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Recent anthropic activity related to the construction of the Bosquesur Green Park in a large urban setting in Madrid (Spain) has resulted in the largest reported community outbreak of human leishmaniosis in Europe. Previous phylogenetic and molecular-typing studies of parasite isolates have implicated the Leishmania infantum ITS-Lombardi genotype in this outbreak. In an unusual scenario, visceral leishmaniosis (VL) is affecting a significant number of individuals, suggesting that an increase in parasite virulence has occurred. In this work, using an in vivo BALB/c model of VL, we aimed to investigate the properties of emergent virulence of the L. infantum POL2FL7 and BOS1FL1 isolates obtained from Phlebotomus perniciosus collected in the outbreak area and compare them with those of the well-characterized strain BCN150 MON-1 isolated from a dog. The P. perniciosus specimens were collected during an entomological survey conducted in the transmission season of 2012. We observed a range of virulence phenotypes from moderately to highly aggressive after 5 weeks of infection. IV challenge of mice with outbreak isolates from sand flies induced higher splenic and liver parasite burdens, higher serological titres of specific anti-Leishmania antibodies and impaired capacities to control infection, as revealed by the arginine metabolism and low ratios of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles analysed, compared with the corresponding measures evaluated in mice infected with the BCN150 strain. The BOS1FL1 isolate showed the highest degree of virulence among the isolates, superior to that of POL2FL7, as evidenced by the analysed biomarkers and the histopathological severity of liver lesions. These results provide insight into how L. infantum isolates from sand flies collected in the outbreak area have been able to affect not only immunosuppressed patients but also middle-aged people with normal immunocompetence in the largest human VL outbreak in Europe., Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Santander, Grant PR75/18-21558, Comunidad de Madrid, PLATESA2-CM (S2018/BAA-4370), Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Regardless the moral clasification of the activity, the prostitution has generated and still generates big economical income in the coffers of some social sectors. The organised functioning of its business and labour, generally speaking, has been associated to urban areas and man’s control. This vision is increased from this point with the direct participation of the femenine management and resources, as well as the scope of the monopoly of the houses of ill repute in small villages and places far from the large cities, and in a defined period of time at the beginning of the Modern times. Catalina de Miranda’s case can be considered as an amplifier of a phenomenon that although it should not be considered as a model to follow from the feminist position, we must reinstate and analyse from a historical and sociological perspective., Independientemente de la clasificación moral de la actividad, la prostitución ha generado y lo sigue haciendo, grandes ingresos económicos en las arcas de ciertos sectores sociales. El funcionamiento organizado de este negocio y trabajo, en términos generales, se ha vinculado a espacios urbanos y de control masculino. Desde aquí se amplía dicha perspectiva con la participación directa de la gestión y el capital femenino, así como el radio de acción del monopolio de las mancebías en pequeñas villas y lugares alejados de las grandes ciudades, y en un período diferenciado a inicios de la Modernidad. El caso de Catalina de Miranda actúa de amplificador ante un fenómeno, que, si bien desde el feminismo no se considera modélico, desde el histórico y sociológico debemos resituar y analizar.

Raúl Ruiz Álvarez y Elisa Moral Montero (eds.), Editorial Universidad de Granada, Granada, 2020, 337 págs.

Human cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) were first detected in Spain in 2016. National human and animal health authorities organized a large, multidisciplinary study focusing on ticks as sentinels to determine the nationwide distribution of ticks with CCHF virus. Ticks were collected from animals and vegetation, samples pooled (12,584 ticks; 4,556 pools), and molecular methods used to look for the virus. We detected the virus in 135 pools from most of the regions studied, indicating that it is widespread in Spain. We found sequences of CCHF virus genotypes I, III, and IV in the tick species collected, most commonly in Hyalomma lusitanicum, suggesting this tick has a prominent role in the virus's natural cycle. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) was the host that most frequently yielded positive ticks. Our study highlights the need for larger studies in Spain to ascertain the complete risk to public health.

