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Convergent evolution has been shown to be a prominent feature of anuran evolutionary history. Studying the morphological pathways involved in the evolution of a convergent character allows us to test whether deterministic or contingent forces drive the evolution of characters. Here, we have assessed the morphological pathways associated with arboreal habits in species of six families of anurans (Hylidae, Eleutherodactylidae, Strabomantidae, Centrolenidae, Bufonidae and Hemiphractidae) through a comparative analysis of 19 phenotypic characters related to climbing ability. All species showed differences in the assessed characters, exhibiting variations in the distribution of their states and different ranges in all limb lengths. These variations implied a wide distribution across the morphospace as defined by a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS), with Rhinella paraguas (Bufonidae) being the most distinctive species, presenting unique characters such as the absence of intercalary elements, adhesive pads, subarticular tubercles and interphalangealis muscles of the hands. Our findings demonstrate that the morphological mechanisms involved in climbing ability of the ten species are different, suggesting distinct morphological pathways. Consequently, we advocate that historical contingency has an essential role in the evolution of arboreal habits among the species studied.

The Tityus forcipula species group has had an intricate taxonomic history, changing its diagnostic characters and composition on several occasions. One of the alleged reasons for this taxonomic uncertainty is the use of superficial characters (i.e. raw similarity instead of putative synapomorphies) for species group delimitation. Here, we conducted a thorough phenotypic survey across the Tityus forcipula species group, as currently delimited, including characters that had been suggested elsewhere as putative synapomorphies for delimiting lineages within Tityus. In doing so we also redescribe Tityus forcipula and describe a new species belonging to the Tityus forcipula species group: Tityus moralensis sp. nov. based on specimens from the Andean region of Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. The Tityus forcipula species group is here delimited to Andean species from Colombia and Ecuador that share strongly sclerotized and brown colored pectines, basal middle lamellae of female pectines dilated and suboval or ovoid shaped, basal plate of female pectines without glandular region and telotarsi with two ventrosubmedian rows (type II) of stout macrosetae (i.e., Tityus crassicauda, Tityus cuellari, Tityus forcipula, Tityus fuhrmanni and Tityus moralensis sp. nov). The new Tityus species is placed into a phylogenetic context with other buthid species using DNA sequences (COI and 28S). Finally, we provide a map with updated distributional records of the Tityus forcipula species group.

Ancestral character-state reconstruction is a powerful method in phylogenetics that can be applied to elucidate the evolutionary history of secondary sexual characters. Here, we surveyed the variation and reconstructed the ancestral states of secondary sexual characters (i.e. sexual dichromatism, vocal slits and nuptial pads) for the most species-rich genus of anurans (Pristimantis) using maximum parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods. This study demonstrates that at least five independent transformation series account for the occurrence of sexual dichromatism in Pristimantis: dorsum, throat, venter, groin and posterior surface of thighs. The ancestral reconstructions suggest that the most recent common ancestor of Pristimantis lacks sexual dichromatism on these five body areas. Likewise, the occurrence of vocal slits and the absence of nuptial pads were inferred as ancestral conditions. Morphological synapomorphies were identified for Yunganastes and two infrageneric units within Pristimantis (the Pristimantis devillei and Pristimantis unistrigatus species groups). Our results demonstrate that the evolutionary history of the secondary sexual characters in Pristimantis followed a rather complex pattern of multiple independent gains and losses for which this genus is a promising model to investigate the evolution of secondary sexual characters in the context of the complex interactions between natural and sexual selection.

We present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana and discuss the phylogenetic impacts of methodological choices. We analysed 167 phenotypic characters and nine loci scored for 115 Wagneriana and outgroups, including 46 newly sequenced species. We compared total evidence analyses and molecular-only analyses to evaluate the impact of phenotypic evidence, and we performed analyses using the programs POY, TNT, RAxML, GARLI, IQ-TREE and MrBayes to evaluate the effects of multiple sequence alignment and optimality criteria. In all analyses, Wagneriana carimagua and Wagneriana uropygialis were nested in the genera Parawixia and Alpaida, respectively, and the remaining species of Wagneriana fell into three main clades, none of which formed a pair of sister taxa. However, sister-group relationships among the main clades and their internal relationships were strongly influenced by methodological choices. Alignment methods had comparable topological effects to those of optimality criteria in terms of ‘subtree pruning and regrafting’ moves. The inclusion of phenotypic evidence, 2.80–3.05% of the total evidence matrices, increased support irrespective of the optimality criterion used. The monophyly of some groups was recovered only after the addition of morphological characters. A new araneid genus, Popperaneus gen. nov., is erected, and Paraverrucosa is resurrected. Four new synonymies and seven new combinations are proposed.

The Brazilian spider fauna comprises thousands of described species, mostly known by only one or two records, and there are large sampling gaps. The spider fauna of the state of Roraima is enigmatic in Brazil and remains largely unknown. Herein, we present a list of spider species recently collected during an expedition in Roraima. Species-level identifications were possible for 229 adult individuals of 54 species. Five species are newly recorded from Brazil, and 30 species are presented for the first time from Roraima. Most of these new records are represented by widespread species, representing the huge and historical deficiency in the spider sampling throughout Roraima.

Aim: Understanding the impact of land use change within assemblages is fundamental to mitigation policies at local and regional scale. Here, we aim to quantify how site-level terrestrial assemblages are responding to land use change in Colombia a mega-diverse country and to project future biodiversity under different scenarios of land use change associated with climate change policies. Location: Colombia (northern South America). Methods: We collated original biodiversity data from 17 publications (285 sites) that examined how human impact affects terrestrial biodiversity in Colombia. From each site we estimated compositional intactness (i.e. compositional similarity to undisturbed sites). We fitted generalized linear mixed-effects models to estimate how these measures of local biodiversity vary across land use habitats. Using space-for-time substitution, we applied our estimates to hindcast biodiversity changes since 1500 and project future changes under climate change policies of the four representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Results: Assemblages in urban, cropland and pasture sites were compositionally very different from those in primary vegetation. We infer that average compositional intactness has been reduced by 18% across Colombia to date, with strong regional variation. The best RCP scenario for future biodiversity is GCAM-RCP4.5, a path that favours the expansion of secondary forests under a strong carbon market; while the worst is MESSAGE-RCP8.5, ‘the business-as-usual’ scenario. Main conclusions: Land use change has driven an increasing change in the composition of ecological assemblages in Colombia. By 2095, the implementation of carbon markets policy of climate change from GCAM-RCP4.5 could mitigate these changes in community composition. In contrast, the business-as-usual scenario MESSAGE-RCP8.5 predicts a steep community change placing the quality of ecosystems at risk.

De Laet (2015) claimed that minimization of ad hoc hypotheses of homoplasy does not lead to a preference for trivial optimizations when analysing unaligned sequence data, as claimed by Wheeler (2012; see also Kluge and Grant, 2006). In addition, De Laet asserted that Kluge and Grant's (2006) parsimony rationale is internally inconsistent in terms of Baker's (2003) theoretical framework. We argue that De Laet used extraneous presuppositions to critique Wheeler's position and, as such, his criticism should be considered cautiously in terms of its scope. Finally, we demonstrate that considering Kluge and Grant's parsimony rationale as inconsistent rests on De Laet's misunderstanding of the ideographic character concept and the consequences of relating it to Baker's rationale.

Female genital morphology of secondarily haplogyne spiders has been poorly studied, hampering the analysis of its possible phylogenetic significance. We conduct a comparative morphological study of 12 species of the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 using scanning electron microscopy. Representatives of the closely related genera Pachygnatha Sundevall, 1823 and Dyschiriognatha Simon, 1893 were also examined. The female genitalia of Glenognatha, Dyschiriognatha, and Pachygnatha species examined are composed of a spiracle-shape gonopore, a membranous chamber, a pair of copulatory ducts (CD) leading to spermathecae and a large uterus externus (UE). The most significant variation among Glenognatha species, previously unregistered within Araneoidea, is related with the absence or presence of CD and spermathecae. In addition, several characters as the form and distribution of long stem gland ductules and compartmentalization of the UE may be important for phylogenetic inference at species and generic level. Our results corroborate the close relationship between Dyshiriognatha and Glenognatha. A table with potentially informative female genitalic characters for phylogenetic inference within Glenognatha is provided. Understanding the general structure of the female genitalia in secondarily haplogyne taxa is a crucial step in order to propose characters for phylogenetic inference and to understand its possible functional significance.

Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898 (Figs. 122–125, 137) Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898: 218, pl. 15, fig. 15. (male syntype from Baja California, San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, Eisen & Vaslit leg., deposited in MCZ 125505, examined); Hormiga & Döbel 1990: 202, figs. 25–30; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1O, 3D, 4F, 6D, 8E, 9N; World Spider Catalog 2015. Glenognatha centralis Chamberlin, 1925: 216 (male holotype from Panama, R. V. Chamberlin leg., deposited in MCZ 125347, examined). New synonymy. Synonymy justification. We examined the male holotype of G. centralis (MCZ 125347) (collected from the stomach of a toad, Bufo sp.) and concluded that the specimen is a subadult male due to the undeveloped male palp sclerites. This conclusion was supported by the finding of a subadult male of G. foxi (from Arizona, AMNH), caught in the molting process, that exhibits a similar palp morphology. After comparison with numerous Glenognatha specimens collected in Panama, we concluded that the morphology of the chelicerae in G. centralis is too similar with the diagnostic morphology found in G. minuta specimens; which is characterized by enlarged Ret2 and Ret3 (Figs. 123A–C). The chelicerae orientation and the size of the tegulum, cited as diagnostic for G. centralis by Hormiga & Döbel (1990), are not sufficient to maintain a separate species, as these characters can vary in G. minuta. The unusual shape of the conductor, cited by Hormiga & Döbel (1990) also as a diagnostic character, could be an artifact of the developmental stage of the specimen, the preservation and the digestive process suffered. Diagnosis. Males of G. minuta can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the morphology of the chelicerae, which has a small Ret1 and prominent Ret2 and Ret3, the latter being bigger (Figs. 123A–C). Females can be distinguished from all other Glenognatha (except G. emertoni) by the presence of an anterior cheliceral bulge (Fig. 123F); distinguished from G. emertoni by the well-developed spermathecae (Figs. 125A–D) and the oval-shaped chelicerae in mesal view (Fig. 123F). Description. Male described by Hormiga & Döbel (1990). Additional data. Male (Mexico, Jalisco, Atenquique, AMNH). Habitus as in Figures 122A–D. Carapace brown, darker along furrows. Sternum brown with darker edges. Abdomen oval, dorsally with diffused irregular lateral bands. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter pale greyish with scattered silver guanine spots. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Legs yellow-brownish. Total length 2.37. Cephalothorax 1.10 long, 0.82 wide, 0.62 high. Abdomen 1.30 long, 1.12 wide, 1.07 high. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.60 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.07. PME 0.08. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.075, PME-PLE 0.075, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.8. Chelicerae brown. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 123A–C). Ret2 and Ret3 enlarged (Fig. 123B–C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.37, patella 0.35, tibia 1.25, metatarsus 1.15, tarsus 0.65, total 4.77; II: 1.30, 0.32, 1.25, 1.05, 0.65, 4.57; III: 0.87, 0.25, 0.62, 0.65, 0.40, 2.80; IV: 1.08, 0.25, 0.87, 0.85, 0.47, 3.53. DTS 0.20. DTE 0.50. Palp as in Figures 124E–H. Distal end of the conductor lamina sharp (Figs. 124B–C, 125H–J). Female (Mexico, Yucatán, AMNH) (Note: the female is here described for the first time). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 122E–H). Abdomen with silver guanine spots arranged in two longitudinal bands that extends to the lateral surfaces. Venter with a median diffused dark band. Total length 2.95. Cephalothorax 1.27 long, 0.92 wide, 0.85 high. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.57 wide, 1.52 high. Sternum 0.17 long, 0.21 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.07. PME 0.08. PLE 0.07. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.60. Chelicerae brown. Cheliceral basal segment with a mesally oriented distal projection (Fig. 123D) and anterior bulge (Fig. 123F). Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 123D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.57, patella 0.40, tibia 1.47, metatarsus 1.27, tarsus 0.67, total 5.40; II: 1.47, 0.47, 1.30, 1.20, 0.65, 5.10; III: 0.95, 0.30, 0.65, 0.70, 0.37, 2.97; IV: 1.37, 0.30, 1.05, 0.80, 0.50, 4.02. DTS 0.08. DTE 0.14. Tracheal system as in Figures 125E–G. Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae (Figs. 125A–D). Uterus externus with a median projection (Figs. 125A, C). Variation. Male total length 2.1–2.6 (N = 10; average 2.3), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.2 (N = 10; average 1.1), femur I length 1.3–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.5). Female total length 2.2–3.5 (N = 10; average 2.9), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.7 (N = 10; average 1.32), femur I length 1.2–2.0 (N = 10; average 1.5). In specimens from Panama the cheliceral anterior bulge is more sharpened. Distribution. Known in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba and Republica Dominicana (Fig. 137). Additional material examined (N = 30). CUBA: Cienfuegos : Soledad, [Jardín Botánico de Cienfuegos], [22º7´N, 80º20´W], elev. [50m], 1–11.viii.1934, P. J. Darlington leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125505) . New records. MEXICO: Jalisco: Atenquique, [19º31´N, 103º26´W], elev. [1168m], 5.xii.1948, H.B. Leech leg., 1♂ (AMNH). Nayarit: Ixtlan del Rio, [21º1´N, 104º21´W], elev. [1051m], 22.ix.1962, B. Malkin leg., 1♀ (AMNH). Nuevo León: Monterrey, [25º37´N, 100º17´W], elev. [599m], 10.vi.1936, Davis leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Allende: Rio Ramos, [25º16´N, 100º52.13´W], elev. [663m], 18.viii.1954, F. N. Young leg., 1♂ (AMNH). San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, [21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [135m], 25.xi.1938, A. M. & L. I. Davis leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Tamazunchale, arroyo La Chorrera, [21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [135m], 28.iii.1937, A. M. & L. I. Davis leg., 1♂ (AMNH); 10 mi. N.E. Xilitla, 21º27´N, 98º55´W, elev. [132m], 19.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 2♂ 1 immature (AMNH). Sinaloa: Piaxtla (River), 23º50´N, 106º40´W, elev. [33m], 16.v.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 1 immature (AMNH). Sonora: Hermosillo, [29º5´N, 110º56´W], elev. [235m], 9–16.vii.1953, B. Malkin leg., 1♀ (AMNH). Yucatán: Chichen Itza, Cenote Stolc., [20º40´N, 88º34´W], elev. [35m], 10.vii.1948, C. & M. Goodnight leg., 1♀ (AMNH); 26.v.1980, J. Coddington leg., 3♀ 1♂ (USNM); 1♀ (USNM). GUATEMALA: Petén : Tikal, [17º12´N, 89º37´W], elev. [312m], 1931, Dice & Bartlett leg., 1♀ (MCZ 125478). REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: La Romana: Guaymate (14 Km N), [18º41´N, 68º58´W], elev. [264m], 16.ix.1984, R. Faitoute leg., 1♀ (USNM). COSTA RICA: [San José]: San Jose, [9º56´N, 84º4´W], elev. [1152m], E. Schmidt leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Machuca, [10º48´N, 83º36´W], elev. [14m], N. Banks leg., 1♀ (MCZ 66544). PANAMA: [ Chiriquí] : El volcán, [8º46´N, 82º37´W], elev. [1400m], 26.ii.1936, W. J. Gertsch leg., 3♀ 3♂ (AMNH). [ Panamá] : Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, [9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [150m], vi.1950, A. M. Chickering leg., 1♀ (MCZ 125496); Canal Zone, Forest reserve, [9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [150m], 29.i.1958, A. M. Chickering leg., 1♂ (MCZ 129050).

Glenognatha boraceia new species (Figs. 9–13, 130) Types. Male holotype from Estação Biológica Boracéia, Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brazil, 23º39´20.6´´S, 45º53´28.6´´W, elev. [900m], 1.iv.2001, S.T.P. Amarante e Equipe leg., deposited in MZSP 41270; Paratypes: 4♂ 1♀ same data as the holotype, deposited in MZSP 42538; 1♂ from the type locality, 9.v.2003, G. R. S. Ruiz leg., deposited in IBSP 38325. Etymology. The species epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of Glenognatha boraceia resemble those of G. lacteovittata and G. florezi by the short distal portion of the paracymbium (Fig. 11H) and the embolic medial groove confined to the inner surface of the embolus (Fig. 13B). It can be distinguished from the two latter species by the absence of a prolaterally oriented distal fold on the conductor lamina (Figs. 11B, 13 A). Females resemble those of G. lacteovittata and G. florezi by the median projection of the uterus externus (Fig. 12 A); distinguished from the former by the presence of one posterior bulge on the cheliceral basal segment (Figs. 9E, 10F) and from the latter by the position of the posterior bulge, which is located at the level of Ret2 and Ret 3 in mesal view (Fig. 10F). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 9 A –C. Carapace yellow-brownish, darker along furrows. Sternum dusky yellow-brownish with darker edges. Abdomen oval, strongly depigmentated, dorsally with two diffused black patches at posterior region. Silver guanine spots absent. Ventrally with diffused black areas posterior to the tracheal spiracle. Legs light yellow-brownish. Total length 2.00. Cephalothorax 1.02 long, 0.80 wide, 0.62 high. Abdomen 1.00 long, 0.80 wide, 0.80 high. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.55 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07. ALE 0.06. PME 0.09. PLE 0.04. AME-AME 0.04, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE- PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.67. Chelicerae divergent, with the same coloration of the cephalothorax. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 10 A –C). CFO present (Fig. 10 A). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.57, patella 0.30, tibia 1.55, metatarsus 1.32, tarsus 0.57, total 5.32; II: 1.45, 0.27, 1.50, 1.25, 0.55, 5.02; III: 0.95, 0.25, 0.75, 0.75, 0.42, 3.12; IV: 1.22, 0.27, 1.05, 0.97, 0.50, 4.02. DTS 0.11. DTE 0.55. Spinnerets as in Figures 13D–E. AG-FL triplet absent (Fig. 13E). Palp as in Figures 11E–H. Paracymbium with short distal portion (Fig. 11H). Conductor lamina sinuous without distal prolaterally oriented fold (Figs. 11B, 13 A). Embolus smooth without projections (Figs. 13B–C). Embolus medial groove limited to the inner surface, as seen in ventral view (Figs. 11 A, 13 A). Female (paratype MZSP 41270). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 9E–G). Abdomen with scattered silver guanine spots dorsally along the median region and in the lateral surfaces. Venter with diffused greyish patches between the spinnerets and the tracheal spiracle. Total length 2.62. Cephalothorax 1.05 long, 0.80 wide, 0.70 high. Abdomen 1.47 long, 1.28 wide, 1.25 high. Sternum 0.5 long, 0.55 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07. ALE 0.05. PME 0.09. PLE 0.06. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.07, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.10. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax, with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth on left chelicera (Figs. 10D–F) and three teeth on each margin on right chelicera. Basal segment of the chelicerae with a distinct posterior bulge (Figs. 9E, 10F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.50, patella 0.35, tibia 1.40, metatarsus 1.20, tarsus 0.55, total 5.00; II: 1.42, 0.32, 1.35, 1.15, 0.67, 4.92; III: 1.00, 0.25, 0.65, 0.77, 0.42, 3.10; IV: 1.27, 0.25, 1.05, 1.02, 0.47, 4.07. DTS 0.20. DTE 0.77. Tracheal system as Figures 12C–F. Genitalia without spermathecae (Figs. 12 A –B). UE with a median projection (Fig. 12 A). Variation. Male total length 1.7–2.0 (N = 10; average 1.9), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.2 (N = 10; average 0.9), femur I length 1.3–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.5). Female total length 2.1–2.6 (N = 3; average 2.2), cephalothorax length 0.7–1.0 (N = 3; average 0.9), femur I length 1.3–1.5 (N = 3; average 1.4). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in southeastern Brazil (Fig. 130). Additional material examined (N = 13). BRAZIL: São Paulo: Salesópolis, Estação Biológica Boracéia [23º39´S, 45º33´W], elev. [900m], 22–23.ii.1961, P. Biasi leg., 1♂ (MZSP 11062); 1.ii.1961, K. Lenko leg., 1♂ (MZSP 11551); 23º39´5.8´´S, 45º33´44.6´´W, 1.iv.2001 (sweeping net), 1♀ (MZSP 39047); Trilha dos Pilões, 23º39´1.9´´S, 45º53´36´´W, 4.iv.2001, (sweeping net), 2♂ 1♀ (MZSP 39043); 23º39´5.5´´S, 45º53´42.9´´W, 3– 6.iv.2001, 1♂ (MZSP 39046); 23º39´11´´S, 45º53´57´´W, 1.iv.2001, (sweeping net), 2♂ (MZSP 39044); 23º39´2.9´´S, 45º53´39´´W, 1.iv.2001, (sweeping net), 1 immature (MZSP 41464); 23º39´2.2´´S, 45º53´37´´W, 1– 3.iv.2001, 1 immature (MZSP 39045); 23º39´1.9´´S, 45º53´36´´W, 1.iv.2001, (sweeping net), 2♂ (MZSP 39048), all collected by S.T.P. Amarante e Equipe.

