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Las alteraciones del clima provocan variaciones en la emergencia y reemergencia de vectores y las enfermedades vectoriales asociadas a ellos. Las condiciones del medio facilitan o impiden su establecimiento en distintos hábitats posibilitando o dificultando la aparición de las enfermedades. Los datos conocidos en nuestro país muestran la posibilidad real de la aparición de enfermedades ya que se viene observando un incremento de generaciones anuales, en muchas especies vectoras, tanto por la reducción del tiempo de desarrollo larvario como por la extensión temporal del período óptimo estacional fruto del ascenso de las temperaturas. El estudio de la bioecología y de la dinámica poblacional de los principales vectores, los mosquitos Culícidos, se postula de vital importancia para poder predecir escenarios locales.

El incremento de los daños causados por los dípteros simúlidos, desde finales de la década de los 90, ha suscitado un interés especial en el estudio de este grupo de dípteros en nuestro país. Además de la importancia de los estudios faunísticos, para conocer las especies presentes en nuestros hábitats, resulta de interés conocer otros aspectos ligados a la incidencia de sus ataques tanto al ser humano como a las especies animales de interés veterinario. La revisión del estado actual de la familia Simuliidae en España ha permitido la confección del listado de las 52 especies presentes y sus mapas de distribución. Se han llevado a cabo estudios de eficacia de tratamientos biológicos, así como elaborado mapas de riesgo de algunas especies hematófagas de importancia sanitaria y/o veterinaria. La bioecología de las especies ha permitido establecer de forma detallada los óptimos y tolerancias de las variables abióticas y bióticas que determinan sus hábitats. The increase in damage caused by simuliid blackflies since the end of the 1990s has aroused special interest in the study of this group of diptera in our country. In addition to the importance of fauna studies, in order to know the species present in our habitats, it is of interest to know other aspects related to the incidence of their attacks on both human beings and animal species of veterinary interest. The review of the current status of the Simuliidae family in Spain has allowed the list of the 52 species present and their distribution maps to be compiled. Efficacy studies of biological treatments have been carried out, as well as risk maps of some hematophagous species of sanitary and/or veterinary importance. The bioecology of the species has made it possible to establish in detail the optimal and tolerances of the abiotic and biotic variables that determine their habitats. O aumento dos danos causados por dípteros simuliídeos, desde o final da década de 90, tem despertado um especial interesse no estudo desse grupo de dípteros em nosso país. Além da importância dos estudos de fauna, para conhecer as espécies presentes em nossos habitats, é interessante conhecer outros aspetos relacionados com incidência dos seus ataques, quer a seres humanos quer a espécies animais de interesse veterinário. A revisão do estado atual da família Simuliidae na Espanha permitiu a elaboração de uma listagem das 52 espécies presentes e dos seus mapas de distribuição. Têm sido realizados estudos de eficácia de tratamentos biológicos, bem como mapas de risco de algumas espécies hematófagas de importância sanitária e/ou veterinária. A bioecologia das espécies tornou possível estabelecer em detalhe os ótimos e as tolerâncias das variáveis abióticas e bióticas que determinam os seus habitats.

The presence and distribution of Simulium erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) in the Valencian Autonomous Region is analyzed, an arthropod of medical-sanitary importance due to the marked anthropophilic characteristics exhibited and the tendency to carry out massive attacks. The increasing incidence registered in certain areas as a consequence of their hematophagy, and the meager availability of epidemiological, fauna, bioecological, and distribution data, have led to this study. A field study of 137 samplings was carried out from 2013 to the present in the 14 hydrographic basins of the Valencian Autonomous Region. The study variables were the presence or absence of preimaginal states, environmental and physical-chemical parameters of the water, bite data from the Generalitat Valenciana, population density and incidence of bites by municipality, and geographic location of the population areas. A scarce and reduced presence of the aforementioned species is revealed in the study area. Risk maps of human populations near the detected breeding areas are provided, and the epidemiological interest is discussed due to its vector capacity to transmit pathogens that cause disease. The number of bites registered between 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 in the seven health departments involved is provided. The general trend toward an increase in the number of cases is observed year after year, where the highest peaks in the number of cases coincide with the months of June, July, and August, and eventually, September and October. Surveillance and control programs to minimize the problem in the Spanish health system are needed.