BACKGROUND:Leishmania development in the sand fly gut leads to highly infective forms called metacyclic promastigotes. This process can be routinely mimicked in culture. Gene expression-profiling studies by transcriptome analysis have been performed with the aim of studying promastigote forms in the sand fly gut, as well as differences between sand fly-and culture-derived promastigotes., FINDINGS:Transcriptome analysis has revealed the crucial role of the microenvironment in parasite development within the sand fly gut because substantial differences and moderate correlation between the transcriptomes of cultured and sand fly-derived promastigotes have been found. Sand fly-derived metacyclics are more infective than metacyclics in culture. Therefore, some caution should be exercised when using cultured promastigotes, depending on the experimental design. The most remarkable examples are the hydrophilic acidic surface protein/small endoplasmic reticulum protein (HASP/SHERP) cluster, the glycoprotein 63 (gp63), and autophagy genes, which are up-regulated in sand fly-derived promastigotes compared with cultured promastigotes. Because HASP/SHERP genes are up-regulated in nectomonad and metacyclic promastigotes in the sand fly, the encoded proteins are not metacyclic specific. Metacyclic promastigotes are distinguished by morphology and high infectivity. Isolating them from the sand fly gut is not exempt from technical difficulty, because other promastigote forms remain in the gut even 15 days after infection. Leishmania major procyclic promastigotes within the sand fly gut up-regulate genes involved in cell cycle regulation and glucose catabolism, whereas metacyclics increase transcript levels of fatty acid biosynthesis and ATP-coupled proton transport genes. Most parasite's signal transduction pathways remain uncharacterized. Future elucidation may improve understanding of parasite development, particularly signaling molecule-encoding genes in sand fly versus culture and between promastigote forms in the sand fly gut., CONCLUSIONS:Transcriptome analysis has been demonstrated to be technically efficacious to study differential gene expression in sand fly gut promastigote forms. Transcript and protein levels are not well correlated in these organisms (approximately 25% quantitative coincidences), especially under stress situations and at differentiation processes. However, transcript and protein levels behave similarly in approximately 60% of cases from a qualitative point of view (increase, decrease, or no variation). Changes in translational efficiency observed in other trypanosomatids strongly suggest that the differences are due to translational regulation and regulation of the steady-state protein levels. The lack of low-input sample strategies does not allow translatome and proteome analysis of sand fly-derived promastigotes so far.

Leishmania infantum is responsible for human and canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, where the major vector is Phlebotomus perniciosus. Because isolation of sufficient parasites from the sand fly gut is technically challenging, axenic cultivation of promastigotes is routinely used to obtain material for biochemical and genetic analyses. Here, we report the use of Spliced Leader RNA-seq (SL-seq) to compare transcript abundance in cultured promastigotes and those obtained from the whole midgut of the sand fly 5 days after infection. SL-seq allows for amplification of RNA from the parasite avoiding contamination with RNA from the gut of the insect. The study has been performed by means of a single technical replicate comparing pools of samples obtained from sand fly-derived (sfPro) and axenic culture promastigotes (acPro). Although there was a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.83) in gene expression, 793 genes showed significantly different (≥2-fold, p <0.05) mRNA levels in sand fly-derived promastigotes and in culture, of which 31 were up-regulated ≥8-fold (p < 10-8 in most cases). These included several genes that are typically up-regulated during metacyclogenesis, suggesting that sand fly-derived promastigotes contain a substantial number of metacyclics, and/or that their differentiation status as metacyclics is more advanced in these populations. Infection experiments and studies evaluating the proportion of metacyclic promastigotes in culture and within the sand fly gut, previously reported by us, support the last hypothesis.

Luckily, the against the grain reading or the reading of already profusely known sources such as notarial protocols, accounting books, etc. from a gender point of view, provide us with new and different information from that one provided by the androcentic historiography. Minor elements become relevant and the common ones change into a priority in the analysis of the mobility and migration of women, in the 16th century, in the North of the Kingdom of Granada. We can consider that in the exceptional historical period of the conquest and the resettlement, the migratory flows and the displacements of women have been constant and dense. Wealthy women, but also poor ones, new and old Christian women move, some of them with return and others with a permanent intention, breaking down one of the characteristics they are identified with: the sedentary lifestyle., Afortunadamente en los márgenes, la lectura a contrapelo y la lectura con perspectiva de género de fuentes ya profusamente conocidas, como protocolos notariales, libros de contabilidad, etc., nos reservan nuevos y diferentes datos a los aportados por la historiografía androcéntrica. Lo secundario se torna relevante y lo común, prioritario en el análisis de la movilidad y migración de las mujeres, en el siglo XVI, en el norte del reino de Granada. Podemos considerar, que en el período histórico excepcional que supone la conquista y repoblación, los flujos migratorios y los desplazamientos de las mujeres, han sido constantes y densos. Mujeres adineradas, pero también humildes, cristianas nuevas y viejas, se mueven, algunas con retorno y otras con carácter definitivo, descomponiendo una de las imágenes que a ellas se les adjudica: el sedentarismo.