Glenognatha januari new species (Figs. 75–76, 133) Types. Male holotype from Lago Janauari, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 3º20´S, 60º17´W, elev. [12m], vi.1987 – vii.1988, J. Adis et al. leg., deposited in IBSP 120209; Paratypes: 1♂ same data as the holotype deposited in IBSP 120266. Etymology. The species epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of G. januari resemble those of G. heleios, G. iviei, G. caaguara and G. camisea by the presence of anterior tooth (Fig. 75G). They are distinguished from the latter species by the serrated distal margin of the conductor (Figs. 76B–C). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 75 A –D. Carapace pale brown, darker on sides and with a diffused dusky patch from the median eyes to the cephalic fovea. Sternum dusky brown, with darker bands towards the median region. Abdomen spherical, strongly depigmentated, dorsally with irregular greyish patches and scattered silver guanine spots. Venter with a pale black median band. Legs yellow-brownish with darker bands at the base of the segments. Total length 1.77. Cephalothorax 0.77 long, 0.60 wide, 0.50 high. Abdomen 0.92 long, 0.75 wide, 0.75 high. Sternum 0.35 long, 0.42 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08. ALE 0.05. PME 0.07. PLE 0.06. AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.07, PME-PLE 0.08, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.20. Chelicerae slightly lighter than the cephalothorax. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 75E–G). Anterior tooth near the fang base (Fig. 75G). Leg measurements: I: femur 0.80, patella 0.22, tibia 0.75, metatarsus 0.70, tarsus 0.45, total 2.92; II: 0.67, 0.22, 0.70, 0.61, 0.45, 2.66; III: 0.50, 0.18, 0.40, 0.42, 0.28, 1.80; IV: 0.75, 0.17, 0.60, 0.55, 0.30, 2.37. DTS 0.10. DTE 0.34. Palp as in Figures 76E–H. Embolus short, almost completely enclosed by the conductor (Figs. 76 A, E–H). Female. Unknown. Variation. Male total length 1.65–1.77 (N = 4; average 1.72), cephalothorax length 0.62–0.75 (N = 4; average 0.72), femur I length 0.8–0.85 (N = 4; average 0.81). Distribution. Known only from the type locality in the state of Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 133). Material examined (N = 2). BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Lago Janauari, 3º20´S, 60º17´W, elev. [12m], vi.1987 – vii.1988, J. Adis et al. leg., 1 ♂ (IBSP 120166); 1 ♂ (IBSP 120220).

Glenognatha australis (Keyserling, 1883) (Figs. 100–104, 135) Pachygnatha australis Keyserling, 1883: 211 (syntypes from Pacasmayo, Peru, deposited in BMNH, examined through photographs of the habitus and male genitalia). Glenognatha australis: Simon, 1894: 716; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1D, 2D, 5E, 7D, 9 A –B; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. australis resemble those of G. gloriae and G. spherella by the prominent Ret2 (Figs. 101B– C) and the absence of anterior tooth (Fig. 101 A). It can be distinguished from the former by the shape of the clypeus in lateral view, which is not projected (Fig. 100F) and from the latter by the bigger size and the uncoiled embolus tip (Figs. 104E–F). Females resemble those of G. vivianae by the bean-shaped spermathecae, but are distinguished from the latter by the enlarged Prt2 (Fig. 101D). Description. Male and female described by Keyserling (1883). Additional data. Male (CAS 9039650). Habitus as in Figures 100 A –B. Carapace brown, darker along furrows. Sternum pale brown, darker on edges. Abdomen tan, dorsally with two diffused longitudinal black bands that join medially forming thin transverse bands in the posterior region. Venter with a median diffused black band that ramifies to the lateral surfaces from the tracheal spiracle. Silver guanine spots absent. Legs pale tan with distal parts of segments darker. Total length 2.47. Cephalothorax 1.17 long, 0.97 wide, 0.57 high. Abdomen 1.47 long, 1.20 wide, 1.12 high. Sternum 0.57 long, 0.65 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10. ALE 0.09. PME 0.09. PLE 0.10. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.08, PME-PLE 0.10, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 101 A –C). Ret2 enlarged (Fig. 101B–C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.65, patella 0.42, tibia 1.72, metatarsus 1.35, tarsus 0.80, total 5.95; II: 1.52, 0.42, 1.5, 1.15, 0.52, 5.12; III: 1.02, 0.30, 0.75, 0.80, 0.45, 3.32; IV: 1.35, 0.32, 1.27, 1.10, 0.57, 4.62. DTS 0.15. DTE 0.50. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 104H. Spinnerets as in Figures 104I–L. Palp as in Figures 102E–H. Conductor lamina with thin distal end in ventral view (Figs. 102B, 104E–G). Embolus tip curved (Figs. 102D, 104E–G). Female (CAS 9039650). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 100C–D). Cephalothorax, abdomen and legs clearer than the male. Abdomen without clearly defined black bands. Silver guanine spots absent. Total length 2.65. Cephalothorax 1.30 long, 0.95 wide, 0.75 high. Abdomen 1.55 long, 1.25 wide, 1.25 high. Sternum 0.57 long, 0.67 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.08. PME 0.08. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.09, PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 101D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.62, patella 0.42, tibia 1.50, metatarsus 1.25, tarsus 0.75, total 5.55. II: 1.62, 0.37, 1.50, 1.22, 0.57, 5.30; III: 1.07, 0.35, 0.75, 0.77, 0.50, 3.45; IV: 1.55, 0.35, 1.27, 1.22, 0.57, 4.97. DTS 0.17. DTE 0.40. Tracheal system as in Figures 103F–H. Spinnerets as in Figures 103I–K. Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae, bean-shaped (Fig. 103 A –E). Uterus externus divided into two distinct portions (Fig. 103 A). Variation. Male total length 1.8–2.6 (N = 10; average 2.2), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.1 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.0–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.3). Female total length 2.2–3.0 (N = 10; average 2.6), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.3 (N = 10; average 1.1), femur I length 1.1–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.2). Specimens from southern Brazil and Argentina exhibit a different coloration pattern (Figs. 100E–L). Distribution. Known from Ecuador to northern Argentina (Fig. 135). Additional material examined (N = 295). New records. ECUADOR: Guayas: Nobol (5.5km S), [1º54´S, 80º0´W], elev. [6m], 18.i.1978, P. J. Spangler & J. Anderson leg., 1♀ (USNM); Boliche (14.5Km S), [2º12´S, 79º35´W], elev. [20m], 14.i.1978, P. J. Spangler & J. Anderson leg., 1♂ (USNM). Los Ríos: Babahoyo, [1º48´S, 79º32´W], elev. [11m], 21.vi.1975, Lohen, Langley & Monnig leg., 1♂ (USNM). PERU: [Piura]: Quebrada Mogollón, [4º32´S, 81º4´W], elev. [700m], 24.ix.1939, HEF & DLF leg., 1♀ 1♂ (CAS 9039650). BOLIVIA: Beni : Estación Biológica Beni, [14º38´S, 66º17´W], elev. [187m], 9.ix.1987, S. Larcher leg., 1♀ (USNM). BRAZIL: Ceará: Fortaleza, Campus de Itaperi, UFCE, [3º47´S, 38º33´W], elev. [26m], 10.vi.2011, R. Azevedo leg., 1♂ (IBSP 166731). Goiás: Goiana, [16º40´S, 59º16´W], elev. [750m], 12.vii.1957, B. Malkin leg., 1♂ (AMNH). São Paulo: Paranapiacaba, [23º46´S, 46º18´W], elev. [837m], 7.vii.1957, B. Malkin leg., 2♀ 3♂ (AMNH); Jundiaí, Serra do Japi, [23º14´S, 46º55´W], elev. [966m], 8–10.xii.1997, A. J. Santos leg., 1♀ (IBSP 36559); São Paulo, Jaraguá, [23º27´S, 46º45´W], elev. [891m], 8.vii.1994, R. Baptista leg., 11♀ 7♂ 2 immature (MNRJ 3495). Paraná: Guaraqueçaba, Serra do Itaqui, Tagaçaba, [25º16´S, 48º24´W], elev. [51m], 15–22.ix.2007, G. P. Perroni leg., 1♂ (IBSP 86529). Santa Catarina: Garopaba, [28º1´S, 48º38´W], elev. [18m], 22.x.1993, M. P. de Barros leg., 1♂ (MCTP 4304). Rio Grande do Sul: Bagé, Rodeio Bonito, [31º19´S, 54º4´W], elev. [213m], 10.ii.1967, C. Oliveira leg., 1♂ (MCN 489); Cachoeira do Sul, [30º0´S, 52º58´W], elev. [29m], 2.iv.1977, M. E. L. Souza leg., 1♂ (MCN 5240); 13.ix.1996, 1♂ (MCTP 9309); Canoas, Banhado Paquetá, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [15m], 8.vii.1999, A. B. Bonaldo leg., 3♀ (MCN 31331); El dorado do Sul, [30º5´S, 51º36´W], elev. [36m], 14.i.2009, L. Fritz leg., 1 ♂ (MCN 45914); 9.i.2008, L. Fritz leg., 1♂ (MCN 43965); Estrela Velha, [29º10´S, 53º14´W], elev. [211m], 18.i.2000, M. P. Barros leg., 1♂ (MCN 33409); Ibarama, [29º25´S, 53º7´W], elev. [419m], 27.xi.1999, C. B. Kotzian leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MCTP 11248); Monte Negro, [29º41´S, 51º28´W], elev. [206m], 7.vii.1977, E. H. Buckup leg., 1♂ (MCN 6145); Nova Santa Rita, Banhado Paquetá, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [15m], 8.vii.1999, I. Heidrisch leg., 1♂ (MCN 31372); Novo Cabrais, Parque Witeck, [29º44´S, 52º57´W], elev. [77m], 1.xi.2008, R. G. Buss leg., 1♂ (MCTP 27990); Pirapó, [28º2´S, 55º11´W], elev. [106m], 21–30.vi.1989, Garabi leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MCTP 841); Porto Alegre, [29º27´S, 50º33´W], elev. [649m], 5.xi.1998, M. P. Barros leg., 1♂ (MCN 30318); Rio Pardo, 29º58´S, 52º21´W, elev. [134m], 6.vii.1966, A. Lise leg., 59♀ 35♂ (MCN 267); 20.ii.1967, A. Lise leg., 2♂ (MCN 562); 6.vii.1966, A. Lise leg., 24 ♀ 18 ♂ 2 immature (MCZ 125524); Salvador Sul, [29º26´S, 51º30´W], elev. [485m], 1964, Padre Celio leg., 1 ♀ 2 ♂ (MZSP 4051); São Francisco de Paula, [29º26´S, 50º39´W], elev. [772m], 5.i.1985, A. Lise leg., 1♂ (MCN 13235); Triunfo, [29º56´S, 51º41´W], elev. [6m], 4.vi.1987, C. Marros leg., 1♀ (MCN 16935); 21.ix.1989, E. H. Buckup leg., 1♂ (MCN 18695), Estaçao Braskem de Proteçao Ambiental, [29º56´S, 51º41´W], elev. [6m], 15.ix.2009, P. E. S. Rodrigues leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MCN 46671); 31.viii.2007, M. C. Pairet Jr. leg., 1♂ (MCN 46804); 15.ix.2009, E. N. L. Rodrigues leg., 2♂ (MCN 46622); 19.xi.2002, R. Ott leg., 1♀ (MCN 48508); 14.vi.2006, R. Ott leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MCN 42102), Fazenda Pontal, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [6m], 22.vi.1999, A. B. Bonaldo leg., 1♂ (MCN 31244); Uruguaiana, [29º44´S, 57º6´W], elev. [51m], 16.ix.2008, R. Alves leg., 1♂ (MCTP 25962); Viamão, [30º6´S, 51º0´W], elev. [49m], 29.vii.2001, S. Torres leg., 1♂ (MCTP 15329); 25.x.1994, A. Lise leg., 1♂ (MCTP 5787). PARAGUAY: [Central]: Itá, [25º30´S, 57º21´W], elev. [141m], 12.iv.1980, P. J. Spangler leg., 1♀ (USNM); Areguá, [25º17´S, 57º24´W], elev. [143m], 31.viii.1986, 2♀ (USNM); 6.ix.1980, R. Cave leg., 3♀ (USNM); 15Km NE Asunción, [25º15´S, 57º41´W], elev. [61m], 21.vi.1969, P. & P. Spangler leg., 1 ♂ (USNM). Cordillera: San Bernardino, [25º16´S, 57º19´W], elev. [70m], 22.vi.1969, P. & P. Spangler leg., 1♂ (USNM). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Campana, Estación Río Luján, [34º9´S, 58º56´W], elev. [4m], C.J. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik leg., 1♂ 1♀ (MACN 12382); Campana, C. J. Grismado, I. Crudele, N. Olejnik & S. Trivero leg., 1♀ (MACN 12557); Campana, C. J. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik leg., 1♀ (MACN 12480); Delta del Paraná, Arroyo Sarmiento, [34º2´S, 58º31´W], elev. [10m], A. Bachmann leg., 2♀ 1♂ (MACN 24638); Delta Arroyo Caraguatá, [34º22´S, 58º38´W], elev. [4m], A. Bachmann leg., 2♀ (MACN 24633a); Paraná de las Palmas, [34º17´S, 58º34´W], elev. [2m], M. E. Galiano leg., 1♀ 1 immature (MACN 24631a); Paraná de las Palmas y Canal 6, [34º17´S, 58º34´W], elev. [2m], M. E. Galiano leg., 1♂ (MACN 24628a); Delta, Estación Experimental INTA, [34º22´S, 58º38´W], elev. [4m], A. Bachmann leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MACN 24621); Campana, Reserva Natural Otamendi, Estación río Luján, 34.277352S, 58.888054W, elev. 5m, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, M. E. González-Márquez, M. Guala, J. M. Andia Navarro, N. López, I. Ortega Insaurralde y P. Zermoglio leg. 7♀ 13♂ (MACN); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Laguna de los Macáes, 34º36´21.7´´S, 58º20´55´´W, elev. [5m], 1.ix.2008, M. Turienzo leg., (Trampa de caída) 1♂ (MACN); 15.ix.2008, 1♂ (MACN); Entre Ríos: Río Gualeguaychú, [33º4´S, 58º26´W], elev. [6m], M. J. Ramírez & P. A. Goloboff leg., 1♀ (MACN 24624); Jujuy: P. N Calilegua, área de entrada al parque, [23º55´S, 64º50´W], elev. [800m], C. Szumik leg., 4♀ 1♂ 1 immature (MACN 24629); M. J. Ramírez, P. A. Goloboff & C. Szumik leg., 3♀ 3♂ 1 immature (MACN 24625); P. N. Calilegua, Aguas Negras, [23º55´S, 64º50´W], elev. [800m], M.J. Ramírez & L. Compagnuccileg., 1♂ (MACN 24627); Misiones: P. N. Iguazú [25º42´S, 54º26´W], elev. [204m], M. Ramírez leg., 3♀ 3♂ 4 immature (MACN 24627); Misiones y Corrientes: [27º30´S, 56º1´W], elev. [100m], 11–21.iv.1989, 1 ♀ 1 ♂ (MCTP 838); 21– 31.vi.1989, 1♂ (MCTP 842); Salta: El Rey Nat. Park, Rio la Sala, [24º42´S, 64º38´W], elev. 900m, 5–15.xii.1987, S. & J. Peck leg., (Humid mossy chaco forest, Malaise FIT 87–137), 1♂ (AMNH); Santa Fe: Las Gamas, 20 km W de Vera, [29º25´S, 60º20´W], elev. [60m], M. J. Ramírez & J. Faivovich leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MACN 24623); Tucumán: Horco Molle, [26º46´S, 65º19´W], elev. [775m], M. E. Galiano leg., 3♀ 4♂ (MACN 24622)., Published as part of Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-183 in Zootaxa 4069 (1) on pages 122-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1054149, {"references":["Keyserling, E. (1883) Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. IV. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 32, 195 - 226.","Simon, E. (1894) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Librairie Enciclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1084 pp.","Cabra-Garcia, J., Brescovit, A. D. & Hormiga, G. (2014) Female genital morphology in the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with comments on its phylogenetic significance. Journal of Morphology, 275 (9), 1027 - 1040. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20280","World Spider Catalog (2015) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 15 January 2015)"]}

Glenognatha gouldi new species (Figs. 114–117, 137) Types. Male holotype from Nogales, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, United States of America, [31º20´N, 110º56´W], elev. [1183m], 1.ix.1991, R. L. Edwards leg., deposited in USNM ENT 00879001; Paratypes: 2♂ 1♀ from the type locality, same data as the holotype, deposited in USNM ENT 00879002; 1♂ from Lerma, Mexico, [19º17´N, 99º43´W], elev. [2400m], 25.vi.1941, A. M. & L. I. Davis leg., deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The species epithet is in honor of Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002), an extraordinary paleontologist, evolutionary biologist and historian of science. The name is a noun in genitive. Diagnosis. Males of G. gouldi resemble those of G. emertoni, G. minuta and G. timbira by the enlarged Ret2 and Ret3 (Figs. 115B–C). G. gouldi can be distinguished from the latter three species by the nearly 180º curved tip of the embolus (Figs. 116 A, G), and the strongly curved Ret2 (Fig. 115B). Females can be distinguished from those of G. emertoni and G. minuta by the absence of spermathecae (Fig. 117) and from those of G. timbira by the Prt1 base not enlarged (Fig. 115D). Male (holotype, USNM). Habitus as in Figures 114 A –D. Carapace dark brown, darker along furrows. Sternum dark brown. Abdomen dorsally with two diffused longitudinal black bands in the anterior region and thin transversal black bands in its posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter with a median black band surrounded by silver guanine spots. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Legs yellowbrownish. Total length 3.95. Cephalothorax 1.80 long, 1.35 wide, 0.90 high. Abdomen 2.10 long, 1.65 wide, 1.55 high. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.87 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.10. PME 0.10. PLE 0.07. AME-AME 0.1, AME-ALE 0.20, PME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.20, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.10. Chelicerae dark brown. Three promarginal and five retromarginal teeth (Figs. 115 A –C). Ret2 strongly curved (Fig. 115B). Leg measurements: I: femur 2.10, patella 0.65, tibia 2.02, metatarsus 1.55, tarsus 0.82, total 7.15; II: 1.90, 0.62, 1.80, 1.60, 0.82; III: 1.35, 0.47, 1.00, 0.97, 0.55, 4.35; IV: 1.77, 0.47, 1.50, 1.30, 0.62, 5.67. Metatarsus IV with one trichobothrium. DTS 0.45. DTE 0.90. Palp as in Figures 116E–H. Conductor and cymbium slender (Figs. 116 A, E–H). Embolus tip nearly 180º curved (Figs. 116 A, G). Female (paratype, USNM 00879002). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 114E–H). Cephalothorax, abdomen and legs clearer than the male. Abdomen without clearly defined black bands. Silver guanine spots uniformly scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter with a median diffused dark band clearer towards the petiole and surrounded by silver guanine spots. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 4.25. Cephalothorax 1.67 long, 1.42 wide, 1.12 high. Abdomen 2.50 long, 2.02 wide, 1.87 high. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.90 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.10. PME 0.10. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.17, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.90. Chelicerae brown. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 115D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.85, patella 0.62, tibia 1.77, metatarsus 1.50, tarsus 0.81, total 6.56; II: 1.77, 0.57, 1.65, 1.42, 0.78, 6.2; III: 1.25, 0.42, 0.87, 0.82, 0.50, 3.87; IV: 1.70, 0.40, 1.27, 1.22, 0.60, 5.20. Metatarsus IV with one trichobothrium. DTS 0.47. DTE 0.56. Genitalia without spermathecae and copulatory ducts (Fig. 117). UE with a median projection (Fig. 117 A). Distribution. Known from Arizona state in United States of America and Mexico state in Mexico (Fig. 137).