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has spread across the Spanish Mediterranean area, including the Autonomous Region of Valencia. This mosquito is capable of transmitting at least 22 arboviruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika.The Regional Public Health and Universal Healthcare Ministry’s Directorate General of Public Health has launched several initiatives to monitor and control this species as well as any diseases caused by it. The Environmental Health Area set up a multidisciplinary work group, which includes technicians from both the regional and local administrations and university entomologists, to lead the fight against this vector.An Institutional Commission –with a managerial scope— was subsequently established that has reached key commitments and launched programs with specific actions.The Directorate General of Public Health is working together with the University of Valencia’s Entomology and Pest Control Laboratory to accomplish the goals that have been set. El mosquito tigre, Aedes albopictus, se ha expandido por el arco mediterráneo español, incluyendo la Comunitat Valenciana. Tiene capacidad para transmitir al menos 22 arbovirosis, como dengue, enfermedad por virus de chikunguña y zika. Desde la Direcció General de Salut Pública, de la Conselleria de Sanitat Universal i Salut Pública, se han puesto en marcha actuaciones de vigilancia y control de la especie y de las enfermedades derivadas. Para abordar la lucha contra este vector se creó, desde Sanidad Ambiental, un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinar que incluye a técnicos de la administración autonómica y local así como a entomólogos universitarios. Posteriormente, se constituyó la Comisión Institucional, de ámbito directivo, donde se adquirieron compromisos clave y se impulsaron programas con actuaciones concretas. La Direcció General de Salut Pública, trabaja conjuntamente con el Laboratorio de Entomología y Control de Plagas de la Universitat de València, para dar cumplimiento a los objetivos fijados. O mosquito tigre, Aedes albopictus, expandiu-se pelo arco mediterrâneo espanhol, onde se inclui a Comunidade Valenciana. Tem capacidade de transmitir pelo menos 22 arbovírus, como dengue, doenças pelosvírus de Chikungunya e Zika. A Direção Geral de Saúde Pública, do Departamento de Sanidade Universal e Saúde Pública, desencadeou ações de vigilância e controle das espécies e doenças derivadas. Para enfrentar a luta contra este vetor, foi criado, um grupo de Saúde Ambiental, de trabalho multidisciplinar, que inclui técnicos da administração regional e local, bem como entomologistas universitários. Posteriormente, constituiu-se uma Comissão Institucional, a nível diretivo, onde se definiram compromissos-chave e impulsionaram programas com atuações concretas. A Direção Geral de Saúde Pública, do Departamento de Sanidade Universal e Saúde Pública, trabalha em conjunto com o Laboratório de Entomologia e Controlo de Pragas da Universidade de Valência, para o cumprimento dos objetivos definidos.

The black flies are nematocerous dipterans belonging to the Simuliidae family. This group of insects has become highly relevant in certain regions of the country since 1995. These insects, considered typical in natural lotic environments of clean fresh water, have colonized water channels of very different dimensions. They are currently present in most of the water courses around the country, as demonstrated in the Valencian Autonomous Region, where they can be found in headwaters, middle stretches and river mouths, as well as in irrigation systems with greater or lesser water permanence, such as irrigation reservoirs, channels and ditches. Since 2017 different regions of the country have increasingly suffered the discomforts characteristic of this arthropod, whose females cause serious damage to the human population with their bites. In this paper is studied deeply the current situation and historical evolution of the study and research of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Spain. Making special emphasis on publications as well as on oral and posters communications carried out about this important arthropod informing about the timeline and of the different and diverse issues studied.

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has spread across the Spanish Mediterranean area, including the Autonomous Region of Valencia. This mosquito is capable of transmitting at least 22 arboviruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika.The Regional Public Health and Universal Healthcare Ministry’s Directorate General of Public Health has launched several initiatives to monitor and control this species as well as any diseases caused by it. The Environmental Health Area set up a multidisciplinary work group, which includes technicians from both the regional and local administrations and university entomologists, to lead the fight against this vector.An Institutional Commission –with a managerial scope— was subsequently established that has reached key commitments and launched programs with specific actions.The Directorate General of Public Health is working together with the University of Valencia’s Entomology and Pest Control Laboratory to accomplish the goals that have been set. El mosquito tigre, Aedes albopictus, se ha expandido por el arco mediterráneo español, incluyendo la Comunitat Valenciana. Tiene capacidad para transmitir al menos 22 arbovirosis, como dengue, enfermedad por virus de chikunguña y zika. Desde la Direcció General de Salut Pública, de la Conselleria de Sanitat Universal i Salut Pública, se han puesto en marcha actuaciones de vigilancia y control de la especie y de las enfermedades derivadas. Para abordar la lucha contra este vector se creó, desde Sanidad Ambiental, un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinar que incluye a técnicos de la administración autonómica y local así como a entomólogos universitarios. Posteriormente, se constituyó la Comisión Institucional, de ámbito directivo, donde se adquirieron compromisos clave y se impulsaron programas con actuaciones concretas. La Direcció General de Salut Pública, trabaja conjuntamente con el Laboratorio de Entomología y Control de Plagas de la Universitat de València, para dar cumplimiento a los objetivos fijados. O mosquito tigre, Aedes albopictus, expandiu-se pelo arco mediterrâneo espanhol, onde se inclui a Comunidade Valenciana. Tem capacidade de transmitir pelo menos 22 arbovírus, como dengue, doenças pelosvírus de Chikungunya e Zika. A Direção Geral de Saúde Pública, do Departamento de Sanidade Universal e Saúde Pública, desencadeou ações de vigilância e controle das espécies e doenças derivadas. Para enfrentar a luta contra este vetor, foi criado, um grupo de Saúde Ambiental, de trabalho multidisciplinar, que inclui técnicos da administração regional e local, bem como entomologistas universitários. Posteriormente, constituiu-se uma Comissão Institucional, a nível diretivo, onde se definiram compromissos-chave e impulsionaram programas com atuações concretas. A Direção Geral de Saúde Pública, do Departamento de Sanidade Universal e Saúde Pública, trabalha em conjunto com o Laboratório de Entomologia e Controlo de Pragas da Universidade de Valência, para o cumprimento dos objetivos definidos.