Phlebotomine sand flies are the only known vectors of Leishmania spp. protozoan which causes leishmaniasis in 98 countries. In Spain, 11 sand fly species are described, but only Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus ariasi are proven vectors of the disease. On the other hand, Sergentomyia minuta is one of the most abundant and ubiquitous sand flies in this territory, although scarce information is available about this species. Sand flies from this genus are known for their preference to feed on cold‐blooded animals and are traditionally involved in the transmission of reptile Leishmania. However, studies have suggested that Sergentomyia spp. could be implicated in the transmission of human pathogenic Leishmania. This study analyses blood meal preferences and Leishmania sp. infection of S. minuta sand flies from the largest human leishmaniasis outbreak in Europe. Sand flies were collected during entomological surveillance carries out from 2012 to 2017 in the active season of these dipterans, from May to October. Molecular detection of Leishmania spp. showed 68 positive specimens of S. minuta out of 377 (18%). The analysis of blood meal preferences by amplification of 359 bp fragment of cytochrome b gene revealed that blood preference of S. minuta is not only limited to reptiles, but they also feed on mammals, including humans. Results suggest the presence of a Leishmania sp., related to Leishmania tarentolae, cycle in S. minuta from the studied area. Although there is no evidence about its incrimination in the L. infantum transmission more investigation is needed to elucidate the intravectorial cycle of Leishmania spp. in S. minuta sand flies, their feeding behaviour and their potential contribution in Leishmania spp. epidemiology in the country., Este estudio demuestra la presencia de ADN de Leishmania sp., relacionada con Leishmania tarentolae, en especímenes de Sergentomyia minuta procedentes del área del brote de leishmaniasis de Fuenlabrada. También demuestra que esta especie de flebotomo se alimenta de mamíferos, además de reptiles. Aunque no existen evidencias sobre su incriminación en la transmisión de Leishmania infantum, los resultados de este trabajo sugieren la realización de nuevas investigaciones para determinar si en S. minuta se puede desarrollar el ciclo intravectorial de L. infantum y si este flebotomo puede actuar como vector de alguna especie de Leishmania en España, Comunidad de Madrid, Colegio de Veterinarios de Madrid, Colegio de Biólogos de Madrid, Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

The objective of this study is to examine intergenerational educational mobility (IEM) in Latin America from the equal opportunity (EOP) approach. To this end, using the Latinobarómetro survey, a new technique is applied to measure the degree of overlap between the observed joint density of parents’ and children’s educational levels and the theoretical density corresponding to an EOP situation. The main results show a significant increase in mean IEM levels. However, there is no improvement in EOP measures among children of parents with the lowest levels of education., El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la movilidad educativa intergeneracional (MEI) en América Latina desde el enfoque de igualdad de oportunidades (EOP). Para ello se implementa, utilizando los datos de la encuesta Latinobarómetro, una técnica novedosa que mide el grado de solapamiento entre la densidad conjunta observada de la educación de hijos y padres y la densidad teórica correspondiente a una situación de EOP. Los principales resultados muestran un aumento significativo en los valores promedio de MEI. Pero no se aprecia una mejora de las medidas de EOP entre los hijos de padres con los niveles educativos más bajos., O objetivo deste artigo é examinar a mobilidade educativa intergeracional (MEI) na América Latina a partir do foco de igualdade de oportunidades (EOP). Para isso, utilizando os dados da enquete Latinobarômetro, implementa-se uma técnica nova que mede o grau de sobreposição entre a densidade conjunta observada da educação de filhos e pais e a densidade teórica correspondente a uma situação de EOP. Os principais resultados mostram um aumento significativo nos valores em média de MEI. Mas não se aprecia uma melhora das medidas de EOP entre os filhos de pais com os níveis educativos mais baixos.

This article tries to recover from our memory women’s participation in the economic life in Guadix and Baza in the 16th century, verifying in the margins of the already used sources which, with exceptions, ignored their testimony. It also tries to prove the importance economy of their work presenting it from a laboral dimension, that goes further than the domestic issue, and recovering at the same time their role in the patrimonial management, in a society that had just been annexed to the Spanish monarchy., Este artículo pretende recuperar de la memoria la participación de las mujeres en la vida económica de Guadix y Baza a lo largo del siglo XVI rastreando en los márgenes de fuentes ya utilizadas, pero que, salvo excepciones, ignoraron su estimonio. Pretende también demostrar la importancia económica de su trabajo abordándolo desde una dimensión laboral, que va más allá de lo doméstico, y rescatando, a la vez, su papel en la gestión patrimonial, en una sociedad que acababa de anexionarse a la monarquía hispánica.