Glenognatha tangi (Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003) new combination (Figs. 25–30, 131) Dyschiriognatha tangi Zhu, et al. 2003: 207, figs. 113 A –G, 114 A –F (female holotype from Yongning county, Guangxi province, China, 22º42´N, 108º24´E, 6.xii.1982, Zhang Yongquiang leg., deposited in HU, not examined; Paratypes: 1♂ from Jinghong county, Yunnan province, China, 22º00´N, 100º48´E, 10.vii.1983, Zhu Chuandian leg., deposited in HU, not examined, 5♀ 1♂ paratypes from Nanning city, Guangxi province, China, 22º48´N, 108º18´E, 11.xii.1986 Zhang Yongquiang leg., deposited in HU, 1♂ and 1♀ examined); World Spider Catalog 2015. Transfer justification. Study of the D. tangi male paratype and other specimens from Myanmar shows that this species has all the synapomorphies of the genus Glenognatha. The conductor (Figs. 27B–C, 28H–I), the embolus (Fig. 27D, 28H), the paracymbium (Fig. 28G) and the female genitalia (Fig. 28A–C) exhibit the typical Glenognatha morphology. Diagnosis. Males and females of G. tangi resemble those of G. dentata and G. argyrostilba by the presence of pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions on the lateral surface of the carapace (Figs. 29 A, E–F). Males can be distinguished from the former by the absence of tooth-like projections on the conductor lamina (Fig. 28H) and from the latter by the shape of the conductor lamina which is not sinuous in ventral view (Fig. 28H). Females can be distinguished from both species by the smooth sternum (Fig. 25G) and the absence of setae-bearing tubercles on the antero-ectal surface of the chelicerae (Figs. 26D–F). Description. Male and female described by Zhu et al. (2003). Additional data. Male (Myanmar, USNM). Habitus as in Figures 25 A –D. Cephalothorax with pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions (Figs. 29 A, E–F). Cephalothorax 0.70 high. Abdomen 1.05 high. Sternum 0.45 long, 0.50 wide, smooth (Fig. 29D). Chelicerae as in Figures 26 A –C. Cheliceral fang outgrowth well-developed (Fig. 26 A). Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 30C. Spinnerets as in Figures 30D–F. Palp as in Figure 27. Female (Myanmar, USNM). Habitus as in Figures 25E–H. Cephalothorax with pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions. Cephalothorax 0.75 high. Abdomen 1.47 high. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.50 wide, smooth (Fig. 25G). Chelicerae as in Figures 26D–F. Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae (Figs. 28 A –C). UE entire (Figs. 28 A –B). Variation. Male total length 1.9–2.2 (N = 4; average 2.1), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.1 (N = 4; average 0.9), femur I length 0.9–1.2 (N = 4; average 1.1). Distribution. Known from Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in China and Sagaing region in Myanmar (Fig. 131). Remarks. The examined female paratype of D. tangi is a specimen of G. dentata. Due to the impossibility to obtain additional loan of type series females of D. tangi, the identification of the female of this species was based on the original description (Zhu et al. 2003) and a female specimen from Myanmar which has a very similar habitus to G. tangi males stored in the same vial (Figs. 25E–H). The characters used in the key of Zhu et al. (2003) to distinguish females of G. tangi from G. dentata (e.g. carapace color, gonopore width and spermathecae shape oval or spherical) can be variable due to intraspecific variation or conservation artifacts. Accordingly, we propose new characters to diagnose G. tangi females. Additional material examined (N= 5). New records. MYANMAR: Sagaing: Chattin Wildlife Sanct. Takontaing, 23º37´20´´N, 95º31´52´´E, elev. [179m], 7–12.x1998, J. Coddington & R. Baptista leg., 1♀ 3♂ 1 immature (USNM).

A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 is presented. This analysis is based on a data set including 24 Glenognatha species plus eight outgroups representing three related tetragnathine genera and one metaine as the root. These taxa were scored for 78 morphological characters. Parsimony was used as the optimality criterion and a sensitivity analysis was performed using different character weighting concavities. Seven unambiguous synapomorphies support the monophyly of Glenognatha. Some internal clades within the genus are well-supported and its relationships are discussed. Glenognatha as recovered includes 27 species, four of them only known from males. A species identification key and distribution maps are provided for all. New morphological data are also presented for thirteen previously described species. Glenognatha has a broad distribution occupying the Neartic, Afrotropic, Indo-Malaya, Oceania and Paleartic regions, but is more diverse in the Neotropics. The following eleven new species are described: G. vivianae n. sp., G. caaguara n. sp., G. boraceia n. sp. and G. timbira n. sp. from southeast Brazil, G. caparu n. sp., G. januari n. sp. and G. camisea n. sp. from the Amazonian region, G. mendezi n. sp., G. florezi n. sp. and G. patriceae n. sp. from northern Andes and G. gouldi n. sp. from Southern United States and central Mexico. Females of G. minuta Banks, 1898, G. gaujoni Simon, 1895 and G. gloriae (Petrunkevitch, 1930) and males of G. globosa (Petrunkevitch, 1925) and G. hirsutissima (Berland, 1935) are described for the first time. Three new combinations are proposed in congruence with the phylogenetic results: G. argyrostilba (O. P.-Cambridge, 1876) n. comb., G. dentata (ZhuWen, 1978) n. comb. and G. tangi (Zhu, SongZhang, 2003) n. comb., all previously included in Dyschiriognatha Simon, 1893. The following taxa are newly synonymized: Dyschiriognatha montana Simon, 1897, Glenognatha mira Bryant, 1945 and Glenognatha maelfaiti Baert, 1987 with Glenognatha argyrostilba (Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) and Glenognatha centralis Chamberlin, 1925 with Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898.

Glenognatha globosa (Petrunkevitch, 1925) (Figs. 60–64, 132) Cyrtognatha globosa Petrunkevitch, 1925a: 123, fig. 42 (female holotype from San Lorenzo, Panama, 4.xii.1924, A. & W. Petrunkevitch leg., deposited in YPM, examined through photographs of the habitus and female genitalia). Glenognatha globosa: Dimitrov & Hormiga, 2009: 102, figs. 66 A –F; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1I, 2J, 7H, 9G–H; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. globosa resemble those of G. gaujoni and G. patriceae by the presence of thin pleural bars between coxae II–III (Fig. 60C) and by the slender palpal tibia (longer than 1.5 times the maximum tibia width) (Figs. 62 A, E). It can be distinguished from the former by the absence of scale-like projections in the embolus (Fig. 64B) and from the latter by the absence of a thin distal projection in the conductor lamina (Figs. 62B, 64 A). Females can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species (except G. gaujoni) by the presence of anterior tooth (Fig. 61D); distinguished from G. gaujoni by the absence of CFO (Fig. 61D–E) and by having at least six retromarginal teeth (Fig. 61F). Description. Male (ICN 5991) (Note: the male is here described for the first time). Habitus as in Figures 60 A – D. Carapace brown, darker along furrows and with a well-marked fovea. Sternum brown, darker on sides. Abdomen oval, dorsally with irregular pattern of two longitudinal dusky bands on sides and thin transverse bands on the posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter with a pale black median band that ramifies towards lateral surface from the tracheal spiracle and the spinnerets. Silver guanine spots scattered in pale bands between the tracheal spiracle and the epigastric furrow. Legs yellow-brownish. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Pleural bars between coxae I–II, II–III and III–IV. Total length 3.70. Cephalothorax 1.70 long, 1.40 wide, 1.02 high. Abdomen 2.12 long, 1.45 wide, 1.35 high. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.85 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10. ALE 0.10. PME 0.15. PLE 0.10. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.1, PME-PME 0.15, PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.60. Chelicerae slightly lighter than the cephalothorax. Six promarginal and ten retromarginal teeth. Ret1 on the posterior surface (Fig. 61B). Leg measurements: I: femur 2.90, patella 0.60, tibia 2.80, metatarsus 2.80, tarsus 1.40, total 10.50; II: 2.30, 0.50, 2.85, 2.45, 1.25, 9.35; III: 1.70, 0.40, 2.05, 2.00, 0.80, 6.95; IV: 2.50, 0.50, 2.00, 2.05, 0.85, 7.90. DTS 0.40. DTE 0.50. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 64D. Spinnerets as in Figures 64E–H. Palp as in Figures 62E–H. Palp tibia longer than wide (Figs. 62 A, E). Embolus tip nearly 180º curved (Figs. 62D, 64 A –B). Female. Described by Dimitrov & Hormiga (2009). Additional data. ICN 5991. Habitus as in Figures 60E–H. Carapace with three dusky bands (one median and two lateral). Sternum dusky yellow-brownish. Abdomen greyish, dorsally with irregular pattern of four longitudinal dusky bands (two median and two on sides) and thin transverse bands on the posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter with a pale black median band that ramifies towards lateral surface from the tracheal spiracle and the spinnerets. Silver guanine spots scattered in pale bands around the black median band. Legs yellow-brownish. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Pleural bars between coxae I–II, II–III and III–IV. Total length 4.07. Cephalothorax 1.90 long, 1.40 wide, 1.10 high. Abdomen 2.45 long, 1.95 wide, 1.95 high. Sternum 1.05 long, 0.85 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12. ALE 0.10. PME 0.15. PLE 0.10. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.15, PME-PME 0.15, PME-PLE 0.15, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.40. Five promarginal and eight retromarginal teeth. Anterior tooth present (Fig. 61D). Leg measurements: I: femur 3.15, patella 0.70, tibia 3.20, metatarsus 3.10, tarsus 1.45, total 11.60; II: 2.80, 0.70, 2.85, 2.75, 1.25, 10.35; III: 1.90, 0.45, 1.40, 1.55, 0.65, 5.95; IV: 2.50, 0.45, 1.95, 2.00, 0.85, 7.75. DTS 0.47. DTE 0.30. Tracheal system as in Figures 63H–I. Spinnerets as in Figures 63E–G. Genitalia without spermathecae (Figs. 63 A –D). UE distal portion tubiform (Fig. 63 A –D). Variation. Male total length 3.0–4.6 (N = 10; average 3.7), cephalothorax length 1.5–2.1 (N = 10; average 1.7), femur I length 2.3–3.8 (N = 10; average 3.2). Female total length 3.2–4.2 (N = 10; average 3.9), cephalothorax length 1.6–2 (N = 10; average 1.8), femur I length 2.7–3.2 (N = 10; average 3.0). Distribution. Known from Panama and Colombia (Fig. 132). Additional material examined (N = 58). New records. PANAMA: Chiriquí: Boquete, [8º46´N, 82º25´W], elev. [1094m], vii.1939, A. M. Chickering leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MCZ 67470) ; [ Panamá] : Barro Colorado. C. Zone, [9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [150m], 10.ii.1936, W. J. Gertsch leg., 2 immature (AMNH); Canal Zone, Forest reserve, [9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [150m], 29.i.1958, A. M. Chickering leg., 1 immature (MCZ 125490). COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Corinto, [5º25´N, 72º40´W], elev. 1600m, 27.x.1979, C. Hernandez leg., 2♂ (ICN 636); Santa María, Vda. La Carbonera, cascada la Colorata, [7º17´N, 73º10´W], elev. 600m, 19.v.2009, E. Flórez y Est. leg., 2♀ (ICN 4188). Cauca: Caloto, Vereda Morales, [3º4´N, 76º24´W], elev. 1035m, 11.x.2006, J. Cabra leg., 4♀ 2♂ (ICN 5995); Isla Gorgona, [3º0´N, 78º12´W], elev. [5m], vii.2003, R. Restrepo leg., 2♀ 1 immature (ICN 4270). Cundinarmaca: ca. La Vega. Río San Miguel, [5º0´N, 74º20´W], elev. 1480m, 27.iv.1992, 1♂ (ICN 1080); Cachipay, [4º42´N, 74º29´W], elev. [1019m], 27.ii.2011, J. Cabra leg., 6♀ 8♂ 5 immature (ICN 5991). Magdalena: SNSM Finza La Victoria, 11º7´45´´N, 74º5´42´´W], elev. [900m], 19.vii.2006, L. Ferreira leg., 1♂ (ICN 4123). Risaralda: Mistrato, San Antonio del Chambi, La estrella Arcacay, [5º17´N, 75º53´W], elev. 900m— 1100m, 31.iii—1.iv.1992, Estud. Biol. UNAL leg., 3♀ 1 immature (ICN 1078 a). Santander: Carmen de Chucurí, Vda. La Bodega, PNN Los Yariguies, [6º41´N, 73º30´W], elev. [585m], 14–20.iii.2011, Est. Taxonomia animal leg., 1♀ (ICN 6129). Valle del Cauca: 6 mi. W. of Cali, [3º21´N, 76º35´W], elev. 1630m, 20.iii.1955, E. I. Schingler & E. S. Ross leg., 1♀ 1♂ (CAS 9039648); Cali, El Palomar, [3º32´N, 76º36´W], elev. [1700m], 17.i.2013, J. Cabra & D. Rodríguez leg., 1♀ 1♂ (ICN 5992); 4♀ 2♂ (ICN 5993); Rio Pance, ca. Cali, [3º20´N, 76º33´W], elev. 1000m, 4.vii.1973, 1♀ (MCZ 67453); vii.1973, 1 ♀ 1 immature (MCZ 67454). VENEZUELA: Miranda: Santa Cruzita, Guatopo National Park., [10º5´N, 66º25´W], elev. 450m, 13.ii.1984, J. Coddington leg., 1♂ (USNM). Glenognatha smilodon Bosmans & Bosselaers, 1994 (Figs. 65–66, 131) Glenognatha smilodon Bosmans & Bosselaers, 1994: 348, f. 148–157 (male holotype from Pic Hosseré Vokré, Poli Mountains, Cameroon, 17.iv.1983, elev. 900m, Bosmans R. & Van Stelle leg., deposited in MRAC 202710, examined); World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. smilodon can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the prominent curved apical portion of the embolus in lateral view (Figs. 66G–H). Description. Male described by Bosmans & Bosselaers (1994). Additional data. Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figure 65. Cephalothorax 0.75 high. Abdomen 1.17 high. Palp as in Figures 66– E–H. Conductor lamina with a prolaterally oriented fold (Fig. 66B). Embolus with a distinct laminar projection (Fig. 66D). Female. Unknown Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 131)., Published as part of Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-183 in Zootaxa 4069 (1) on pages 78-85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1054149, {"references":["Petrunkevitch, A. (1925 a) Arachnida from Panama. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 27, 51 - 248.","Cabra-Garcia, J., Brescovit, A. D. & Hormiga, G. (2014) Female genital morphology in the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with comments on its phylogenetic significance. Journal of Morphology, 275 (9), 1027 - 1040. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20280","World Spider Catalog (2015) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 15 January 2015)","Bosmans, R. & Bosselaers, J. (1994) Spiders of the genera Pachygnatha, Dyschiriognatha and Glenognatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with a revision of the Afrotropical species. Zoologica Scripta, 23 (4), 325 - 352. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1994. tb 00392. x"]}

Glenognatha florezi new species (Figs. 14–18, 130) Types. Male holotype from Laguna La Herrera, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia, [4º42´31.1´´N, 74º18´54.2´´W], elev. 2600m, 9.ii.2002, J. Martinez, C. Niño, A. Castañeda, G. Mora leg., deposited in ICN 5976; Paratypes: 24 ♂ 14 ♀ same data as the holotype, deposited in ICN 5977; 4♂ 4♀ same data as the holotype, deposited in IBSP 163855. Etymology. The species epithet is in honor of Dr. Eduardo Flórez Daza (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) for his enormous contributions to Colombian arachnology. The name is a noun in genitive. Diagnosis. Males of G. florezi resemble those of G. lacteovittata by the distal prolaterally oriented fold of the conductor lamina (Figs. 16B, 18 A). They are distinguished from the latter by the absence of filiform projections in the distal portion of the embolus (Figs. 16D, 18 A –E). Females resemble those of G. lacteovittata and G. boraceia by the median projection of the uterus externus (Figs. 17 A –E); distinguished from the former by the presence of one posterior cheliceral bulge (Fig. 15F) and from the latter by the position of the posterior bulge, which is located at the level of Ret3 and Ret4 as seen in mesal view (Fig. 15F). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 14 A –D. Carapace pale brown, darker along sides and median region. Sternum dusky brown. Abdomen oval, dorsally with irregular pattern of two longitudinal black bands that join medially forming thin transverse bands in the posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter with a dusky median band that ramifies towards the lateral surface into thin irregular bands. Legs light yellow-brownish with distal parts of segments darker. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 3.90. Cephalothorax 1.62 long, 1.27 wide, 1.07 high. Abdomen 2.35 long, 1.87 wide, 1.75 high. Sternum 0.72 long, 0.82 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11. ALE 0.09. PME 0.11. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.14, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.40. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 15 A –C). CFO well-developed (Fig. 15 A). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.72, patella 0.52, tibia 1.67, metatarsus 1.22, tarsus, total 0.72; II: 1.67, 0.52, 1.60, 1.22, 0.72, 5.75; III: 1.15, 0.40, 0.97, 0.65, 0.52, 3.70; IV: 1.50, 0.45, 1.57, 1.20, 0.70, 5.42. Metatarsus IV with one trichobothrium. DTS 0.27. DTE 0.95. AG-FL triplet absent. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 18H. Palp as in Figures 16E–H. Paracymbium with short distal portion (Figs. 16H, 18D). Conductor lamina with a distal prolaterally oriented fold (Figs. 16B, 18 A). Embolus with tooth-like projections (Fig. 16D). Medial groove limited to the inner surface (Fig. 18B). Female (paratype ICN 5977). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 14E–H). Abdomen with three longitudinal black bands, one median bifurcated at the anterior region and two laterals. Total length 3.85. Cephalothorax 1.60 long, 1.30 wide, 0.80 high. Abdomen 2.65 long, 2.00 wide, 1.75 high. Sternum 0.80 long, 0.82 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10. ALE 0.08. PME 0.11. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.1, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.12, PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.20. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 15D–F). Basal segment of the chelicerae with a distinct posterior bulge (Figs. 15F). Leg measurements: femur 1.45, patella 0.55, tibia 1.25, metatarsus 1.07, tarsus 0.57, total 4.90; II: 1.47, 0.50, 1.15, 1.07, 0.65, 4.85; III: 1.07, 0.42, 0.87, 0.60, 0.50, 3.47; IV: 1.50, 0.30, 1.37, 1.07, 0.45, 4.70. Metatarsus IV with one trichobothrium. DTS 0.52. DTE 0.87. Spinnerets as in Figures 17F–H. PMS with four (Fig. 17G) to five AC spigots. AG-FL triplet absent (Fig. 17H). Tracheal system as in Figure 18E. Genitalia without spermathecae (Figs. 17 A –E). UE with a median projection (Figs. 17D–E). Variation. Male total length 3.2–4.1 (N = 10; average 3.6), cephalothorax length 1.5–1.7 (N = 10; average 1.6), femur I length 1.5–1.8 (N = 10; average 1.7). Female total length 3.5–4.2 (N = 10; average 3.8), cephalothorax length 1.5–1.7 (N = 10; average 1.6), femur I length 1.2–1.7 (N = 10; average 1.4). Distribution. Known only from Cundinamarca and Boyacá states in Colombian central Andes (Fig. 130). Additional material examined (N = 178). COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Paipa, Laguna de Sochagota, [5º46´1.1´´N, 73º7´36.78´´W], elev. 2500m, 8.vii.2000, V. Rodríguez & E. Flórez leg., 1♂ (ICN 5102). Cundinamarca: Mosquera, La Herrera, [4º42´31.1´´N, 74º18´54.2´´W], elev. 2600m, 9.ii.2002, J. Martinez, C. Niño, A. Castañeda, G. Mora leg., 43♂ 18♀ 53 immature (ICN 2 136); 43♂ 4♀ 8 immature (ICN 1973); 2♂ 2♀ (IBSP 163856); Mosquera, Corpoica, [4º45´N, 74º20´W], elev. 2600m, v–vi.1997, L. Benavides leg., 2♂ (ICN 4451); Bogotá, Universidad Nacional, Arboretum [4º38´33.77´´N, 74º4´55.09´´W], elev. 2600m, 21.ii.2009, F. Bagon leg., 1♀ (ICN 5100); Bogotá, Universidad Nacional, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales [4º38´N, 74º4´W], elev. 2600m, 9.ix.1992, C. Martinez & A. Ordoñez leg., 1♂ (ICN 6433).