This study analyzes the situation of the rice fields in the Valencia province (Eastern Spain) during the centuries XVIII-XX. This area, together with the region of Campo Arañuelo (Western Spain), is one of the territories with highest malaria prevalence during the Spain's Modern History. Medical, demographic, social, economic and legal issues related with the problematic of the rice during this epoch are also discussed. Furthermore, this article provides information about the supposed transmission mechanisms of the disease, as well as the fight against it through chemotherapeutic and environmental sanitation techniques. El presente estudio analiza la situación durante los siglos XVIII-XX de los arrozales de la provincia de Valencia que, junto con la comarca cacereña de Campo Arañuelo, representan dos de los focos palúdicos más importantes de la Historia Moderna de España. Asimismo, se discuten cuestiones, no sólo médicas, sino también demográficas, sociales, económicas y jurídicas, asociadas a la problemática arrocera de la época. Interesantes aspectos relacionados con los supuestos mecanismos de transmisión de la enfermedad, así como la lucha contra la misma a nivel quimioterapéutico y de saneamiento ambiental, también son expuestos.

Dinotrema broadi Peris-Felipo, sp. nov. (Figs 14���27) Etymology. Named in honor Dr Gavin Broad, curator of Hymenoptera in the Natural History Museum of London (U.K.) for his great help during study of Braconidae. Type material. Holotype: female, Spain, Castellon Province, Pobla de Benifass��, Natural Park of Tinen��a de Benifass��, 30.10. 2006 (F.J. Peris-Felipo leg.) (ENV). Paratype: 1 female, same label as in holotype, but 0 3.07. 2006 (ENV); 1 female, same label as in holotype, but 0 6.11. 2006 (ZISP); 1 female, same label as in holotype, but 26.02. 2007 (ENV); 1 male, same label as in holotype, but 0 1.05. 2006 (ZISP); 1 male, same label as in holotype, but 29.05. 2006 (ENV). Other material: 1 male, Spain, Castellon Province, Pobla de Benifass��, Natural Park of Tinen��a de Benifass��, 02.06.2004; 2 males, same label, but 30.10.2004; 1 male, same label, but 06.11.2006; 1 male, same label, but 0 8.01. 2007 (ENV). 1 female, Spain, Alicante Province, Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja, 27.11.2005; 1 male, same label, but 16.05. 2005 (ENV). Description. Female. Head. In dorsal view, 1.70 x as wide as median length, 1.40���1.50 x as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with rounded temples behind eyes. Eye in lateral view 1.35���1.40 x as high as wide and 1.05���1.10 x as wide as temple. POL about 3.00x OD; OOL 3.10 x OD. Face 0.65 x as wide as high; inner margins of eyes subparallel. Clypeus 2.50 x as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally. Paraclypeal fovea larger than middle distance between clypeus and eye but far separated from eye. Mandible weakly widened towards apex, 1.30 x as long as its maximum width. Upper tooth rather small, distinctly shorter than middle tooth. Middle tooth the longest, wide basally and narrowed apically. Lower tooth very short. Antennae thick, 17 -segmented, shorter than body. Scape 3.25 x as long as pedicel. First flagellar segment 3.20���3.25 x as long as its apical width, 1.30���1.35 x as long as second segment; second segment 1.65���1.70 x as long as its maximum width. Third to twelfth flagellar segments about 2.00x, thirteenth segment 1.80 x, fourteenth segment 2.25 x and fifteenth segment 2.80���2.90 x as long as their maximum width. Mesosoma. In lateral view, 1.20���1.30 x as long as high. Mesoscutum about as long as maximum width, with two rows of setae in middle part. Notauli absent at most posterior part.. Mesoscutal pit present and elongated. Prescutellar depression almost smooth, with median carina. Sternaulus (precoxal suture) present, not reaching anterior and posterior parts of mesopleuron. Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum mainly smooth, with median longitudinal carina crossing from its anterior to posterior margins, with only single short carina emerging from median carina and not reaching propodeal edges. Propodeal spiracles relatively small. Legs. Hind femur 4.25 x as long as wide. Hind tibia weakly widened to apex, 8.90 ���9.00x as long as its maximum subapical width, 1.15���1.20 x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.50���1.55 x as long as second segment. Wings. Length of fore wing 2.40���2.50 x its maximum width. Vein r 1 present but hyaline. Radial cell reaching to apex of wing, 4.75 x as long as its maximum width. Nervulus distinctly postfurcal. Brachial cell closed, short, widened apically, 2.50���2.60 x as long as its maximum width. Hind wing 9.50 ���10.00x as long as its maximum width. Metasoma. Distinctly compressed laterally. First tergite weakly widened towards apex, 2.25 x as long as its apical width, very finely striate or almost smooth in apical half. Ovipositor 1.90 ���2.00x as long as first tergite, shorter than metasoma, 1.25���1.30 x as long as hind femur. Colour. Body and legs brown to dark brown. Wings hyaline. Pterostigma brown. Length. Body 1.60���1.70 mm; fore wing 1.80���1.90 mm. Male. Body length 1.80���1.85 mm; fore wing 2.00 mm. Mandible 1.20���1.30 x as long as wide. Antenna 18���21 - segmented. First flagellar segment 3.00x as long as its maximum width. Hind femur 4.20���4.30 x as long as wide. Vein r 1 present but not colored as others veins. Otherwise similar to female. Diagnosis. This new species resembles Dinotrema paucicrene (Fischer) and D. nigricorne (Thomson). Dinotrema broadi sp. nov. differs from D. paucicrene in having the first flagellar segment 3.20 x as long as wide (4.00x in D. paucicrene), first metasomal tergite 2.25 x as long as its apical width (2.00x in D. paucicrene) and with distinctly two dorsal carinae (these carinae absent in D. paucicrene). New species differs from D. nigricorne in having the first flagellar segment 3.20 x as long as wide (3.50 x in D. nigricorne), hind femur 4.25 x as long its maximum width (5.00x in D. nigricorne), first metasomal tergite 2.25 x as long as its apical width (2.00x in D. nigricorne), and ovipositor 1.90 ���2.00x as long as first tergite (equal to first tergite in D. nigricorne). Dinotrema enanum Peris-Felipo, sp. nov. (Figs 28���41) Etymology. Named is proposed by its small size, from Spanish ���enana��� means ���tiny���. Type material. Holotype: female, Spain, Castellon Province, Pobla de Benifass��, Natural Park of Tinen��a de Benifass��, 11.12. 2006 (F.J. Peris-Felipo leg.) (ENV). Paratype: 1 male, same label as in holotype, but 14.05. 2007 (ENV); 1 male, Spain, Alicante Province, Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de la Font Roja, 13.04. 2006 (F.J. Peris- Felipo leg.) (ENV). Description. Female. Head. In dorsal view, 1.60 x as wide as median length, 1.40 x as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with rounded temples behind eyes. Eye in lateral view 1.50 x as high as wide, 1.15���1.20 x as wide as temple. POL 3.20���3.25 x OD; OOL 2.80���2.85 x OD. Face 0.65 x as wide as high; inner margins of eyes subparallel. Clypeus 2.50 x as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally. Paraclypeal fovea small and oval, not reaching middle distance between clypeus and eye. Mandible distinctly widened towards apex, 1.15���1.20 x as long as its maximum width. Upper tooth rather small, distinctly shorter than middle tooth. Middle tooth the longest, wide basally and pointed apically. Lower tooth rounded, almost as long as upper tooth. Antennae thick, 18 -segmented, longer than body. Scape 2.20���2.25 x as long as pedicel. First flagellar segment 3.00x as long as its apical width, 1.15���1.20 x as long as second segment; second segment 1.70���1.75 x as long as its maximum width. Third to thirteenth flagellar segments 1.85 ���2.00x, fourteenth segment 1.55 x, fifteenth and sixteenth segments 2.15 x as long as their maximum width. Mesosoma. In lateral view, 1.20 x as long as high. Mesoscutum 1.10 x as long as maximum width with rows of setae in middle part. Notauli absent at most posterior part. Mesoscutal pit present, oval. Prescutellar depression smooth, without coarse median carina. Sternaulus (precoxal suture) present, not reaching anterior and posterior part of mesopleura. Posterior