min after switching on the UV-A lamp during the experiment conduced according to ISO 22197-1: 2007, the NOx concentration decreased to 0.053 ppm (by 94.87%). Moreover, it has been confirmed that the trend of reduction is proportional to the changes in UV-A irradiance and NOx concentration, that is, an increase in UV-A irradiance has a significant impact on the reduction of NOx concentration; NOx reduction increases as a secondary function due to an increase in the UV-A irradiance. Through this study, it is believed that NOx, a representative precursor material that generates particulate matter, can be removed through a building ventilation system using a TiO2 photocatalyst.

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon incurs various problems for human health as fine dust and hazardous pollutants are not ventilated well in urban areas. For example, downtown areas had a higher temperature than that of suburban regions. The purpose of the present study is to derive the reduction effect on the UHI phenomenon by applying phase-change material (PCM) to building roofs as a foundational study to reduce the UHI phenomenon. In the present study, an effect of reduction in surface temperature was verified through mock-up performance test on a PCM cool roof system manufactured by combining a PCM and radiation hardened wood (wood-plastic composite), and analysis on temperature distribution simulation was conducted by utilizing the mock-up test results to verify the temperature reduction in the canopy layer and roof surface. The study result showed that a temperature was decreased by 6.8 °C on average when the PCM cool roof system was applied. The result of the temperature distribution simulation based on the above experimental data verified that a temperature in the urban canopy layer in the commercial zone was reduced by 7.8 °C in summer and 11.3 °C in winter, and that in the residential zone was decreased by 6.4 °C in summer and 10.5 °C in winter, respectively.

Apartment buildings in Korea have adopted underfloor heating systems using web construction methods based on concrete and hot water systems. However, since such systems consume significant amounts of energy for heating owing to their low thermal storage performance, it is necessary to develop a new system that can minimize energy consumption by improving concrete thermal storage performance. This study proposes a phase-change material (PCM) underfloor heating system to reduce energy consumption in apartment buildings. An optimal design for a PCM underfloor heating system is proposed, and thermal storage performance of the proposed system is evaluated experimentally. The temperature range of the PCM for underfloor heating is also calculated considering the proposed design and comfortable heating conditions for domestic apartment buildings. Results indicate that a PCM underfloor heating system can be constructed in the following order: (1) a 210 mm concrete slab, (2) a 20 mm cushioning material, (3) 40 mm of mortar including a 10 mm PCM thermal storage container, and (4) 40 mm of finishing mortar including wire mesh and hot water pipes. The temperature range of the PCM used for underfloor heating in domestic apartment buildings is 32–45°C. Experimental tests reveal that thermal storage performance of underfloor heating systems that apply 35, 37, 41, and 44°C as representative PCM temperatures is superior to existing systems.

In this study, the photocatalyst TiO2 was mixed with a general paint and applied on indoor walls as part of a mock-up test to measure the reduction in the NOx concentration affected by the on or off state of a UV lamp. The findings may be summarized as follows; the NOx concentration was reduced by approximately 7% more (0.134 ppm) with the UV lamp on than when the lamp was off in the indoor space where the paint mixed with TiO2 was applied.

This work aims for the exploitation of low-grade thermal energy (