Glenognatha timbira new species (Figs. 118–121, 135) Types. Male holotype from Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [22º29´35´´S, 43º4´24´´W], elev. [1700m], 20–23.x.2006, Exped. Arachné leg., deposited in MNRJ 6399; paratypes: 3♂ 3♀ 2 immature with the same data of the holotype, deposited in MNRJ 6598; 1♂ from Túnel do Garrafão, Alagoa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 22º11´S, 44º44´W, elev. [1340m], 31.ix.2008, L.F.O. Bernardi leg., deposited in UFMG 8790. Etymology. The species epithet is a noun in apposition that refers to the Timbiras indigenous tribes, first inhabitants of the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of G. timbira resemble those of G. emertoni, G. minuta and G. gouldi by the enlarged Ret2 and Ret3 (Figs. 119B–C). It can be distinguished from G. emertoni by the absence of a mesally oriented distal projection on the cheliceral basal segment (Fig. 119 A); distinguished from G. minuta by the smaller size of the Ret3 relative to Ret2 (Fig. 119B) and from G. gouldi by the slightly curved Ret2 (Fig. 119B). Females can be distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the enlarged base of the Prt1 (Fig. 119D). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 118 A –D. Carapace pale brown, darker along furrows. Sternum brown, darker on sides. Abdomen oval, dorsally with irregular pattern of two longitudinal black bands on sides that join medially at the posterior region forming thin transverse bands. Silver guanine spots scattered in two median longitudinal bands and on lateral surfaces. Venter with a pale black median band that ramifies towards the lateral surface from the tracheal spiracle. Silver guanine spots scattered in two lighter longitudinal bands between the tracheal spiracle and the epigastric furrow. Legs yellow-brownish. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 3.75. Cephalothorax 1.75 long, 1.35 wide, 0.95 high. Abdomen 2.30 long, 1.80 wide, 1.80 high. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.90 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12. ALE 0.10. PME 0.15. PLE 0.12. AME-AME 0.09, AME- ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.15, PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax and anteriorly projected (Fig. 118C). Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 119 A –C). Cheliceral fang curved (Fig. 119C). Leg measurements: I: femur 2.40, patella 0.65, tibia 2.50, metatarsus 2.20, tarsus 1.10, total 8.85; II: 2.40, 0.65, 2.45, 2.00, 1.00, 8.50; III: 1.60, 0.40, 1.25, 1.15, 0.57, 4.97; IV: 1.80, 0.45, 1.60, 1.40, 0.62, 5.87. DTS 0.32. DTE 0.70. Palp as in Figures 120E–H. Paracymbium with distal and basal portions subequal (Fig. 120H). Embolus long with a nearly 90º curved tip (Figs. 120 A, D, G). Female (MNRJ 6400). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 118E–H). Abdomen with four dusky longitudinal bands. Pale patch anterior to the gonopore. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 3.85. Cephalothorax 1.75 long, 1.50 wide, 1.15 high. Abdomen 2.35 long, 2.00 wide, 1.85 high. Sternum 1.00 long, 0.95 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12. ALE 0.12. PME 0.15. PLE 0.13. AME-AME 0.11, AME-ALE 0.16, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.16, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.70. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 119D–F). Ret1 with a basal enlargement (Fig. 119D). Leg measurements: I: femur 2.80, patella 0.75, tibia 2.75, metatarsus 2.25, tarsus 1.10, total 9.65; II: 2.50, 0.65, 2.37, 2.10, 1.05, 8.67; III: 1.60, 0.50, 1.20, 1.25, 0.70, 5.25; IV: 2.00, 0.40, 1.95, 1.50, 0.75, 6.60. DTS 0.27. DTE 0.25. Tracheal system as in Figures 121D–G. Spinnerets as in Figures 121H–J. Genitalia without spermathecae (Fig. 121 A –C). Uterus externus rectangular, with a median projection (Fig. 121 A, C). Variation. Male total length 3.2–3.7 (N = 5; average 3.5), cephalothorax length 1.5–1.7 (N = 5; average 1.6), femur I length 2.2–2.5 (N = 5; average 2.3). Female total length 3.7–4.5 (N = 5; average 3.9), cephalothorax length 1.6–2.0 (N = 5; average 1.8), femur I length 2.0–2.8 (N = 5; average 2.4). Distribution. Known from São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states in Brazil (Fig. 135). Additional material examined (N = 3). BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Bocaina de Minas, [22º9´53.85´´S, 44º23´27.55´´W], elev. [1169m], 1–3.i.2008, E. H. Wienskoski leg., 1 immature (MNRJ 5034). Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos,, [22º29´35´´S, 43º4´24´´W], elev. [1700m], 4.viii.1996, 1♀ (MNRJ 6400). São Paulo: São José do Barreiro, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, [22º43´S, 44º36´W], elev. [900m], 28.iv –3.v.2002, Equipe Biota leg., 1♀ (IBSP 68554).

Glenognatha emertoni Simon, 1887 (Figs. 126–129, 137) Glenognatha emertoni Simon, 1887: 194 (male syntypes from Arizona, United States of America, deposited in MNHN, examined); Simon 1894: 717, figs. 790–791; Banks 1913: 180, pl. 2, fig. 22; Levi 1980: 66, figs. 255–271; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1F, 2D, 2G, 4B, 5F–G, 7E, 9C–D; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. emertoni are distinguished from all other congeneric species by the presence of a mesally oriented projection located in the distal margin of the cheliceral basal segment (Fig. 127 A). Females resemble those of G. minuta in having an anterior cheliceral bulge (Fig. 127F), but differ by the reduced size of the spermathecae in relation with the uterus externus (Figs. 129 A –C) and the apical position of the cheliceral bulge (Fig. 127F). Description. Male and female described by Levi (1980). Additional data. Male (USA, Arizona, AMNH). Habitus as in Figures 126 A –D. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 4.25. Cephalothorax 2.07 long, 1.57 wide, 1.15 high. Abdomen 2.32 long, 1.90 wide, 1.80 high. Sternum 1.00 long, 1.00 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.07, PME 0.12, PLE 0.09. AME-AME 0.1, AME- ALE 0.18, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE 0.19, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.30. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 127 A –C). Leg measurements: I: femur 2.80, patella 0.75, tibia 2.92, metatarsus 2.57, tarsus 0.82, total 9.87; II: 2.67, 0.75, 2.80, 2.40, 1.12, 9.75; III: 1.65, 0.50, 1.47, 1.50, 0.72, 5.85; IV: 2.27, 0.55, 2.00, 1.90, 0.90, 7.65. Metatarsus IV with one trichobothrium. DTS 0.27. DTE 0.62. Palp as in Figures 128E–H. Embolus with a nearly 90º curved tip (Fig. 128G). Female (USA, Arizona, AMNH). Habitus as in Figures 126E–H. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 5.05. Cephalothorax 2.45 long, 1.92 wide, 1.55 high. Abdomen 2.90 long, 2.35 wide, 2.30 high. Sternum 1.32 long, 1.20 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.11, PME 0.13, PLE 0.10. AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.22, PME-PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.27, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.9. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 127D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 3.00, patella 0.70, tibia 3.25, metatarsus 2.77, tarsus 1.30, total 11.07; II: 2.95, 0.90, 2.92, 2.50, 1.22, 10.5; III: 2.17, 0.62, 1.62, 1.65, 0.85, 6.92; IV: 2.65, 0.67, 2.17, 2.02, 0.92, 8.45. Metatarsus IV with one trichobothrium. DTS 0.37. DTE 0.62. Tracheal system as in Figures 129F–I. Spinnerets as in Figures 129J–L. Genitalia with strongly reduced spermathecae and copulatory ducts (Figs. 129 A –E). UE with a median projection (Fig. 129 A). Variation. Male total length 3.8–5.2 (N = 6; average 4.6), cephalothorax length 1.8–2.3 (N = 6; average 2.1), femur I length 2.8–3.2 (N = 6; average 2.9). Female total length 4.0–5.1 (N = 10; average 4.5), cephalothorax length 1.8–2.6 (N = 10; average 2.1), femur I length 2.4–3.25 (N = 10; average 2.7). Distribution. Known in Arizona and New Mexico states in United States of America (Fig. 137). Additional material examined (N = 22). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Arizona: Big Rock Camp., Madera Can., [31º43´N, 110º52´W], elev. [2100m], 10.ix.1941, W. Ivie leg., 1♀ (AMNH); 1♀ 1♂ (AMNH); Wet Canyon For. Camp, Graham Mts., [32º42´N, 109º52´W], elev. [2000m], 13.ix.1952, B. Malkin leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Southwestern Res. Sta., 5 miles west portal, [31º53´N, 109º12´W], elev. [1645m], 2–19.v.1956, M. Statham leg., 2♀ 1♂ (AMNH); 6–20.vii.1955, W. J. Gertsch leg., 3♀ (AMNH); 3mi.w. Paradise Chiricahua Mts., [31º55´N, 109º22´W], elev. [1989m], 9.ix.1950, W. J. Gertsch leg., 1♀ (AMNH); SWRS 5 mi. W. Portal Cochise County, [31º53´N, 109º12´W], elev. [1645m], 17.vii.1964, J. A. Woods leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Santa Rita Mts., Madera Canyon, [31º43´N, 110º52´W], elev. [1552m], 16.vii.1940, W. J. Gertsch leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts. SWRS, [31º49´N, 109º28´W], elev. [1700m], 14.vii.1966, J. Beatty leg., (under rock in dry stream), 2♀ (MCZ 64709); Madera Can. Santa Rita Mts., 31º43´N, 110º52´W, elev. [2100m], 8.ix.1941, W. Ivie leg., 3♀ 2♂ (MCZ 125499); 1♂ (MCZ 125500). New Mexico: Whitewater Canyon 4 mi. N. E. Glenwood Catron Co., [33º21´N, 108º3´W], elev. [2050m], 20.viii.1952, H. R. Leech & J. W. Green leg., 1♂ (AMNH).

Glenognatha patriceae new species (Figs. 56 –59, 132) Types. Male holotype from Hacienda San Pedro, Alto Queremal, Dagua, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 3º29´N, 76º42´W, elev. 1800m, 21.ix.2009, J. Cabra leg., deposited in ICN 5987; Paratypes: same data as the holotype, 4♂ 19♀ deposited in ICN 5986; 1♂ 1♀ deposited in IBSP 163858. Etymology. The species epithet is in memory of the first author’s mother, Patricia García Pinilla. The name is a noun in genitive. Diagnosis. Males of G. patriceae resemble those of G. gaujoni and G. globosa by the presence of thin pleural bars between coxae II–III (Fig. 56C) and by the slender palpal tibia (longer than 1.5 times the maximum tibia width) (Figs. 58 A, E). It can be distinguished from the former by the absence of scale-like projections in the embolus (Figs. 58D, 59B–C) and from the latter by the thin distal projection of the conductor lamina (Figs. 58B–C, 59B–C). Females can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species (except G. gaujoni) by the presence of cheliceral ectal apophysis (Figs. 57D–F); distinguished from G. gaujoni by the absence of anterior tooth (Fig. 57D). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 56 A –D. Carapace pale brown, darker along furrows. Sternum pale brown, darker on sides. Abdomen oval, dorsally with irregular pattern of two longitudinal dusky bands on sides. Silver guanine spots scattered in two median longitudinal bands and on lateral surfaces. Venter with a pale black median band and two lateral lighter bands with scattered silver guanine spots. Legs yellow-brownish. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Pleural bars between coxae I–II, II–III and III–IV. Total length 3.6. Cephalothorax 1.75 long, 1.30 wide, 0.90 high. Abdomen 2.15 long, 1.55 wide, 1.45 high. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.90 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12. ALE 0.10. PME 0.15. PLE 0.10. AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.15, PME-PME 0.21, PME-PLE 0.12, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.2. Chelicerae slightly lighter than the cephalothorax and anteriorly projected (Fig. 56B). Six promarginal and eight retromarginal teeth. Ret1 on the posterior surface (Figs. 57B–C). Leg measurements: femur 3.20, patella 0.75, tibia 3.25, metatarsus 3.35, tarsus 1.65, total 12.20; II: 3.00, 0.65, 3.00, 2.90, 1.40, 10.95; III: 2.00, 0.40, 1.30, 1.40, 0.55, 5.65; IV: 2.55, 0.50, 2.05, 2.10, 0.87, 8.07. DTS 0.50. DTE 0.65. Palp as in Figures 58E–H. Palp tibia longer than wide (Fig. 58 A, E). Conductor lamina distal end thin (Figs. 58B–C, 59B–C). Embolus tip nearly 180º curved (Figs. 58D, 59 A –C). F IGURE 59. Glenognatha patriceae new species. A –C, male left palp. A, ventral. B, embolus and conductor, ventral. C, embolus and conductor, dorsal. D–G, female genitalia. D, dorsal. E, ventral. F, lateral. G, uterus externus distal portion. H–K, female tracheal system. H, dorsal, whole montage. I, dorsal. J, median and lateral trunks. K, median trunk transversal cut. Scale bars, 100 µm (A –F, H–J), 20 µm (G, K). C: conductor. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. EMg: embolic medial groove. LT: lateral trunk. MC: membranous chamber. MT: median trunk. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum. UE: uterus externus. Female (paratype ICN 5986). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 56E–H). Pleural bars between coxae I–II, II–III and III–IV. Total length 4.8. Cephalothorax 2.05 long, 1.50 wide, 1.05 high. Abdomen 3.25 long, 2.55 wide, 2.45 high. Sternum 0.95 long, 0.90 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10. ALE 0.10. PME 0.17. PLE 0.12. AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME, 0.17 PME-PLE 0.15, ALE-PLE 0.02. Clypeus height 1.30. Chelicerae slightly lighter than the cephalothorax. Five promarginal and eight retromarginal teeth. Ectal apophysis well developed (Figs. 57D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 3.40, patella 0.70, tibia 3.45, metatarsus 3.35, tarsus 1.70, total 12.60; II: 3.25, 0.70, 3.05, 3.00, 1.40, 11.40; III: 1.85, 0.50, 1.55, 1.35, 0.55, 5.80; IV: 2.50, 0.50, 2.00, 2.10, 0.90, 8.00. DTS 0.70. DTE 0.55. Tracheal system as in Figures 59H–K. Genitalia without spermathecae (Figs. 59D–G). UE distal portion tubiform (Figs. 59D–G). Variation. Male total length 3.9–4.3 (N =10; average 4.1), cephalothorax length 1.5–2.0 (N = 10; average 1.8), femur I length 3.2–3.7 (N = 10; average 3.4). Female total length 3.5–5.0 (N = 10; average 4.4), cephalothorax length 1.5–2.2 (N = 10; average 1.8), femur I length 3.0–4.0 (N = 10; average 3.4). Distribution. Known from Valle del Cauca, Risaralda and Nariño states in Colombia (Fig. 132). Additional material examined (N = 85). COLOMBIA: Quindio: Filandia, [4º40´N, 75º40´W], elev. [1758m], 4.viii.2012, N. Hazzi leg., 5♀ 1♂ 4 immature (ICN 5998); 2♀ 2♂ (IBSP 163859). Nariño: Barbacoas, Altaquer, Reserva Río Ñambi, [1º18´N, 78º5´W], elev. 1440m, 12.iv.2010, E. Flórez y Est. Tax. Animal UN leg., 2♀ 1♂ 1 immature (ICN 4505); 10.x.2009, E. Flórez y Est. Tax. Animal UN leg., 1♀ 2 immature (ICN 4408); 20.x.2012, N. Hazzi leg., 5♀ 1♂ 2 immature (ICN 5999). Risaralda: Mistrato, San Antonio del Chambi, La Estrella Arcacay, [5º17´N, 75º53´W], elev. 900m – 1100m, 31.iii–1.iv.1992?, Estud. Biol. UNAL leg., 1♀ (ICN 1078b). Valle del Cauca: Cali, El Palomar, [3º32´N, 76º36´W], elev. [1700m], 17.i.2013, J. Cabra & D. Rodríguez leg., 1♂ (ICN 5994); Cali, PNN Los Farallones, [3º15´N, 76º39´W], elev. 2050m, 2.iv.2000, M. M. Medina leg., 2♂ (ICN 4317); Cali, El Topacio, [3º19´N, 76º38´W], elev. [1624m], 6.i.2011, N. Hazzi leg., 1♀ 3♂ (ICN 5996); Dagua, same data as holotype, 37 immature (ICN 5988); La Cumbre, Vereda Chicoral, 3º34´N, 76º35.6´W, elev. 1800m – 2100m, ix.2009, J. Mendez leg., 1 immature (ICN 5989); Pance, ca. Topacio, [3º20´10.73´´N, 76º36´5.04´´W], elev. [1430m], viii.2011, N. Hazzi leg., 1♀ (ICN 5990). Pance, 3º19´41´´N, 76º38´12´´W, elev. 1624m, 2.i.2012, N. Hazzi leg., 2♀ 3♂ 4 immatures (ICN 5997).

Glenognatha caaguara new species (Figs. 71–74, 133) Types. Male holotype from Potreiro Velho, São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, [29º28´S, 50º9´W], elev. [772m], 25.iii.1997, J. Ketterl leg., deposited in MCTP 17537, Paratypes: 1♂ 1♀, 29º28´26.619´´S, 50º9´22.4451´´W, 7.iv.2001, deposited in MCN 52014; 2♀, 29º28´26.619´´S, 50º9´22.4451´´W, 14.iv.2002, deposited in MCN 52034; 1♂, 29º28´26.619´´S, 50º9´22.4451´´W, 14.iv.2002, deposited in MCN 52035, all from the type locality, R. Ott leg.; 1♂ paratype (IBSP 57090) and 1♀ paratype (IBSP 57080) from Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, São José do Barreiro, São Paulo, Brazil, [22º43´S, 44º36´W], elev. [900m], 28.iv—3.v.2002, Equipe Biota leg. Etymology. The species epithet is a noun in apposition, refers to the Caaguaras indigenous tribe, first inhabitants of São Francisco de Paula in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Diagnosis. Males of G. caaguara can be distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the conspicuously rounded basal apophysis of the paracymbium (Fig. 73H). Females can be easily differentiated from all other Glenognatha (except G. gloriae) by having three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth (Figs. 72D–F); distinguished from G. gloriae by the slightly projected clypeus in lateral view (Fig. 71F). Male (holotype): Habitus as in Figures 71 A –D. Carapace yellow-brownish, darker along furrows. Sternum brown with darker edges. Abdomen oval, strongly depigmentated, with irregular pattern of two diffused dusky bands that join medially at posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in two longitudinal bands dorsally and in lateral surfaces. Ventrally without silver spots. Legs light yellow-brownish. Total length 1.85. Cephalothorax 0.87 long, 0.80 wide, 0.57 high. Abdomen 0.97 long, 0.82 wide, 0.80 high. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.55 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08. ALE 0.07. PME 0.13. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.07, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Chelicerae darker than cephalothorax, with a welldeveloped anterior tooth (Figs. 72 A, C). Three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 72 A –C). Prt1 enlarged (Fig. 72 A). CFO well-developed (Fig. 72C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.30, patella 0.32, tibia 1.30, metatarsus 1.02, tarsus 0.65, total 4.60: II: 1.15, 0.30, 1.15, 0.87, 0.55, 4.02; III: 0.75, 0.27, 0.55, 0.57, 0.37, 2.52; IV: 1.05, 0.22, 0.90, 0.75, 0.45, 3.37. DTS 0.07. DTE 0.48. Palp as in Figures 73E–H. Paracymbium with distinct rounded basal apophysis (Fig. 73H). Median region of the embolus with helical configuration (Figs. 73D, 74F–H). Female (paratype MCN 52014). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 71E–H). Venter with a lighter area between the gonopore and the openings of the book lungs. Total length 2.10. Cephalothorax 0.97 long, 0.85 wide, 0.65 high. Abdomen 1.35 long, 1.12 wide, 1.12 high. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.52 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.08. PME 0.13. PLE 0.07. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.14, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Chelicerae darker than cephalothorax, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth (Figs. 72D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.27, patella 0.32, tibia 1.35, metatarsus 1.05, tarsus 0.67, total 4.67; II: 1.25, 0.32, 1.22, 0.80, 0.62, 4.22; III: 0.82, 0.20, 0.52, 0.58, 0.37, 2.51; IV: 1.07, 0.25, 0.80, 0.75, 0.43, 3.31. DTS 0.07. DTE 0.52. Tracheal system as in Figures 74I –J. Spermathecae well-developed (Figs. 74 A –E). Uterus externus with a laminar basal portion (Fig. 74C). Variation. Male total length 1.7–2.0 (N = 10; average 1.8), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.0 (N = 10; average 0.9), femur I length 1.3–1.4 (N = 10; average 1.3). Female total length 1.7–2.3 (N = 10; average 2.0), cephalothorax length 0.7–1.1 (N = 10; average 0.9), femur I length 0.8–1.3 (N = 10; average 1.1). Distribution. Known from São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states in Brazil (Fig. 133). Additional material examined (N = 49). BRAZIL: São Paulo: São José do Barreiro, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, [22º43´S, 44º36´W], elev. [900m], 28.iv—3.v.2002, Equipe Biota leg., Pitfall, 4♀ (IBSP 68552); 1♂ 1♀ (IBSP 57091); 1♂ (IBSP 57078). Santa Catarina: Ilhota, Morro do Baú, [26º52´5.87´´S, 48º51´12.88´´W], elev. [232m], 13.v.1996, C. N. Duchett leg., 2♂ (MCN 27631). Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula, Potreiro Velho, [29º28´S, 50º9´W], elev. [772m], 31.iii.1997, J. Ketterl leg., 1♂ (MCTP 16065); 17.iii.1997, 1♂ (MCTP 16066); 11.iii.1997, 2♂ (MCTP 17541); 18.iii.1997, 1♀ (MCTP 17493), all collected by J. Ketterl; 12– 15.vi.1997, A. Lise leg., 1♂ (MCTP 13771); 29º28´27.121´´S, 50º9´25.0714´´W, 1.v.2001, 1♂ (MCN 52016); 29º29´15.898´´S, 50º10´59.5791´´W, 1.v.2001, 1 immature (MCN 52017); 29º28´27.121´´S, 50º9´25.0714´´W, 2.i.2001, 2♀ (MCN 52019); 29º28´26.619´´S, 50º9´22.4451´´W, 2.i.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52026); 29º29´14.82´´S, 50º10´57.8025´´W, 2.ii.2001, 1♂ (MCN 52012); 29º29´15.998´´S, 50º10´59.5791´´W, 2.ii.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52018); 29º28´27.121´´S, 50º9´25.0714´´W, 2.ii.2001, 1 immature (MCN 52021); 29º28´26.619´´S, 50º9´22.4451´´W, 2.ii.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52028); 1♀ (MCN 52029); 29º28´27.121´´S, 50º9´25.0714´´W, 2.ii.2002, 2♀ (MCN 52031); 29º29´14.82´´S, 50º10´57.8025´´W, 2.ii.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52044); 29º28´38.84296´´S, 50º10´8.63689´´W, 2.ii.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52045); 29º29´14.82048´´S, 50º10´57.80248´´W, 2.vi.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52025); 29º28´26.61861´´S, 50º9´22.44506´´W, 3.iii.2001, 1♂ (MCN 52013); 29º28´38.84296´´S, 50º10´8.63689´´W, 7.iv.2001, 1♂ (MCN 52022); 29º29´14.82048´´S, 50º10´57.80248´´W, 7.iv.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52024); 29º28´26.61861´´S, 50º9´22.44506´´W, 8.iii.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52042); 29º29´14.82048´´S, 50º10´57.80248´´W, 8.iii.2002, 1♂ (MCN 52043); 29º28´38.84296´´S, 50º10´8.63689´´W, 9.v.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52046); 29º28´27.12072´´S, 50º9´25.07136´´W, 11.x.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52032); 29º29´15.99848´´S, 50º10´59.57909´´W, 13.xi.2001, 1♀ (MCN 52039); 29º28´38.84296´´S, 50º10´8.63689´´W, 14.iv.2002, 1♂ (MCN 52023); 29º28´27.12072´´S, 50º9´25.07136´´W, 14.iv.2002, 1♂ (MCN 52036); 1♀ (MCN 52040); 29º29´14.82048´´S, 50º10´57.80248´´W, 14.iv.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52037); 29º28´27.12072´´S, 50º9´25.07136´´W, 14.ix.2002, 1♂ (MCN 52038); 29º28´38.84296´´S, 50º10´8.63689´´W, 14.ix.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52041); 29º28´27.12072´´S, 50º9´25.07136´´W, 18.v.2002, 1♀ (MCN 52030); 29º28´26.61861´´S, 50º9´22.44506´´W, 18.v.2002, 1♂ (MCN 52033); 29º29´14.82048´´S, 50º10´57.80248´´W, 23.xi.2000, 1♀ (MCN 52015); 29º29´26.61861´´S, 50º9´22.44506´´W, 25.x.2000, 1♂ (MCN 52020); 29º29´38.84296´´S, 50º10´8.63689´´W, 25.x.2000, 1♂ (MCN 52027), all collected by R. Ott.