Opposite of the generalized idea about the failure of the wet nurses who worked for/in hospitals —very common in the studies of the eighteenth century—, an unexpected discovery considered relevant because of the shortage of studies about women in sixteenth century in the north of the kingdom of Granada, let us consider the activity of the wet nurses as a job, which was ruled and also a source of funds for them and their families. Women had the leading role in the whole productive process and in the labour structure, appearing with their own name in the checking, regardless of the marital status. In that way, in an only eight years interval, we have known the identity of more than a hundred women that, in Guadix and in this area, have been employed for an institution that recognises their value and this labour success will have social and economical consequences in the community. In the other hand, we have not found gender differences in newborn abandon, adoption, or survival of children, as is revealed in other studies., Contrariamente a la idea generalizada del fracaso de las nodrizas que trabajaban para o en los hospitales, muy extendida en los estudios del siglo xviii, un hallazgo casi inesperado de las fuentes y que consideramos destacable por la escasez de estudios sobre las mujeres del siglo xvi en el norte del Reino de Granada, nos permite presentar la actividad de las nodrizas para expósitos, como laboral, reglada y fuente de recursos para ellas y las familias. La mujer es protagonista en todo el proceso productivo y en la estructura laboral, figurando con nombre propio en el cobro, independientemente de su estado civil. Así, en un intervalo de tan solo ocho años, hemos conocido la identidad de más de un centenar de mujeres, que en Guadix y su tierra, han sido contratadas por una institución que las valora de forma óptima y cuyo éxito laboral tendrá repercusiones sociales y económicas para la comunidad. Por otra parte, tampoco hemos comprobado diferencias de sexo, ni en el abandono de expósitos, ni en la acogida ni la supervivencia de niñas y niños, como se pone de manifiesto en otros estudios.

The deficits in the quality of employment in Argentina are particularly high among young people. To address this problem, the program PROGRESAR was created in January 2014 to encourage the educational completion of this group in order to improve their employability. The purpose of this document is to analyze the impact of this program on the transition to decent work. The effect of the program is estimated using a panel model with fixed effects. The program increases the probability of transition to quality jobs among young people. Specifically, the eligible group have 4.1 percentage point more chances of accessing formal, salaried employment mainly when they come from inactivity. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to enter a formal employment without other quality deficits —6.2 percentage point—., Los déficits de calidad del empleo en Argentina son principalmente elevados entre los jóvenes. Frente a este problema, se creó el programa PROGRESAR en enero del 2014 para incentivar la terminalidad educativa de este grupo a fin de mejorar su inserción laboral. El objetivo de este documento es analizar el impacto de este programa sobre la situación de los jóvenes de 18 a 24 en relación con sus estados de transición hacia el trabajo decente. El efecto del programa se estima mediante un modelo de panel con efectos fijos. Se observa un aumento en la probabilidad de que los jóvenes transiten hacia empleos de mejor calidad. Concretamente, el grupo de elegibles tiene una probabilidad mayor en 4.1 puntos porcentuales de acceder a un puesto de trabajo registrado principalmente cuando provienen de la inactividad. Las mujeres, por su parte, presentan más probabilidades de ingresar a empleos registrados sin déficit —6.2 puntos porcentuales—.

TSkin lesions or chronic wounds do not heal due to problems in the phases of normal tissue repair such as diabetic foot ulcers and pressure injuries; which are treatable although in some institutions or hospital settings there is no qualified staff, which brings clinical and economic problems that could be remedied by having specialized wound clinics. The aim of this work was to analyze, through two systematic, clinical and economic reviews, the benefits of wound clinics with multidisciplinary approaches to the treatment of chronic wounds. To do this, a review was made in several databases. After the analysis of the information it is concluded that the implementation of wound clinics with a multidisciplinary team for the treatment of diabetic foot and pressure injuries brings optimal clinical and economic results by giving a higher cure rate, reduces the number of amputations, decreases In-hospital stay, low readmissions, improves quality of life and saves costs with respect to treatment., Lesiones en piel o heridas crónicas, no cicatrizan por problemas en las fases de la reparación tisular normal como las úlceras por pie diabético y las lesiones por presión; las cuales son tratables aunque en algunas instituciones o ámbitos hospitalarios no se cuenta con el personal idóneo, lo cual trae problemas clínicos y económicos que podrían ser subsanados contando con clínicas especializadas de heridas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar mediante dos revisiones sistemáticas, clínica y económica, los beneficios de las clínicas de heridas con enfoques multidisciplinarios acerca del tratamiento de las heridas crónicas. Para ello, se hizo revisión en diversas bases de datos. Luego del análisis de la información se concluye que la implementación de clínicas de heridas con un equipo multidisciplinario para el tratamiento del pie diabético y lesiones por presión trae óptimos resultados clínicos y económicos al dar una mayor tasa de curación, reduce el número de amputaciones, disminuye la estancia intrahospitalaria, baja los reingresos, mejora la calidad de vida y ahorra costos con respecto al tratamiento.