Glenognatha dentata (Zhu & Wen, 1978) new combination (Figs. 38–44, 131) Dyschiriognatha dentata Zhu & Wen, 1978: 16, figs. 1–9 (female holotype from China, 24.x.1975, presumably deposited in the Jilin University, not examined; paratypes: 33♂ 36♀ 7 immature from China, presumably deposited in the Jilin University, not examined); Hu 1984: 133, figs. 135.1–8; Chen & Gao 1990: 74, figs. 93A–E; Okuma 1991: 15, figs. 1, 2A–F, 3A; Okuma et al. 1993: 31, figs. 28A–C; Song et al. 1999: 213, figs. 119O–R; Zhu et al. 2003: 204, figs. 111A–K, 112A–G, pl. VIIA –D; Tanikawa 2007: 103, figs. 364–365, 812–814; Tanikawa 2009: 412, figs. 49–51; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1E, 2C, 2F, 5D, 7C; World Spider Catalog 2015. Dyschiriognatha hawigtenera Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 490, figs. 300A–E, 301A–G (female holotype from Luzon Island, Philippines, 10.viii.1979, A. T. Barrion leg., deposited in the International Rice Research Institute, not examined). Synonymized by Zhu et al. 2003: 204. Transfer justification. Study of D. dentata specimens collected in Asia (Myanmar, China, Vietnam and Japan) and the schematic drawings of the male genitalia and somatic characters of the original description (Zhu & Wen, 1978), shows that this species has all the synapomorphies of the genus Glenognatha. The conductor and the embolus, although highly modified (Figs. 40, 43D–J), the female genitalia (Figs. 41A–C, G) and the tracheal system (Fig. 41D–F) exhibit the typical Glenognatha morphology. Diagnosis. Males of G. dentata can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the prominent tooth-like projections on the distal retrolateral margin of the conductor (Figs. 40B, 43G). Females are diagnosed by the presence of filiform projections in the membranous chamber (Fig. 41A). Description. Male and female described by Zhu & Wen (1978). Additional data. Male (Myanmar, USNM). Habitus as in Figures 38A–D. Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setaebearing depressions (Fig. 38A, 42A). Cephalothorax 0.77 high. Abdomen 0.88 high. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.55 wide, with setae-bearing depressions (Fig. 42C, H). Chelicerae as in Figures 39A–C, with small setae-bearing tubercles on the antero-ectal surface (Fig. 39C). Cheliceral fang outgrowth well-developed (Fig. 39A). Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 43B. Palp as in Figures 40E–H. Embolus and conductor highly modified (Figs. 40, 43D–J). Female (Myanmar, USNM). Habitus as in Figures 38E–H. Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setaebearing depressions (Figs. 38E). Cephalothorax 0.82 high. Abdomen 1.57 high. Sternum 0.52 long, 0.58 wide, with setae-bearing depressions. Chelicerae as in Figures 39D–F, with small setae-bearing tubercles on the antero-ectal surface (Figs. 39F). Tracheal system as in Figures 41D–F. Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae (Fig. 41A– C, G). UE entire (Fig. 41A). Variation. Male total length 1.6–2.2 (N =4; average 2.0), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.2 (N = 4; average 1.0), femur I length 1.0–1.3 (N = 4; average 1.2). Female total length 2.5–3.0 (N = 7; average 2.7), cephalothorax length 1.1–1.3 (N = 7; average 1.2), femur I length 1.0–1.2 (N = 7; average 1.1). Distribution. Known from Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam (Fig. 131). Additional material examined (N = 18). CHINA: Hong Kong: Tai Po Tsai, [22º20´N, 114º15´E], elev. [7m], 1.iii.1961, E. Shingler leg., 1♀ (AMNH) . JAPAN: Okinawa: [26º9´N, 127º53´E], elev. [15m], 22.vii.1945, C. T. Parsons & F. G. Werner leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125497). New records. MYANMAR: Sagaing: Chattin Wildlife Sanct. Takontaing, 23º37´20´´N, 95º31´52´´E, elev. [179m], 7–12.x1998, Coddington & Baptista leg., 6♀ 3♂ 6 immature (USNM) . VIETNAM: no specific locality, 2–20.xi1966, 1♂ (MCZ 84023).

Glenognatha lacteovittata (Mello-Leitão, 1944) (Figs. 19–24, 130) Oedothorax lacteovittatus Mello-Leitão, 1944: 327, fig. 9 (Male and female lectotypes from La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, R. Costa leg., deposited in MNRJ 1963, examined). Glenognatha lacteovittata: Ramírez, 1996: 35, figs. 1–10; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1M, 3C, 8D, 9K–L; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. lacteovittata resemble those of G. boraceia and G. florezi by the short distal portion of the paracymbium (Figs. 22H, 23H) and the embolic medial groove limited to the inner surface of the embolus (Fig. 23O). It can be distinguished from the two latter species by the presence of filiform projections in the embolus distal region (Figs. 23G, N). Females are diagnosed by the presence of two posterior cheliceral bulges (Fig. 20E, 21E–F). Description. Male and female described by Ramírez (1996). Additional data. Male (IBSP 44111). Habitus as in Figures 19A–D. Carapace brown, with three longitudinal dusky bands (one median and two lateral). Sternum brown, darker on sides. Abdomen spherical, dorsally with irregular pattern of two longitudinal black bands on sides. Black patches scattered around and between these bands. Silver guanine spots concentrated on the median regions of the dorsal and lateral surface. Venter with a pale black median band that ramifies into irregular thin bands towards the lateral surface. Legs yellow-brownish with distal parts of segments darker. Total length 2.72. Cephalothorax 1.30 long, 1.03 wide, 0.80 high. Abdomen 1.71 long, 1.3 wide, 1.22 high. Sternum 0.80 long, 0.70 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.08. PME 0.08. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.08, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.90. Chelicerae brown. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 20A–C, 21A–C). Ret1 on the posterior surface (Figs. 20B, 21B). CFO well-developed (Fig. 21C). Leg measurements: femur 1.92, patella 0.42, tibia 1.92, metatarsus 1.50, tarsus 0.82, total 6.60; II: 1.85, 0.40, 1.82, 1.37, 0.75, 6.20; III: 1.25, 0.30, 1.05, 0.85, 0.50, 3.95; IV: 1.92, 0.32, 1.77, 1.33, 0.52, 5.88. DTS 0.22. DTE 0.72. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 24E. Spinnerets as in Figures 24I –K. AG-FL triplet absent (Fig. 24K). Palp as in Figure 22. Paracymbium with short distal portion (Figs. 22H, 23H). Conductor lamina with a distal prolaterally oriented fold (Figs. 23D, I). Embolus with subapical toothlike projections (Fig. 23P) and filiform projections (Figs. 23G, N). Medial groove limited to the inner surface of the embolus (Fig. 23O). Female (IBSP 44084). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Fig. 19E–H). Abdomen with two large dorso-lateral patches of silver guanine spots. Venter with grey-brownish area anterior to the gonopore and scattered silver guanine spots. Total length 2.77. Cephalothorax 1.32 long, 1.05 wide, 0.75 high. Abdomen 2.00 long, 1.60 wide, 1.40 high. Sternum 0.65 long, 0.70 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08. ALE 0.08. PME 0.09. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.14, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.90. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 20D–F, 21D–H). Chelicerae with two posterior bulges (Figs. 20E, 21E–F) and ramified setae in the basal portion of the posterior surface (Figs. 21F–G). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.85, patella 0.45, tibia 1.72, metatarsus 1.45, tarsus 0.75, total 6.22; II: 1.67, 0.42, 1.72, 1.32, 0.67, 5.82; III: 1.07, 0.32, 0.92, 0.65, 0.37, 3.35; IV: 1.92, 0.32, 1.67, 1.25, 0.56, 5.73. DTS 0.17. DTE 0.60. Tracheal system as in Figures 24A–D. Spinnerets as in Figures 24F–H. Genitalia without spermathecae (Figs. 23A–C). UE with a median projection (Figs. 23A, C). Variation. Male total length 2.3–3.7 (N = 10; average 2.7), cephalothorax length 1.1–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.3), femur I length 1.6–2.3 (N = 10; average 2). Female total length 2.6–3.5 (N = 10; average 3.1), cephalothorax length 1.1–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.3), femur I length 1.6–2.2 (N = 10; average 1.8). Distribution. Known in Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina (Fig. 130). Additional material examined (N = 836). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Bella Vista, [34º34´S, 58º41´W], elev. [23m], P. A.Goloboff leg., 1♂ (MACN 24617); San Pedro, [33º40´S, 59º41´W], elev. [29m], 1♂ (MACN 24619). Corrientes: Itatí, [27º16´S, 58º14´W], elev. [60m], M. E. Galiano leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MACN 24618). Entre Ríos: Río Gualeguaychú, [33º4´S, 58º26´W], elev. [6m], 10.xii.1982, Ramírez & Goloboff leg., 1♂ (MACN 24620). Santa Fe: Las Gamas, 20 Km W Vera, [29º23´S, 60º32´W], elev. [54m], 27–30.x.1994, M. Ramírez & J. Faibovich leg., 1♀ (MACN 24616). New records. ECUADOR: Napo: Lago Agrio, [0º5´S, 76º52´W], elev. [298m], 26.ix.1975, Andrea Langley leg., 1♂ (USNM); 18.iv.1976, Langley leg., 1♀ (USNM). PERU: Loreto: San Miguel, arenas movedizas, ca. boca del Rio Samiria, entre el Río Marañón y el Samiria, 4º39´S, 74º21´W, elev. 100m, 11.viii.1989, D. Silva leg., 1♂ (MUSM 0504909). Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza, 11º56´S, 71º17´W, elev. 356m, 18.viii.1992, D. Silva leg., 3♀ 7♂ 4 immature (MUSM 0504907). [Piura]: 2 mi. W Sullana, [4º53´3.7´´S, 80º41´38.76´´W], elev. [65m], 15.i.1939, 1♀ (CAS 9039591). San Martin: Yuracyaru, 5º57´0.9´´S, 77º14´1.34´´W, elev. 356m, 18.viii.1992, D. Silva leg., 2♀ 1♂ (MUSM 0501281). BRAZIL: Acre: Rio Branco, campus UFAC, [9º57´S, 67º52´W], elev. [162m], 4.iv.1996, A. D. Brescovit & A. B. Bonaldo leg., 1♀ 1♂ 1 immature (IBSP 6978). Bahia: Barreiras, [12º9´S, 44º58´W], elev. [620m], 2008, I. M. Bortolin leg., 1♂ (IBSP 145416). Minas Gerais: Santa Bárbara, Brumal, 19º59´30´´S, 43º27´33´´W, elev. [730m], 28–29.viii.2008, I.L.F. Magalhães leg., 1♀ 1♂ (UFMG 4773). Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Pedra da Itaúna, near Lagoa, [22º52´S, 43º5´W, elev. [50m], ii.1990, S. A. Marshall leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Bom Jesus do Itabapuana, São José do Calçado, Rio Itabapuana, Usina Hidrelétrica de Rosal, [20º58´S, 41º43´W, elev. [605m], xi.1999, I. Knysak leg., 2♀ 3♂ 2 immature (IBSP 26460). São Paulo: Pirassununga, [21º59´S, 47º25´W], elev. [630m], 8.vii.1940, Schubart leg., 1♂ (MZSP 6432); Rosana, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta, [22º29´S, 52º57´W], elev. [294m], 1.ii.2000, Eq. IBSP leg., 1♀ (IBSP 29791); Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso, [25º7´S, 47º57´W], elev. [687m], 12.v.1988, L. Romagnano & E. Venticinque leg., 1♀ (MCN 23205). Paraná: Boa Vista da Aparecida, [25º26´S, 53º22´W, elev. [352m], 7–14.x.1998, Eq. IBSP leg., 1♂ (IBSP 21102); Candói/Mangueirnha, Usina Hidrelétrica de Segredo, Reservatório do Rio Jordão, [25º44´S, 52º4´W, elev. [758m], iv.1996, R. Bertani leg., 1♀ (IBSP 11644); Cascavel, Lago Municipal de Cascavel, [24º57´S, 53º26´W, elev. [700m], 9.vi.2006, A.P.G. Silva leg., 1♂ (IBSP 80128); Cruzeiro do Iguaçu, Dois Vizinhos, Foz do Chopim, [25º32´S, 53º29´W, elev. [352m], 8–15.x.1998, Eq. IBSP leg., 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 21057); 1♂ (IBSP 21113); 1♀ (IBSP 21313); 2♀ 1♂ 1 immature (IBSP 21209); 1♀ (IBSP 21129); 1♀ (IBSP 21249); 1♀ (IBSP 21264); 1♀ (IBSP 21228); 1♂ (IBSP 21200); 1♀ (IBSP 21274); 1♂ (IBSP 21177). Santa Catarina: Bombinhas, Arie Costeira de Zimbros, [27º8´S, 48º31´W], elev. [74m], 4.vii.2011, A. L. Trivia & L. Malta leg., 1♀ (IBSP 163680); Chapecó, [27º13´S, 52º40´W], elev. [394m], 23.iii.2001, F. Garcia leg., 2♀ 2♂ (MCTP 11293); Florianápolis, Ilha do Árvoredo, Reserva Biológica Marinha de Arvoredo, [23º58´S, 46º10´W], elev. [3m], 2003, Noili leg., 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 75324); 1♀ (IBSP 75354); 1♀ (IBSP 75323), Itá, Rio Uruguai, [27º16´S, 52º19´W], elev. [457m], 1.x.2001, 1♂ (MCTP 849); Rio Negrinho, [26º13´S, 49º31´W], elev. [797m], iv.2004 – vii.2005, M. A. Nickel leg., 1♀ 3♂ 1 immature (IBSP 75995); M. A. Nickel leg., 153♀ 163♂ 56 immature (IBSP 70038). São Cristovão do Sul, Monte Alegre, [27º15´S, 50º26´W], elev. [1019m], 2001–2002, J. M. Moreira leg., 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 141433); 1♀ (IBSP 141429); 2♀ (IBSP 141427); 1♀ (IBSP 141431); 1♂ (IBSP 141432); 2♂ (IBSP 141428); 1♀ (IBSP 141426); 1♂ (IBSP 141430); 1♂ (IBSP 141425); São Miguel do Oeste, [26º43´S, 53º30´W], elev. [603m], iii–viii.2004, J. Barp leg., 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 79226); 1 immature (IBSP 79190). Rio Grande do Sul / Santa Catarina: Rio Uruguai, [27º9´S, 53º49´W], elev. [240m], 2.ix.2010, R. C. Francisco leg., 85♀ 115♂ (MCTP). Rio Grande do Sul: Arroio do Sal, [29º31´S, 49º55´W, elev. [23m], 24.viii.1998, J. Romanzin leg., 2♀ 1♂ 2 immature (MCTP 10320); Bagé, [31º19´S, 54º4´W, elev. [213m], 30.xii.2003, L. A. Freitas leg., 1♀ 2♂ (MCTP 19573); Cambará do sul, [29º3´S, 50º8´W, elev. [1006m], iii.2005, M. V. Petry et al. leg., 1♂ (MCTP 30986); vii.2005, M. V. Petry et al. leg., 1♂ (MCTP 30987); viii.2005, M. V. Petry et al. leg., 1♂ (MCTP 30989); iii.2006, M. V. Petry et al. leg., 1♂ (MCTP 30990); ix.2006, M. V. Petry et al. leg., 1♂ (MCTP 30992); Canoas, Capão do Corvo, [29º55´S, 51º13´W, elev. [5m], 23.iv.1966, A. Lise leg., 15♀ (MCN 699); Caxias do Sul, [29º6´S, 51º4´W], elev. [739m], vii.1999, C. D. C. Rosa leg., 1♂ (MCTP 11772); Derrubadas, Parque Estadual do Turvo, [27º10´S, 53º55´W], elev. [313m], 4– 8.v.2004, R. Ott et al. leg., 2♀ (MCN 38786); 27–31.x.2003, R. Ott et al. leg., 5♂ (MCN 38778); Planalto, [27º19´S, 53º4´W], elev. [563m], 23.i.1994, R. Oliveira leg., 3♂ 1 immature (MCTP 4859); Porto Alegre, [30º4´S, 51º8´W], elev. [174m], 10.iv.2000, A. Braul leg., 1♂ (MCTP 11215); Rio Pardo, [29º58´S, 52º21´W], elev. [100m], 20.ii.1967, A. Lise leg., 1♀ (MCN 48507); 6.vii.1966, A. Lise leg., 10♂ 3 immature (MCN 266); 12 ♂ 2 immature (MCZ 125525); São Leopoldo, [29º45´S, 51º8´W], elev. [12m], 28.xi.1965, C. Valle leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MZSP 4898); Santana do Livramento, Cerro Verde, [30º50´S, 55º32´W], elev. [255m], 28–29.xi.2003, J. A. Bitencourt leg., 1♀ (IBSP 84965); Santo Ângelo, [28º18´S, 54º17´W], elev. [204m], 12–25.ii.2004, I. Renardi leg., 1♂ (MCTP 16492); 1♀ (MCTP 16493), 2–17.ii.2004, I. Renardi leg., 1♀ 3♂ (MCTP 16491); 30.iii—9.iv.2004, F. D' Agostini 3♀ 1♂ (MCTP 22620); São Francisco de Paula, Potreiro Velho, [29º26´S, 50º39´W], elev. [772m], 10–13.iv.1997, A. Lise leg., 1♂ (MCTP 14278); Tapes, Fazenda São Miguel, [30º40´S, 51º25´W], elev. [9m], 14.v.2003, Equipe Probio leg., 1♂ (MCN 35926); Torres, [29º20´S, 49º44´W], elev. [13m], 26.iii.2006, E. L. C. da Silva leg., 1♂ 2 immature (MCN 1972); Triunfo, Estação Braskem de Proteçao Ambiental, [29º56´S, 51º41´W], elev. [6m], 14.vi.2006, R. Ott leg., 1♂ (MCN 42101); Triunfo, Fazenda Pontal, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [15m], 22.vi.1999, M. P. de Barros leg., 2♂ (MCN 31226); Triunfo, [29º56´S, 51º41´W], elev. [6m], 4.vi.1987, C. Marros leg., 1♀ (MCN 16934); 18.x.1993, L. Moura leg., 1♂ (MCN 24059); Triunfo, Ilha dos Dorneles, [29º56´S, 51º43´W], elev. [5m], 23.vii.1986, M. Rosenau leg., 2♀ (MCN 15423); Uruguaiana, Imbaá, [29º44´S, 57º6´W], elev. [51m], 24.vi.2009, R. Alves leg., 1♂ (MCN 26490). PARAGUAY: Central: 15 Km NE Asunción, [25º15´S, 57º41´W], elev. [61m], 21.vi.1969, P. & P. Spangler leg., 1♀ 1♂ (USNM). URUGUAY: [ Montevideo] : Montevideo, Ruta 1 Km 12, [34º40´S, 56º29´W], elev. [3m], 2001, M. A. Benamu leg., 3♀ (IBSP 44074); 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 44084); 1♀ (IBSP 44081); 3♀ (IBSP 44085); 1♀ 1♂ 1 immature (IBSP 44111); 3♂ (IBSP 44082); 2♀ (IBSP 44083); 4♀ (IBSP 44072). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Campana, Reserva Natural Otamendi, Estación Río Luján, [34º9´S, 58º56´W], elev. [4m], 30.vi.2007, C. J. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero & N, Olejnik leg., 2♀ 1 immature (MACN 12722); 1♂ (MACN 12715); [34º16´43.4´´S, 58º53´16.2´´W], elev. [6m], 30.vi.2007, C. J. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero & N, Olejnik leg., 2♀ 2♂ (MACN 12750); 34.2774S, 58.888W, elev. 5m, 9.ix.2010, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, M. E. González-Márquez, M. Guala, J. M. Andia Navarro, N. López, I. Ortega Insaurralde y P. Zermoglio leg., 4♀ 3♂ 2 immature (MACN); Delta, Arroyo Caraguatá, [34º22´S, 58º38´W], elev. [4m], A. Bachmann leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MACN 24634); 1♀ (MACN 24633b); Paraná de las Palmas, [34º17´S, 58º34´W], elev. [2m], J. M. Viana leg., 1♂ (MACN 26004). Chaco: 100NW Resistencia, Chaco NP, [26º49´N, 59º40´W], elev. [76m], 12–17.xii.1990, S. & J. Peck leg., 1♂ (AMNH). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Laguna de los Macáes, 34º36´21.7´´N, 58º20´55´´W, elev. [25m], 12.v.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 2♂ 1 immature (MACN); 10.xi.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 1♂ (MACN); 13.x.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 1♀ 4♂ (MACN); 27.x.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 2♂ (MACN); 1.ix.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 1♀ 5♂ (MACN); 15.ix.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 1♀ 3♂ 1 immature (MACN); 29.ix.2008, M. Turienzo leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MACN); 19.i.2009, M. Turienzo leg., 1♂ (MACN); 5.i.2009, M. Turienzo leg., 1♂ (MACN); 2.ii.2009, M. Turienzo leg., 1♂ (MACN). Entre Ríos: San Justo, [32º26´S, 58º25´W], elev. [44m], A. M. Julieta leg., 1♀ 1♂ 1 immature (MACN 24636). Río Negro: Valcheta, [40º40´S, 66º9´W], elev. [176m], A., Bachmann leg., 1♂ (MACN 24637)., Published as part of Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-183 in Zootaxa 4069 (1) on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1054149, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1944) Aranas de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista del Museo de La Plata, New Series, Zoology, 3, 311 - 393.","Ramirez, M. J. (1996) Descripcion de la hembra de Glenognatha lacteovittata (Mello-Leitao), nueva combinacion (Araneae, Tetargnathidae). Physis (Buenos Aires), 52, 35 - 37.","Cabra-Garcia, J., Brescovit, A. D. & Hormiga, G. (2014) Female genital morphology in the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with comments on its phylogenetic significance. Journal of Morphology, 275 (9), 1027 - 1040. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20280","World Spider Catalog (2015) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 15 January 2015)"]}

Glenognatha hirsutissima (Berland, 1935) (Figs. 85–88, 136) Hivaoa hirsutissima Berland, 1935: 52, fig. 20–23 (female holotype from Teavaituhai, Uapou, Marquesas Islands, 30.xi.1931, deposited in Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu, lost). Glenognatha hirsutissima: Levi 1980: 64; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1L, 3A, 6B, 8C, 9I –J; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males and females of G. hirsutissima can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the presence of a strong macrosetae on the anterior surface fo the chelicerae (Figs. 85D, H). Description. Male (Marquesas Islands, Nuku Hiva, USNM) (Note: the male is described here for the first time). Habitus as in Figures 85 A –D. Carapace yellow-brownish, with two dusky lateral bands. Sternum light yellow, darker on edges. Abdomen oval, dorsally with irregular pattern of longitudinal dusky bands that extend to the lateral surface. Thin transvers bands on the posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in the dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter greyish with scattered silver guanine spots. Legs light yellow. Total length 2.45. Cephalothorax 1.17 long, 0.87 wide, 0.75 high. Abdomen 1.37 long, 0.87 wide, 0.85 high. Sternum 0.62 long, 0.57 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07. ALE 0.05. PME 0.09. PLE 0.05. AME-AME 0.09, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 3.21. Chelicerae with a strong macrosetae (Figs. 86 A, C). Three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth (Figs. 86 A –C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.50, patella 0.37, tibia 1.50, metatarsus 1.45, tarsus 0.37, total 5.20; II: 1.42, 0.35, 1.50, 0.92, 0.30, 4.50; III: 1.02, 0.32, 0.80, 0.72, 0.25, 3.12; IV: 1.37, 0.27, 1.17, 1.22, 0.30, 4.35. Femur III with a ventral row of strong macrosetae. Metatarsi I–IV with two trichobothria. DTS 0.20. DTE 0.45. Palp as in Figures 87E–H. Embolus and conductor slender (Figs. 87 A, E–H). F IGURE 86. Glenognatha hirsutissima from Marquesas Islands (USNM). A – C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior (arrow, macrosetae). B, posterior. C, mesal. D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior (arrow, macrosetae socket). E, posterior. F, mesal. Scale bars, 100 µm. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth. Female. Described by Berland (1935). Additional data. Marquesas Islands, Nuku Hiva (USNM). Habitus and general coloration as in male (Figs. 85E–H). Venter of abdomen with thin transverse dusky band originating from the tracheal spiracle towards the anterior region. Light patch anterior to the gonopore. Total length 2.87. Cephalothorax 1.20 long, 1.05 wide, 0.75 high. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.45 wide, 1.50 high. Sternum 0.65 long 0.62 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08. ALE 0.05. PME 0.09. PLE 0.06. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.1, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 3.12. Chelicerae with a strong macrosetae (Fig. 86D) Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. (Figs. 86D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.47, patella 0.45, tibia 1.50, metatarsus 1.17, tarsus 0.27, total 4.87; II: 1.42, 0.45, 1.42, 1.10, 0.25, 4.65; III: 1.00, 0.25, 0.77, 0.82, 0.22, 3.07; IV: 1.47, 0.30, 1.20, 1.30, 0.27, 4.55. Femur I, II and III with a ventral row of strong macrosetae. Metatarsi I–IV with two trichobothria. DTS 0.25. DTE 0.35. Spermathecae with a basal constriction (Figs. 88 A –C). UE entire (Figs. 88 A –C). Distribution. Known only from Marquesas Islands (Fig. 136). Remarks. Although the female holotype of G. hirsutissima was not examined, a vial from USNM (2♂ 1♀ 2 immature) collected near the type locality (30 km N) was available for study. After comparison with the original description (Berland 1935), the female specimen was identified as G. hirsutissima based on the presence of conspicuous macrosetae on legs, palp and chelicerae as depicted by Berland (1935, figs. 21–23). Males examined also have such macrosetae. According with the original descriptions of the remaining Polynesian Glenognatha (Berland 1933, 1935, 1942) and all the material examined in this work, the presence of these spines is autapomorphic for G. hirsutissima. Since the identity of the species is not in doubt the designation of a neotype is not necessary (ICZN, Art. 75). Additional material examined (N = 5). FRENCH POLYNESIA: Marquesas Islands: Nuku Hiva, Tekao Ridge, 8º51´39´´S, 140º10´24´´W, elev. 400m, 21.x.1999, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus leg., 2♂ 1♀ 2 immature (USNM)., Published as part of Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-183 in Zootaxa 4069 (1) on pages 105-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1054149, {"references":["Berland, L. (1935) Nouvelles araignees marquisiennes. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Bulletin, 142, 31 - 63.","Levi, H. W. (1980) The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 149, 1 - 75.","Cabra-Garcia, J., Brescovit, A. D. & Hormiga, G. (2014) Female genital morphology in the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with comments on its phylogenetic significance. Journal of Morphology, 275 (9), 1027 - 1040. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20280","World Spider Catalog (2015) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 15 January 2015)","Berland, L. (1933) Araignees des Iles Marquises. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Bulletin, 114, 39 - 70.","Berland, L. (1942) Polynesian spiders. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 17 (1), 1 - 24."]}

Jimmy Cabra-García, Antonio D. Brescovit (2016): Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Zootaxa 4069 (1): 1-183, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1

Glenognatha gaujoni Simon, 1895 (Figs. 50–55, 132) Glenognatha gaujoni Simon, 1895: 151 (male holotype from Loja, Ecuador, Gaujon leg., deposited in MNHN, examined); Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1 A –B, 1H, 2I, 7G, 9E–F; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. gaujoni resemble those of G. globosa and G. patriceae by the presence of thin pleural bars between coxae II–III (Fig. 50C) and by the slender palpal tibia (longer than 1.5 times the maximum tibia width) (Figs. 52 A, E). It can be distinguished from the two latter species by the presence of scale-shaped projections in the dorsal surface of the embolus (Figs. 54K–L). Females are diagnosed by the presence of anterior tooth, ectal apophysis and CFO on the chelicerae (Figs. 51D–F). Description. Male (IBSP 26965). Habitus as in Figures 50 A –D. Carapace brown, with three dusky longitudinal bands (two lateral and one medial). Sternum pale brown. Abdomen greyish, dorsally with black patches arranged in two longitudinal bands. Silver guanine spots scattered in the dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter with black median patch between the epigastric furrow and the petiole. Silver guanine spots scattered between the tracheal spiracle and the epigastric furrow. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Legs yellow-brownish. Pleural bars between coxae I–II, II–III and III–IV. Total length 3.60. Cephalothorax 1.55 long, 1.17 wide, 0.95 high. Abdomen 2.17 long, 1.37 wide, 1.22 high. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.70 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.14. ALE 0.10. PME 0.15. PLE 0.12. AME-AME 0.11, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.08, ALE-PLE 0.02. Clypeus height 1.10. Chelicerae brown, with ramified setae in the basal portion of the posterior surface (Figs. 55 H- I). Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 51 A-C, 55G-H). Cheliceral fang outgrowth welldeveloped (Figs. 51 A, 55G). Ret1 on the posterior surface (Fig. 51B, 55H). Leg measurements: I: femur 3.00, patella 0.65, tibia 3.05, metatarsus 2.97, tarsus 1.47, total 11.15; II: 2.72, 0.60, 2.57, 2.50, 1.22, 9.62; III: 1.75, 0.45, 1.42, 1.42, 0.55, 5.60; IV: 2.35, 0.42, 1.92, 1.90, 0.85, 7.45. DTS 0.52. DTE 0.62. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 55B. Spinnerets as in Figures 55C–F. Palp as in Figures 52E–H. Palp tibia longer than wide (Figs. 52 A, E). Conductor lamina in dorsal view with a conspicuous excavation (Figs. 52C, 54G). Embolus widened subapically, with projection beyond embolic opening (Figs. 54B, I–K). Female (MUSM 0504906) (Note: the female is here described for the first time). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 50E–H). Abdomen greyish, dorsally with three longitudinal bands of black patches that forms thin transversal bands in the posterior region. Venter with a black median patch between the gonopore and the petiole. Silver guanine spots arranged in two longitudinal bands between the tracheal spiracle and the epigastric furrow. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Legs yellow-brownish. Pleural bars between coxae I–II, II–III and III– IV. Total length 4.35. Cephalothorax 1.85 long, 1.30 wide, 1.12 high. Abdomen 2.67 long, 1.70 wide, 1.82 high. Sternum 0.80 long, 0.80 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.60. ALE 0.45. PME 0.70. PLE 0.55. AME- AME 0.50, AME-ALE 0.80, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.77, ALE-PLE 0.02. Clypeus height 1.10. Chelicerae brown. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 51D–F). Anterior tooth present (Figs. 51D, F). Ectal apophysis well-developed (Figs. 51D–F). Cheliceral fang outgrowth well-developed (Figs. 51D, F). Ret1 on the posterior surface (Fig. 51E). Leg measurements: I: femur 3.25, patella 0.55, tibia 2.75, metatarsus 3.25, tarsus 1.37, total; II: 3.00, 0.65, 2.90, 2.85, 1.25, 10.65; III: 1.75, 0.37, 1.30, 1.55, 0.67, 5.65; IV: 2.60, 0.50, 2.10, 2.10, 0.85, 8.15. DTS 0.60. DTE 1.20. Tracheal system as in Figures 53J–L. Spinnerets as in Figures 53F–I. Genitalia without spermathecae (Figs. 53B–E). UE distal portion tubiform (Figs. 53B, D). Variation. Male total length 3.6–4.9 (N = 10; average 4.2), cephalothorax length 1.5–2.0 (N = 10; average 1.7), femur I length 2.9–3.7 (N = 10; average 3.1). Female total length 3.7–4.5 (N = 10; average 4.0), cephalothorax length 1.6–1.9 (N = 10; average 1.7), femur I length 2.5–3.3 (N = 10; average 3.0). Distribution. Known from the Amazonian regions of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil (Fig. 132). Additional material examined (N = 126). New records: COLOMBIA: Meta: Carimagua, 4º36´8.1´´N, 71º20´34.1´´W, elev. 173m, 15.iv.2012, D. Martínez leg., 2♀ 1♂ (ICN 7828); Villavicencio, Bosque Bavaria, [4º9´N, 73º38´W], elev. [467m], 14.v.2005, Sistemática Animal leg., 1♀ (ICN 4487). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Cerro de la Neblina, 0º50´S, 66º9´W, elev. 140m, 4–12.ii.1984, D. Davis & T. McCabe leg., 1♀ (USNM). ECUADOR: Napo: Limoncocha, [0º58´S, 77º49´W], elev. [562m], 12.xii.1971, R. Buskirk leg., 3♀ (MCZ 125477). PERU: Cuzco: Convención, Cerro Dorado, Quillabamba [12º50´S, 72º44´W], elev. 1500m, 18.vi.1964, B. Malkin leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Cashiriari, Rio Camisea, 11º52´S, 72º39´W, elev. 690m, xii.1997, S. Córdoba leg., 1♂ (MUSM 0504920); Parque Nacional Manu, Carretera Paucartambo-Pillcopata, quebrada quita calzón, [13º2´S, 71º31´W], elev. 1180m, ix.1991, B. Leon leg., 1♂ (MUSM 0504919). Huánuco: Sta. Teresa. Huallaga, [9º40´S, 75º30´W], elev. 600m, viii.1954, F. Woytkowski leg., 1♀ (CAS 9039649). Loreto: Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada el Baño, [4º54´S, 75º40´W], elev. 100m, 26.viii.1988, D. Silva leg., 1♂ (USNM). Madre de Dios: 15 km E Puerto Maldonado, 12º33´S, 69º3´W, elev. 200m, 17.vii.1989, D. Silva leg., 9♀ 3♂ 2 immature (MUSM 0 5 04926); Boca del rio los Amigos, 12º34´S, 70º6´W, elev. 270m, 6.xii.2005, J. A. Ochoa et al. leg., 2♀ (MUSM 0501093); Zona Reserva Pakitsa, 11º56´S, 71º17´W, elev. 356m, 2–3.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 1♀ (MUSM 0504912); 9.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 1♀ (MUSM 0504915); 13.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MUSM 0504908); 25.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 3♀ (MUSM 0504922); 6.x.1987, J. Coddington & D. Silva leg., 6♀ 7♂ 1 immature (MUSM 0509928); Zona Reserva Pakitsa, quebrada picaflor, 11º56´S, 71º17´W, elev. 356m, 10–11.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 4♀ 2♂ (MUSM 0504914); 8.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 1♀ 3♂ (MUSM 0504923); Zona Reserva Tambopata, [12º13´S, 69º51´W], elev. 290m, 10– 11.v.1991, D. Silva leg., 7♀ 7♂ (MUSM 0504927); Zona Reserva Tambopata, [12º50´S, 69º17´W], elev. 290m, 21.v.1988, D. Silva leg., 2♀ 2♂ (USNM); Zona Reservada de Manu, Puesto de Vigil., Pakitsa, 11º58´S, 71º18´W, elev. [425m], 6.x.1987, 6♀ 5♂ 1 immature (USNM); 1.x.1987, 1♀ 1♂ (USNM); 28.ix.1987, 2♀ (USNM); 1.x.1987, 3♀ 1♂ (USNM); 5.x.1987, 1♀ (USNM), all collected by D. Silva & J. Coddington. Pasco: Huancabamba, quebrada chispa, 10º10´S, 75º15´W, elev. 345m, 4.xi.1986, D. Silva leg., 1 ♂ (MUSM 0504918); Huancabamba, quebrada castillo, 10º10´S, 75º15´W, elev. 345m, 10.ix.1987, D. Silva leg., 1♀ 1♂ (MUSM 0504906); 2♀ 1♂ (USNM); Santa Rosa, río Palcazú, [10º27´S, 75º29´W], elev. 1776m, 24.ix.1991, P. Hocking leg., 1♀ (MUSM 0504902). Puno: Tambopata-Candamo, 13º21´S, 69º33´W, elev. 380m, 27.viii.1992, I. Bohorquez leg., 2♀ 1♂ 2 immature (MUSM 0504916). BRAZIL: Acre: Marechal Thaumaturgo, Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, [8º17´S, 73º19´W], elev. [262m], 14.iii.1997, L. Resende & R. Vieira leg., 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 12612); 25.iii.1997, L. Resende & S. Vieira leg., 1♀ 1♂ (IBSP 12182). Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva do PDBFF, [2º29´S, 60º2´W], elev. [115m], ii–ix.2001, E. M. Venticinque leg., 1♀ (IBSP 55545); Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, [2º59´S, 59º56´W], elev. [90m], vii.1999, A. J. Santos leg., 1♀ 2♂ (IBSP 26965); 10.iv.1992, S. Darwich leg, 1♀ 1♂ (MCTP 2715). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Mutum, [8º33´S, 63º42´W], elev. [83m], 7.vi.2011, M. C. Silveira leg., 2♂ (MZSP 41003). Roraima: Pacaraima, [4º25´S, 61º8´W], elev. [480m], 25.vi—5.vii.1988, J. A. Rafael leg., 1♂ (MCN 19742). Mato Grosso: Vale São Domingos / Pontes e Lacerda, Usina hidrelétrica de Guaporé, [15º15´S, 59º12´W], elev. [262m], x.1999, Equipe Resgate et al. leg., 1♀ (IBSP 41537). São Paulo: Ribeirão Preto, [21º7´S, 47º51´W], elev. [567m], 2003–2005, E. Nascimento et al. leg., 1♂ (IBSP 58162).

Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) new combination (Figs. 31–37, 131) Pachygnatha argyrostilba O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 573, pl. 59, fig. 8 (male lectotype and female paralectotype from Alexandria, Egypt, deposited in Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford, not examined). Dyschiriognatha argyrostilba: Simon, 1893: 324; Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994: 346, fig. 132–147; Saaristo 2003: 22, fig. 19– 20; Saaristo 2010: 233, fig. 36.24–26; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1C, 2B, 4 A, 5B–C, 7B; World Spider Catalog 2015. Pachygnatha (Dyschiriognatha) argyrostilba: Pavesi, 1895: 504. Dyschiriognatha montana Simon, 1897: 868 (male and female syntypes from St. Vincent Islands, Lesser Antilles, deposited in BMNH, examined through photographs of the habitus and male genitalia). New synonymy. Glenognatha mira Bryant, 1945: 405 (female holotype from Miragoane, Haiti, 2.xi.1934, Darlington leg., deposited in MCZ, examined). New synonymy. Dyschiriognatha atlantica Holm, 1969: 63, fig. 1–5 (male holotype from Sandy bay beach, St. Helena island, 11.i.1966, P. Basilewsky, P. Benoit & N. Leleup leg., deposited in MRAC, not examined); Benoit 1977: 160, figs. 69a–e. Synonymized by Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994. Glenognatha maelfaiti Baert, 1987: 141, figs. 1–7 (male holotype from Cerro Maternidad, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, 15.ii–1.iii-1986, deposited in RBINS, not examined, paratypes: 13♀ 2♂ 1 immature from Transect Pto. Ayora-Itabaca, zflank, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, 15.ii–1.iii-1986 Baert, Maelfait et Desender leg., deposited in RBINS 27047, examined; 36♀ 19♂ 5 immature from Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, deposited in RBINS, not examined); Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1N, 3B, 4E, 6C, 8G. New synonymy. Transfer justification. Study of D. argyrostilba specimens collected in Africa and drawings of the type material (see Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994), shows that this species has all the synapomorphies of the genus Glenognatha. Conductor (Figs. 35B–C, 37 A –B), embolus (Figs. 35D, 37 A –B), paracymbium (Figs. 35H, 37B), female genitalia (Figs. 36 A –D, G–J) and tracheal system (Figs. 36E–F, 36K–M) exhibit the typical Glenognatha morphology. Synonymy justification. Examination of the available type material of D. montana, G. mira and G. maelfaiti, shows that these types have the diagnostic characters of G. argyrostilba and these three species should be considered as junior synonyms. Male palps of D. montana and G. maelfaiti have the conductor lamina sinuous in ventral view and the conductor retrolateral apophysis tip sharpened as observed in G. argyrostilba. In addition, the uterus externus of G. mira and G. maelfaiti is wider than long as characteristic for G. argyrostilba. It was not possible to examine the female genitalia of D. montana, nevertheless based on the male palp and the female chelicerae morphology we consider it as a junior synonym of G. argyrostilba. Diagnosis. Males and females of G. argyrostilba resemble those of G. dentata and G. tangi by the presence of pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions on the lateral surface of the carapace (Figs. 31 A, E, 37D–E). Males can be distinguished from the former by the absence of tooth-like projections on the conductor lamina (Fig. 37 A) and from the latter by the shape of the conductor lamina which is sinuous in ventral view (Figs. 35B, 37 A). Females can be distinguished from both species by the UE which is wider than long (Figs. 36 A, G). Description. Male and female described by Bosmans & Bosselaers (1994). Additional data. Male (CAS 9056025). Habitus as in Figures 31 A –D. Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions (Fig. 31 A). Chelicerae with reduced CFO (Fig. 33 A). Prt2 and Prt3 closer to each other than to Prt1 (Figs. 33 A, C). Ret2 and Ret3 closer to each other than to Ret1 (Fig. 33B–C). Palp as in Figures 35E–H. Conductor enclosing the embolus (Figs. 35 A, E). Female (CAS 9056025). Habitus as in Figure 31E–H. Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setaebearing depressions (Fig. 31E). Sternum with setae-bearing depressions (Fig. 37C). Chelicerae as in Figures 33D– F. Tracheal system as in Figures 36E–F. Genitalia as in Figure 36 A –D. Spermathecae well-developed (Fig. 36D). UE entire (Fig. 36 A). Variation. Male total length 1.6–2.2 (N =10; average 2.0), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.2 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.0–1.3 (N = 10; average 1.2). Female total length 2.1–2.6 (N = 10; average 2.4), cephalothorax length 0.9–1.1 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.1–1.4 (N = 10; average 1.2). Habitus and chelicerae of Ecuadorian specimens as in Figures 32 and 34. Distribution. Known from the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions (Fig. 131). Additional material examined (N = 31). ECUADOR: Galápagos: Isabela, [0º55´S, 91º0´W], elev. 2m, 2– 15.iii.1989, Peck & Sinclair leg., 1♂ (AMNH); [0º16´S, 90º41´W], elev. [300m], 10.iv.1982, Y. Lubin leg., 2♀ (MCZ 125476). New records. SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA: CUBA: Pinar del Río: Soroa, [22º46´S, 82º59´W], elev. [82m], 27–29.iv.1983, P.J. Sangler & Iliana Fernandez G. leg., 1♂ (USNM); San Vicente, [20º5´S, 75º46´W], elev. [125m], 7.ii.1981, P. J. Spangler & A. Vega leg., 2♂ 6♀ (USNM). Sancti Spiritus: Gaviña, Sierra Escambray, [21º56´S, 79º26´W], elev. [67m], 13.ii.1981, P.J. Spangler & A. Vega leg., 1♀ (USNM). HAITI: Sud: Lévy (1 Km NE), [18º18´N, 73º 51´W], elev. [185m], 10–11.ix.1981, P. Spangler & R. Faitoute leg., 1♂ (USNM). JAMAICA: Kingston: [18º16´S, 77º6´W], elev. [341m], 26.viii.1934, Darlington leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125504). DOMINICA: [15º26´S, 61º20´W], elev. [310m], 5.x.1964, P. J. S. leg., 1♀ (USNM). ECUADOR: El Oro: Arenillas (18 Km SE), La Cuca. Exp. Sta., [3º33´S, 80º2´W], elev. [77m], 22.v.1979, Jos J. Anderson leg., 1♀ 1♂ (USNM); Guayas: Naranjal (30 Km N), [2º40´S, 79º36´W], elev. [24m], 24.xii.1977, Jos J. Anderson leg., 1♀ 1♂ (USNM); Manabí: Chone, [0º41´S, 80º5´W], elev. [65m], 7.i.1978, P. J. Spangler & J. Anderson leg., 1♂ (USNM). BRAZIL: Ceará: Fortaleza, UFCE, Campus de Itaperi [3º47´S, 38º33´W], elev. [26m], 8.vii.2011, R. Azevedo leg., 1♀ (IBSP 166730); 1♀ (IBSP 166732). Bahia: Mucugê, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Adília Paraguassu, [12º59´S, 41º23´W], elev. [1067m], 3–7.vii.2005, J. P. Souza & Alves leg., 1♀ (IBSP 56557). Paraná: Porto Rico, [22º47´S, 53º16´W], elev. [271m], v.2009, E. R. Cunha leg., 1♂ (MPEG 15435). AFRICA. NIGERIA: Kabba : Kabba,: [7º50´N, 6º4´E], elev. [458m], 19–23.ii.1949, B. Malkin leg., 2♀ 2♂ (CAS 9056025). REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D'IVOIRE: [Vallée du Bandama region]: Bouaké, [7º41´N, 5º1´W], elev. [350m], 7.x.1995, Russel-Smith A. leg., 1♂ (MRAC 227412). CAMEROON: [Southwest Region]: Matute, Tiko, [4º7´N, 9º24´E], elev. [30m], 14.iv.–6.v.1949, B. Malkin 1♂ (CAS 9039595).

Glenognatha mendezi new species (Figs. 45–49, 132) Types. Male holotype from Hacienda San Pedro, Alto Queremal, Dagua, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 3º29´5.42´´N, 76º42´W, elev. 1800m, 21.xi.2009, J. Méndez leg., deposited in ICN 5981; Paratypes: 11♂ 9♀ from the type locality, 21–26.xi.2009, J. Cabra leg., deposited in ICN 5982; 1♀ from Río Dagua, Queremal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, [3º30´N, 76º43´W], elev. [1512m], 19.vi.1970, deposited in MCZ 92671; 1♂ 1♀ from Vereda Chicoral, La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 3º34´N, 76º35.6´W, elev. 1800–2100m, 31.x.2009, J. Méndez leg., deposited in IBSP 163857; 3♂ 1♀ from Bosque Integral Otonga, 4.5 Km from San Francisco de las Pampas, Cotopaxi, Ecuador, 0º25´17.3´´N, 78º58´56.9´´W, elev. 1670m, 8.xii.2009, A. J. Santos leg., deposited in UFMG 8975. Etymology. The species epithet is in honor of Javier Méndez Narváez, collector of the holotype, esteemed colleague and friend. The name is a noun in genitive. Diagnosis. Males of G. mendezi can be distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by having the Ret1 adjacent to the fang articulation (Fig. 46B). Females are diagnosed by having few gland ducts (two to four) in the spermathecae (Figs. 48E–F). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 45 A –D. Carapace yellow-brownish. Sternum dusky brown with darker edges and dusky bands oriented to the median region. Abdomen oval, with irregular pattern of two lateral black bands darker at posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in two longitudinal bands dorsally and in lateral surfaces. Venter without guanine spots. Legs brownish tan. Total length 2.39. Cephalothorax 0.97 long, 0.78 wide, 0.67 high. Abdomen 1.40 long, 0.88 wide, 0.92 high. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.52 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06. ALE 0.05. PME 0.07. PLE 0.04. AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.1, PME-PME 0.09, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.50. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax, divergent, with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 46 A –C). Ret 1 adjacent to the fang articulation (Fig. 46B). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.80, patella 0.35, tibia 1.92, metatarsus 1.72, tarsus 0.90, total 6.70; II: 1.72, 0.35, 1.77, 1.50, 0.80, 6.15; III: 1.15, 0.25, 0.77, 0.85, 0.47, 3.50; IV: 1.47, 0.25, 1.17, 1.07, 0.50, 4.47. DTS 0.18. DTE 0.67. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 49M. Spinnerets as in Figures 49I –L. Palp as in Figures 47E–H. Embolus tip S-shaped (Figs. 47 A, D, 49F), with projection beyond embolic opening (Fig. 49H). Female (paratype ICN 5982). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 45E–H). Sternum dusky brown with darker edges. Venter with a lighter patch between the gonopore and the openings of the book lungs. Total length 2.27. Cephalothorax 0.95 long, 0.78 wide, 0.55 high. Abdomen 1.32 long, 1.15 wide, 1.20 high. Sternum 0.50 long, 0.52 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06. ALE 0.05. PME 0.07. PLE 0.04. AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.1, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.08. Chelicerae with the same coloration of the cephalothorax, with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 46D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.65, patella 0.35, tibia 1.77, metatarsus 1.50, tarsus 0.80, total 6.07; II: 1.50, 0.35, 1.77, 1.50, 0.80, 5.92; III: 1.00, 0.25, 0.77, 0.97, 0.47, 3.47]; IV: 1.45, 0.22, 1.20, 1.02, 0.47, 4.37. DTS 0.16. DTE 0.39. Tracheal system as in Figures 48G–J. Uterus externus with a median projection (Figs. 48 A, C). Variation. Male total length 1.8-2.2 (N = 10; average 2.0), cephalothorax length 0.7-1.0 (N = 10; average 0.9), femur I length 1.3-2.0 (N = 10; average 1.6). Female total length 1.7-2.4 (N = 10; average 2.2), cephalothorax length 0.7-1.0 (N = 10; average 0.9), femur I length 1.2-1.6 (N = 10; average 1.4). Male specimens from Costa Rica and Nariño state in Colombia have short and less divergent chelicerae. Distribution. Known from southwestern Colombia, northwestern Ecuador and Costa Rica (Fig. 132). Additional material examined (N = 81). COSTA RICA: Punta Arenas / Alajuelas: Monte Verde Biological Reserve, [10º18´25.36´´N, 84º48´34.36´´W], elev. [1431m], 2.ii.1979, J. Coddington leg., 5♂ (MCZ 125511); Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, [10º18´N, 84º48´W], elev. 1580m, vii.1978, C. L. Craig & P. Klass leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125510). San José: Rio Hondura, 10º N, 84º´W, elev. 1200m, 30.iii.1991, W. Eberhard leg., 3♂ (MCZ 125522); iii.1986, W. Eberhard leg., 1♀ (MCZ 125475). COLOMBIA: Nariño: Barbacoas, Altaquer, Reserva Ñambi, [1º15´N, 78º7´W], elev. 1450m, 10.iv.2010, E. Flórez y Est. Tax. Animal UN leg., 2♂ 2♀ (ICN 4501); Ricaurte, R. N. La Planada, [1º34´10´´N, 77º31´12´´W], elev. 1850m, 13.i.1992, C. Valderrama leg., 1♂ (ICN 4519); Ricaurte, R. N. La Planada, [1º34´10´´N, 77º31´12´´W], elev. 1850m, 23.i.1992, C. Valderrama leg., Bosque nublado, tela casi horizontal sobre hojas grandes a 130cm del suelo, diámetro tela 7cm, 2♀ (ICN 4495); [Ricaurte], La Planada, 7km S. Chocones, [1º30´7.59´´N, 77º31´27.98´´W], elev. 1800m, vii.1986, W. Eberhard leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125509), 4♂ 4♀ 1 immature (MCZ 125508); 1♀ (MCZ 125507). Valle del Cauca: Cali, Bosque San Antonio, 3º37´N, 76º34´W, elev. 1800–2100m, ix.2009, J. Cabra leg., 1♂ (ICN 5983); La Cumbre, Vereda Chicoral, 3º34´N, 76º35.6´W, elev. 1800–2100m, ix.2009, J. Mendez leg., 4♂ 4♀ 3 immature (ICN 5984); 31.x.2009, J. Mendez leg., 14♂ 22♀ 4 immature (ICN 5985); ca. El Saladito, [3º29´1.29´´N, 76º36´52.32´´W], elev. 1800m, 1♂ (MCZ 125506).

Glenognatha vivianae new species (Figs. 80–84, 135) Types. Male holotype from Barragem do Rio Paraitinga, Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brazil, [23º32´5.42´´S, 45º46´56.62´´W], elev. [870m], 11–18.vi.2002, Eq. IBSP leg., deposited in IBSP 163681; Paratypes: 13♂ 10♀ from the type locality, 11–18.vi.2002, Eq. IBSP leg., deposited in IBSP 147861; 1♂ from Reserva Natural da Cachoeira, Antonina, Paraná, Brazil, [25º24´2,4´´S, 48º41´18.75´´W], elev. [100m], 28.vi–2.vii.2003, H. Hofer et al. leg., deposited in IBSP 131182; 1♂ 2♀ from Estaçao Braskem de Proteçao Ambiental, Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, [29º56´28,27´´S, 51º41´24.41´´W], elev. [6m], 19.xi.2002, R. Ott leg., deposited in MCN 34952; 1♂ 1♀ from Parque do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, [23º39´11,45´´S, 46º37´47.15´´W], elev. [811m], 13–20.v.2002, J. Valvassori leg., deposited in IBSP 59239. Etymology. The species epithet is in honor of the first author’s wife, Viviana Motato-Vásquez, in acknowledgment of her constant support and encouragement. The name is a noun in genitive. Diagnosis. Males of G. vivianae can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species by the bifurcated embolus tip (Figs. 82D, 84C). Females resemble those of G. australis by the bean-shaped spermathecae (Figs. 83 A –D); distinguished from the latter species by having the Prt1 and Prt 2 subequal in size (Fig. 81D). Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figures 80 A –D. Carapace brown, darker along furrows. Sternum brown with darker edges. Abdomen oval, with two irregular dusky bands that join medially in the posterior region. Silver guanine spots scattered in two longitudinal bands dorsally and in lateral surfaces. Venter with a median dusky band that ramifies laterally from posterior tracheal spiracle, guanine silver spots absent. Legs pale yellow-brownish. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Total length 2.20. Cephalothorax 1.00 long, 0.81 wide, 0.72 high. Abdomen 1.25 long, 1.00 wide, 1.00 high. Sternum 0.52 long, 0.55 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.08. PME 0.10. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.11. Chelicerae brownish. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 81 A-C). Ret 1 on the posterior surface (Fig. 81B). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.50, patella 0.37, tibia 1.55, metatarsus 1.25, tarsus 0.72, total 5.40; II: 1.30, 0.37, 1.28, 1.00, 0.65, 4.61; III: 0.97, 0.25, 0.72, 0.65, 0.30, 2.90; IV: 1.25, 0.25, 1.05, 0.90, 0.47, 3.92. DTS 0.16. DTE 0.52. Palp as in Figures 82E–H. Conductor lamina apically rounded (Figs. 82 A – C, 84 A –B). Embolus tip bifurcated (Figs. 82D, 84C). Female (IBSP 147809). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 80E–H). Tracheal spiracle wellsclerotized. Total length 2.55. Cephalothorax 1.08 long, 0.93 wide, 0.8 high. Abdomen 1.45 long, 1.30 wide, 1.32 high. Sternum 0.6 long, 0.65 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.08. PME 0.09. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.10. Chelicerae brownish, with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 81D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.52, patella 0.37, tibia 1.45, metatarsus 1.30, tarsus 0.75, total 5.40; II: 1.30, 0.37, 1.25, 1.17, 0.62, 4.72; III: 1.07, 0.27, 0.62, 0.68, 0.38, 3.05; IV: 1.25, 0.27, 1.05, 0.92, 0.50, 4.00. DTS 0.18. DTE 0.60. Tracheal system as in Figures 83E–G. Genitalia with bean-shaped spermathecae (Fig. 83 A –D). Uterus externus divided into two distinct portions (Fig. 83 A –C). Variation. Male total length 1.7–2.5 (N = 10; average 2.1), cephalothorax length 0.9–1.2 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.2–1.5 (N = 10; average 1.4). Female total length 2.1–3.2 (N = 10; average 2.5), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.3 (N = 10; average 1.1), femur I length 1.1–1.5 (N = 10; average 1.3). Distribution. Known from the states of São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil (Fig. 135). Additional material examined (N =1096). BRAZIL: São Paulo: São Paulo, Parque do Estado, [23º39´S, 46º37´W], elev. [811m], pitfall, 1–7.xi.2001, J. Valvassori, leg., 1♀ (IBSP 59154); 1♂ (IBSP 59155); 1♀ (IBSP 59233); 1♂ (IBSP 59234); 2♂ (IBSP 59235); 1♂ (IBSP 59236); 2 ♀ (IBSP 59237); 1♂ (IBSP 59238); 6♂ (IBSP 59240); 2♀ (IBSP 59242); 1♂ (IBSP 59243); 13–20.v.2002, 1 ♀ (IBSP 59244); 2♂ 2 ♀ (IBSP 59245); 1♀ (IBSP 59246); 1♂ (IBSP 59247); 1♀ (IBSP 59248); 1♀ (IBSP 59250); Biritiba Mirim, Barragem do rio Biritiba-Mirim, [23º33´S, 46º2´W], elev. [751m], 10–15.v.2003, Equipe Biota leg., 1♀ (IBSP 117427); 1♀ (IBSP 117428); 1 immature (IBSP 11 7429); 1♂ (IBSP 117430); 1♂ (IBSP 117431); 1♂ (IBSP 117432); 1♂ (IBSP 117433); 1♂ (IBSP 117434); 1 immature (IBSP 117435); 1 immature (IBSP 117436); 1♂ (IBSP 117437); 1♂ (IBSP 117438); 1♀ (IBSP 117439); 1 immature (IBSP 117440); 1♀ (IBSP 117441); 1 immature (IBSP 147790); 10–15.v.2003, 3♀ (IBSP 147791); 10–15.v.2003, 2♂ (IBSP 147792); 10–15.v.2003, 1♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147793); Salesópolis, Barragem do Rio Paraitinga, [23º32´S, 45º46´W], elev. [870m], 18–25.vi.2002, Eq. IBSP leg., 1♀ (IBSP 146596); 1♂ (IBSP 147309); 1♀ (IBSP 147311); 11–18.vi.2002, 11♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147642); 17♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147643); 3♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147644); 4♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147645); 2♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147646); 10♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147647); 5♂ 7♀ (IBSP 147648); 4♂ 13♀ (IBSP 147649); 9♂ 6♀ (IBSP 147650); 13♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147651); 7♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147652); 2♂ (IBSP 147653); 6♂ 6♀ (IBSP 147654); 11♂ 6♀ (IBSP 147655); 3♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147656); 4♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147657); 13♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147658); 11–18.vi.2002, 7♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147797); 9♂ 6♀ (IBSP 147798); 2♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147799); 12♂ 8♀ (IBSP 147800); 7♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147801); 1♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147802); 3♂ (IBSP 147803); 4♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147804); 5♂ 6♀ (IBSP 147805); 3♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147806); 2♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147807); ♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147808); 3♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147809); 11♂ 7♀ (IBSP 147810); 4♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147811); 11♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147812); 3♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147813); 7♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147814); 6♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147815); 6♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147816); 9♂ 10♀ (IBSP 147817); 2♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147818); 8♂ 4♀ 1 immature (IBSP 147819); 9♂ 7♀ 1 immature (IBSP 147820); 7♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147821); 2♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147822); 5♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147823); 1♀ (IBSP 147824); 3♂ 3♀ 2 immature (IBSP 147825); 9♂ 6♀ 1 immature (IBSP 147 826); 12♂ 17♀ (IBSP 147827); 6♂ 2♀ 1 immature (IBSP 1 47828); 8♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147829); 10♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147830); 28♂ 29♀ 1 immature (IBSP 147 831); 6♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147832); 6♂ 8♀ (IBSP 147833); 9♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147834); 2♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147835); 3♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147836); 3♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147837); 4♂ 6♀ (IBSP 147838); 10♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147839); 4♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147840); 4♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147841); 3♂ (IBSP 147842); 5♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147843); 7♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147844); 5♂ 8♀ (IBSP 147845); 2♂ (IBSP 147846); 9♂ 1♀ (IBSP 147847); 9♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147848); 3♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147849); 5♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147850); 3♂ 3♀ (IBSP 147851); 5♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147852); 2♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147853); 11♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147854); 1♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147855); 8♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147856); 9♂ 5♀ (IBSP 147857); 6♂ 15♀ (IBSP 147858); 6♂ 2♀ (IBSP 147859); 13♂ 8♀ (IBSP 147860); 12♂ 4♀ (IBSP 147862); 12♂ 4♀ (IBSP 149115); 4♂ 10♀ (IBSP 149202); 9♂ 6♀ (IBSP 149203); 2♂ (IBSP 149204); 3♂ (IBSP 149205); 4♂ 2♀ (IBSP 149206); 1♂ 1♀ (IBSP 149207); 4♂ 1♀ (IBSP 149208); 4♂ 4♀ (IBSP 149209); 3♂ 4♀ (IBSP 149210); 7♂ 6♀ (IBSP 149211); 3♂ 3♀ (IBSP 149212); 7♂ 13♀ (IBSP 149213); 13♂ 3♀ (IBSP 149214); 7♂ 3♀ (IBSP 149215); 16♂ 4♀ (IBSP 149216); 3♂ 2♀ (IBSP 149217); 2♂ 2♀ (IBSP 149218).

Glenognatha heleios Hormiga, 1990 (Figs. 93–97, 134) Glenognatha heleios Hormiga, in Hormiga & Döbel, 1990: 197, figs. 1–14 (male holotype from Tuckerton, Ocean Co., New Jersey, United States of America, 1.xi.1984, H. Döbel leg., deposited in USNM, examined; Paratypes from the same locality, 6♀ 6♂, 9.x.1984, 3♀ 4♂, 7.xi.1984, H. Döbel leg., deposited in USNM; 1♀ 1♂, 9.x.1984, H. Döbel leg., deposited in AMNH; 1♀ 1♂, 9.x.1984 H. Döbel leg., deposited in MCZ, all examined); Hormiga et al. 1995: 326, figs. 7H–I; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1K, 4D, 6 A, 8B; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. heleios can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species (except G. iviei) by the presence of a small pointed basal apophysis on the paracymbium (Figs. 95F, 97H); distinguished from G. iviei by the slightly curved Prt 1 (Fig. 94 A) and by the uncoiled embolus distal portion (Figs. 95D, 97E–G). Females resemble those of G. foxi and G. hirsutissima by having a basal constriction on the spermathecae (Figs. 96D–E); distinguished from the former by the absence of CFO (Figs. 94D–F) and from the latter by the absence of macrosetae on the ventral surface of femur III. Description. Male and female described by Hormiga & Döbel (1990). Additional data. Habitus as in Figure 93. Femur III and IV without trichobothria. Male and female with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Fig. 94). Male chelicerae with anterior tooth and CFO (Fig. 94 A –C). Palp as in Figures 95E–H. Conductor retrolateral apophysis rounded (Figs. 95B–C). Embolus curved prolaterally (Figs. 97 A, E). Female tracheal system as in Figures 96F–H. Spermathecae with a basal constriction (Figs. 96D–E). UE entire (Fig. 96 A –C). Variation. See Hormiga & Döbel (1990). Distribution. Known in New Jersey state in United States of America (Fig. 134). Additional material examined (N = 18). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: New Jersey: Ocean Co., Tuckerton, [39º36´N, 74º20´W], elev. [1m], 7.xi.1984, H. Döbel leg., 4♂ 7♀ (USNM) ; 28.vii.1984, H. Döbel leg., 3♂ (USNM); 25.ix.1984, H. Döbel leg., 2♂ (USNM). New records. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: New Jersey : Oceanville, [39º28´N, 74º27´W], elev. [12m], 26.ix.1949, P. F. Springer leg., 1♀ 1♂ (AMNH).

Glenognatha spherella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Figs. 105–109, 138) Glenognatha spherella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936: 66, pl. 17, fig. 154–156. (male holotype and female paratype from Chilapa, Guerrero, Mexico, x.1929, deposited in ZMB 26040, examined); Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1P, 3E, 4G, 6E, 8F; World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. spherella resemble those of G. gloriae and G. australis by the prominent Ret2 (Figs. 106B– C) and the absence of anterior tooth (Fig. 106 A). It can be distinguished from the former by the shape of the clypeus in lateral view, which is not projected (Fig. 105B) and from the latter by the smaller size and the coiled embolus tip (Figs. 109 A –D). Females can be easily distinguished from all other Glenognatha species (except G. boraceia, G. lacteovittata and G. florezi) by the presence of a postero-lateral cheliceral bulge (Fig. 106E); distinguished from these species by the presence of spermathecae (Figs. 108 A –E). Description. Male and female described by Chamberlin & Ivie (1936). Additional data. Male (CAS 9046859). Habitus as in Figures 105 A –D. Carapace yellow-brownish, darker along furrows, with a clear median square. Sternum with darker edges. Abdomen oval, dorsally with two irregular black bands that join medially, forming transverse thin bands. Silver guanine spots scattered in lateral surfaces. Venter with a median black band that ramifies laterally before the posterior tracheal spiracle, two guanine silver spots anterior to the spinnerets. Legs pale yellow-brownish. Total length 1.45. Cephalothorax 0.67 long, 0.57 wide, 0.50 high. Abdomen 0.80 long, 0.62 wide, 0.57 high. Sternum 0.35 long, 0.40 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.07, PME 0.08, PLE 0.05. AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.08, PME-PLE 0.07, ALE- PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 2.00. Chelicerae yellow-brownish, with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 106 A –C). Ret2 enlarged (Figs. 106B–C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.00, patella 0.25, tibia 1.05, metatarsus 0.80, tarsus 0.45, total 3.91; II: 0.90, 0.22, 0.87, 0.67, 0.40, 3.07; III: 0.52, 0.20, 0.40, 0.45, 0.25, 1.82; IV: 0.85, 0.15, 0.71, 0.50, 0.28, 2.50. Femur III and IV without trichobothria. DTS 0.08. DTE 0.35. Palp as in Figures 107E–H. Embolus distal portion coiled and pointed (Figs. 109 A –D). Female (CAS 9046857). Coloration and general habitus as in male (Figs. 105E–H). Cephalothorax, abdomen and legs darker than the male. Thin transverse bands formed in the posterior region of the abdomen. Total length 1.50. Cephalothorax 0.67 long, 0.62 wide, 0.65 high. Abdomen 0.87 long, 0.77 wide, 0.80 high. Sternum 0.35 long, 0.41 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.06, PME 0.08, PLE 0.06. AME-AME 0.06, AME- ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.09, PME-PLE 0.06, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.7. Chelicerae brownish, with three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (Figs. 106D–F). Leg measurements I: femur 0.82, patella 0.23, tibia 0.75, metatarsus 0.67, tarsus 0.42, total 2.91; II: 0.72, 0.18, 0.60, 0.60, 0.37, 2.48; III: 0.6, 0.15, 0.42, 0.33, 0.25, 1.76; IV: 0.77, 0.16, 0.57, 0.51, 0.31, 2.33. Femur III and IV without trichobothria. DTS 0.07. DTE 0.36. Tracheal system as in Figures 108F–H. Genitalia as in Figures 108 A –E. Spermathecae well-developed (Figs. 108 A –E). UE with a median projection (Fig. 108C). Variation. Male total length 1.3–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.4), cephalothorax length 0.5–0.8 (N = 10; average 0.7), femur I length 0.9–1.1 (N = 10; average 1.0). Female total length 1.5–2.0 (N = 10; average 1.6), cephalothorax length 0.6–0.8 (N = 10; average 0.7), femur I length 0.7–0.9 (N = 10; average 0.8). Distribution. Known from Mexico to Peru (Fig. 138). Additional material examined (N = 1252). MEXICO: Guerrero: Chilapa, [17º35´N, 99º10´W], elev. [1400m], 29.x.1934, L. Schultze leg., 1♂ (AMNH) . New records. MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocosingo, [16º54´N, 92º6´W], elev. [958m], 25.vi.1950, C. & M. Goodnight, L. Stannard leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Lagos de Montebello, Laguna Pojoj, [16º4´N, 91º41´W], elev. 1500m, 2.vi.1990, H. & A. Howden & B. Gill leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Hillside 5 miles N.E. Chiapa, 16º45´N, 92º53´W, elev. [1444m], 22.viii.1966, J.& W. Ivie leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Sumidero, Barranca, NE Tuxtla Gutierrez, [16º46´N, 93º5´W], elev. [648m], 19.viii.1966, J. & W. Ivie leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Hillside 5 miles N.E. Chiapa, 16º45´N, 92º53´W, elev. [1444m], 26.viii.1966, J. & W. Ivie leg., 1♀ (AMNH); 5800' Finca Cuauhtemoc nr. Cacahoatan, [15º0´N, 92º10´W], elev. 526m, 6.viii.1950, C. Goodnight leg., 1♂ 1 immature (AMNH). Hidalgo: 3mi. N. Chapulhuacan,, 21º11´N, 98º54´W, elev. [814m], 20.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 1♀ (AMNH). Michoacán: Tepetates, 19º39´N, 100º45´W, elev. [2428]m, 8.v.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Zitacuaro, [19º25´N, 100º20´W], elev. [2011m], 27.vi.1936, Davis leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Basencheve National Park, 19º25´N, 100º10´W, elev. [2757m], 7.v.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 1♀ 2♂ 2 immature (AMNH); Garnica Pass (summit, 9300ft), 19º40´N, 100º55´W], elev. [2332m], 8.v.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 12♀ 23♂ 9 immature (AMNH). San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, [21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [135m], 6.vii.1941, L. I. Davies leg., 1♀ (AMNH); 26.vi.1947, B. Malkin leg., 1♀ (AMNH); 19.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 3♂ 1 immature (AMNH); 20.v.1944, F. Bonet leg., 1♂ (AMNH) 26.vi.1947, B. Malkin leg., 1♂ (AMNH); 8 mi. NNW. Tamazunchale, 21º20´N, 98º50´W, elev. [257m], 19.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. ivie leg., 2♀ 2♂ 2 immature (AMNH); 5 mi. N Tamazunchale, [21º18´N, 98º47´W], elev. [282m], 2.vii.1936, A. M. & L. I. Davis leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Huichihuayan, 21º19´N, 98º50´W, elev. [423m], 24.vii.1966, J. & W. Ivie leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Xilitla, 21º23´50´´N, 98º59´38´´W, elev. 689m, 27–31.viii.2011, FAPLAB leg., 1♀ 3♂ (CAS 9046859); 14–18.xi.2011, FAPLAB leg., 1♂ (CAS 9046858); 3♀ (CAS 9046857). Tabasco: Pejelagarto, 18º3´N, 93º10´W, elev. [16m], 14.viii.1966, J. & W. Ivie leg., 2♂ (AMNH). Tamaulipas: Miramar Beach, near Tampico, [22º17´N, 97º48´W], elev. [3m], 29.xi.1941, L. I. Davies leg., 1♂ (AMNH). Vera Cruz: 5 miles N.E. Orizaba, 18º53´N, 97º2´W, elev. [1280m], 25.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie leg., 1♂ (AMNH); Istmo de Tehantepec, [17º31´N, 94º32´W], elev. [31m], 15.viii.1966, J. & W. Ivie leg., 1♂ (AMNH). Yucatán: Dry Cenote Chichen Itza, [20º40´N, 88º34´W], elev. [35m], 10.vii.1948, C. & M. Goodnight leg., 1♀ (AMNH); Chichen-Itza, [20º40´N, 88º34´W], elev. [35m], vi.1948, C. & M. Goodnight leg., 1♀ (AMNH). BELIZE: [Cayo]: Near Belmopan, hummingbird hwy., [17º13´N, 84º46´W], elev. [74m], 30.vii.1972, Goodnight leg., 1♂ (AMNH). GUATEMALA: [Izabal] : Los Amates, [15º15´N, 89º5´W], elev. [89m], 1908, Kellerman leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125479). COSTA RICA: [Cartago]: Turrialba, 9º54´N, 83º41´W, elev. [691m], 25.vii–13.viii.1965, A. M. Chickering leg., 2♀ 1♂ (MCZ 125512); 23.vii– 13.viii.1965, Chickering leg., 9♀ 7♂ 2 immature (MCZ 125503). Puntarenas: 10 km N of Malpais, [9º37´N, 85º8´W], elev. 0–20m, xii.1987, W. Eberhard leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125519). [ San José] : San José, [9º56´N, 84º4´W], elev. [1152m], E. Schmidt leg., 7♀ 3♂ (AMNH); San José, 9º59´N, 84º4´W, elev. [1198m], J. Zetek leg., 1♂ (AMNH); San José, San Antonio de Escazu, [9º53´N, 84º8´W], elev. 1300m, viii.1983, W. Eberhard leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125513); xii.1981, 1 ♂ (MCZ 125514); vi.1983, 1 ♀ (MCZ 125474). PANAMA: 9–14.viii.1950, Chickering leg., 2♀ 2♂ (MCZ 125538). [Chiriquí]: Chiri. 2 Km E Cerro Punta, [8º51´N, 82º34´W], elev. 2200m, 8.vi.1977, S. Peck leg., 2♂ (AMNH); El Volcán, [8º46´N, 82º37´W], elev. [1433m], A. M. Chickering leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125527); Boquete, [8º46´N, 82º25´W], elev. [1094m], 4–11.viii.1954, Chickering leg., 1♂ (MCZ 125537); 4–11.viii.1954, A. M. Chickering leg., 1♀ (MCZ 125494). [Panamá]: Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, [9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [150m], 21.vii.1938, 1♀ (AMNH); 3–20.iv.1953, A. M. Nadler leg., 1♀ 1♂ (AMNH); 20.ii.1958, 1♀ 2♂ 2 immature (MCZ 84 025); viii.1950, 21 ♀ 18♂ (MCZ 64707); vii.1950, 1 ♀ (MCZ 125515); viii.1954, 2 ♀ (MCZ 129044); i.1958, 43♀ 37♂ 4 immature (MCZ 125529); 20.ii.1958, 58♀ 89♂ 13 immature (MCZ 84 026); 14.i.1958, 1♂ (MCZ 125536); 19–22. ii.1958, 1♀ 1♂ (MCZ 84028); 4–10.ii.1958, 49♀ 50♂ 2 immature (MCZ 84024); ii.1958, 2♀ 1♂ (MCZ 125552); viii.1954, 9♀ 10♂ 4 immature (MCZ 129 045); 14.ii.1958, 2♀ (MCZ 125516); 21.xii.1957, 9♀ 2♂ (MCZ 125558); 21.vii.1954, 1♂ (MCZ 125541); 6.ii.1958, 6♀ 8♂ (MCZ 125551); ii.1958, 1 ♂ (MCZ 125518); same data, 2♀ 2♂ (MCZ 125548); 21.xii.1957, 13♀ 8♂ (MCZ 129046); 19– 22.ii.1958, 138♀ 106♂ 5 immature (MCZ 125554); 2.i.1958, 1♀ (MCZ 125533); 8.ii.1958, 15♀ 10♂ 1 immature (MCZ 125553); 21.xii.1957, 1♂ (MCZ 125555); 5.iii.1957, 20♀ 17♂ 7 immature (MCZ 125557); 18.ii.1958, 26♀ 22♂ 4 immature (MCZ 125556); ix.1975, 1♂ (MCZ 125517); 30.vii.1954, 2♀ (MCZ 125535); ii.1958, 8♀ 6♂ 1 immature (MCZ 125 530); 28.ii.1958, 1♂ (MCZ 92670); iii.1958, 83♀ 66♂ 20 immature (MCZ 125520); 19– 22. ii.1958, 1♂ (MCZ 92669); 18.ii.1958, 18♀ 19♂ (MCZ 125549); 4.ii.1958, 7♀ 11♂ 2 immature (MCZ 125559); 14.i–3. iii.1958, 3♀ 3♂ (MCZ 125550), all collected by A. M. Chickering; Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, Forest Reserve, [9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [150m], 28.vii.1954, A. M. Chickering leg. 1♂ (MCZ 84027); 28.ii.1958, 2♀ (MCZ 125545); 29.i.1958, 1♂ (MCZ 129049), all collected by A. M. Chickering; Gatun, Canal Zone, [9º17´N, 79º46´W], elev. [36m], 30.i.1958, A. M. Chickering leg., 2♀ (MCZ 129048); Panama city, [8º59´N, 79º31´W], elev. [19m], 15–30.vii.1979, E. Broadhead et al. leg., 1♂ (USNM). COLOMBIA: Vaupés: Taraira, Lago Taraira, Estación Biológica Caparu, 1º4´S, 69º29´W, elev. [128m], 11.iv.2004, J. Pinzón leg., 1♀ 2♂ (ICN 5978). ECUADOR: Napo: Lago Agrío (2 Km N), [0º5´N, 76º52´W], elev. [298m], 26.ix.1975, Andrea Langley leg., 1♀ (USNM). PERU: Loreto: 25 Km SW Iquitos, Callicebus Res. Station. Mishana. Rio Nanay, [3º51´N, 73º23´W], elev. 120m, 10–17.i.1980, J. B. Heppener leg., 1♂ (USNM).

Glenognatha iviei Levi, 1980 (Figs. 98–99, 134) Glenognatha iviei Levi, 1980: 69, figs. 285–289 (male holotype from Gulfport, Mississippi, United States of America, 18.viii.1922, W. Ivie leg., deposited in AMNH, examined); World Spider Catalog 2015. Diagnosis. Males of G. iviei can be differentiated from all other Glenognatha species (except G. heleios) by the presence of a small pointed basal apophysis on the paracymbium (Fig. 99H); distinguished from G. heleios by the strongly curved Prt1 (Fig. 98D) and by the coiled embolus (Fig. 99D). Description. male described by Levi (1980). Additional data. Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figure 98. Cephalothorax 0.42 high. Abdomen 0.78 long, 0.48 wide, 0.58 high. Sternum 0.38 long, 0.32 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.04, PME 0.08, PLE 0.04. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.05, PME-PLE 0.06, ALE-PLE 0.005. Clypeus height 1.80. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Anterior tooth present (Fig. 98D). Leg measurements: I: femur 0.75, patella 0.25, tibia 0.77, metatarsus 0.62, tarsus 0.37, total 2.77; II: 0.67, 0.22, 0.65, 0.52, 0.32, 2.40; III: 0.42, 0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.22, 1.50; IV: 0.58, 0.17, 0.47, 0.45, 0.25, 1.93. Femur III and IV without trichobothria. DTS 0.03. DTE 0.22. Palp as in Figures 99E–H. Conductor retrolateral apophysis rounded. Embolus coiled (Fig. 99D). Female. Unknown Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 134).

In this study α and β diversity patterns of five leaf litter arthropod groups (ants, predatory ants, oribatid mites, spiders and other arachnids) were described and compared in 39 sampling patches of a transformed landscape in southwestern Colombia, that represented five vegetation types: secondary forest, riparian forest, giant bamboo forest, pasture and sugarcane crop. It was also assessed whether some taxa could be used as diversity surrogates. A total of 6,765 individuals grouped in 290 morphospecies were collected. Species richness in all groups was lower in highly transformed vegetation types (pasture, sugarcane crop) than in native ones (forests). In contrast, there were no clear tendencies of β diversity among vegetation types. Considering sampling patches, 0.1–42% of the variation in α diversity of one taxonomic group could be explained from the α diversity of another, and 0.2–33% of the variation of β diversity of a given taxon was explained by that in other groups. Contrary to recent findings, we concluded that patterns of α diversity are more congruent than patterns of β diversity. This fact could be attributed to a sampling effect that promotes congruence in α diversity and to a lack of a clear regional ecological gradient that could promote congruent patterns of β diversity. We did not find evidence for an ideal diversity surrogate although diversity patterns of predatory ants had the greatest congruencies. These results support earlier multi-taxon evaluations in that conservation planning should not be based on only one leaf litter arthropod group.

Female genital morphology of secondarily haplogyne spiders has been poorly studied, hampering the analysis of its possible phylogenetic significance. We conduct a comparative morphological study of 12 species of the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 using scanning electron microscopy. Representatives of the closely related genera Pachygnatha Sundevall, 1823 and Dyschiriognatha Simon, 1893 were also examined. The female genitalia of Glenognatha, Dyschiriognatha, and Pachygnatha species examined are composed of a spiracle-shape gonopore, a membranous chamber, a pair of copulatory ducts (CD) leading to spermathecae and a large uterus externus (UE). The most significant variation among Glenognatha species, previously unregistered within Araneoidea, is related with the absence or presence of CD and spermathecae. In addition, several characters as the form and distribution of long stem gland ductules and compartmentalization of the UE may be important for phylogenetic inference at species and generic level. Our results corroborate the close relationship between Dyshiriognatha and Glenognatha. A table with potentially informative female genitalic characters for phylogenetic inference within Glenognatha is provided. Understanding the general structure of the female genitalia in secondarily haplogyne taxa is a crucial step in order to propose characters for phylogenetic inference and to understand its possible functional significance.

Understanding the variation of diversity patterns requires analysis at multiple spatial scales. In this study we estimated the diversity components (alpha, beta and gamma) of the spider community at El Vo´nculo Natural Regional Park, using the additive partitioning of diversity (species richness, Shannon's diversity index and Simpson's index) for the first time on this taxon in Colombia. We collected the specimens following a nested sampling design that consisted of two spatial scales. At the local scale, we quantified additive diversity components in 238 sampling units, and at the regional scale in five vegetation types. Total observed regional diversity (c) was partitioned into its additive components: within sampling units (a1), among sampling units (bl) and among vegetation types (b2). We used the same approach to compare common and infrequent spider species and to compare sampling methods. A total of 1565 adult spiders and 72 identifiable juveniles, including 193 morphospecies from 36 families, was sampled during the study. In all cases (entire community, infrequent species, common species and four different sampling methods) we found that a significant percentage, relative to that of randomization tests, of the diversity measurements used was attributed to beta diversity among vegetation types. The relative contributions of alpha and beta diversity to total observed regional diversity depended on the diversity measurement used. The contribution of beta diversity with respect to alpha diversity was low using Simpson's index (less than 20%), whereas with species richness and Shannon's index the contribution was high (up to 90% and up to 66%, respectively). Our results suggest that beta diversity is the main component of diversity in the natural park. We concluded that the maintenance of a large variety of vegetation types can be an important tool for the conservation of spider richness at the natural park.