mesopleural furrow crenulated. Propodeum mainly smooth, with median longitudinal carina crossing from anterior to posterior margins, with short transverse carinae emerging from median carina and not reaching propodeal edges. Propodeal spiracles relatively small. Legs. Hind femur 3.85 ���4.00x as long as wide. Hind tibia weakly widened to apex, 9.80���9.90 x as long as its maximum subapical width, 1.15���1.20 x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.50���1.55 x as long as second segment. Wings. Length of fore wing 2.45���2.50 x its maximum width. Vein r 1 present. Radial cell reaching to apex of wing, 5.00x as long as its maximum width. Nervulus distinctly postfurcal. Brachial cell closed, short, distinctly widened apically, 2.60 x as long as its maximum width. Hind wing 6.50 x as long as its maximum width. Metasoma. Distinctly compressed laterally. First tergite weakly widened towards apex, 1.90 x as long as its apical width, almost entirely smooth, with two dorsal carinae. Ovipositor 2.15���2.20 x as long as first tergite, shorter than metasoma, 1.20 x as long as hind femur. Colour. Body and legs brown to dark brown. Wings hyaline. Pterostigma brown. Vein r 1 hyaline. Length. Body 1.55���1.60 mm; fore wing 2.10���2.15 mm. Male. Body length 1.45 mm; fore wing 2.15 mm. Mandible 1.15-1.20 x as long as wide. Antenna 22 - segmented. First flagellar segment 3.00x as long as its maximum width. Third to eighteenth flagellar segments about 2.60 x as long as its maximum width, nineteenth segment 3.50 x and twentieth segment 4.00x as long as their maximum width. Hind femur 4.10 x as long as wide. Otherwise similar to female. Diagnosis. This new species resembles D. propodeale (Tobias) but differs in having the first metasomal tergite almost smooth (sculptured in D. propodeale), mandible 1.15���1.20 x as long as wide (1.70 x in D. propodeale), and hind femur 3.85 ���4.00x as long as maximum width (4.30 x in D. propodeale)., Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A. & Jim��nez-Peydr��, Ricardo, 2013, Six new Dinotrema species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Spain, with prescutellar pit and medially sculptured propodeum, pp. 545-564 in Zootaxa 3694 (6) on pages 549-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/247925

Dinotrema pappi Peris-Felipo, sp. nov. (Figs 68���79) Etymology. Named in honor Dr J��no Papp, well-known Hungarian hymenopterist for his great contribution to study of the World Braconidae. Type material. Holotype: female, Spain, Alicante Province, Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de la Font Roja, 0 2.01. 2007 (F.J. Peris-Felipo leg.) (ENV). Paratype: 1 female, same label, but 13.01. 2005 (ENV). Description. Female. Head. In dorsal view, 1.60 x as wide as median length, 1.35���1.40 x as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with rounded temples behind eyes. Eye in lateral view 1.75 x as high as wide, 1.20 x as wide as temple. POL 2.80���2.85 x OD; OOL 2.65���2.70 x OD. Face 0.70 x as wide as high; inner margins of eyes subparallel. Clypeus 2.50 x as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally. Paraclypeal fovea elongate, reaching middle distance between clypeus and eye. Mandible distinctly widened towards apex, 1.35���1.40 x as long as its maximum width. Upper tooth rather large, distinctly shorter than middle tooth, pointed apically. Middle tooth the longest, relatively narrow, pointed apically. Lower tooth rounded, short, smaller than upper tooth. Antennae thick, 18 -segmented, shorter than body. Scape 3.00x as long as pedicel. First flagellar segment 3.00x as long as its apical width, 1.20���1.25 x as long as second segment; second segment 2.45���2.50 x as long as its maximum width. Third to tenth flagellar segments 1.60���1.70 x, eleven and twelve segment 1.90 ���2.00x, thirteenth ��� 2.20 x, fourteenth ��� 2.00x, fifteenth ��� 2.10 x, and sixteenth segment 2.00x as long as their maximum width. Mesosoma. In lateral view, as long as high. Mesoscutum as long as maximum width with two rows of double setae around trace of notauli. Notauli absent at most posterior part. Mesoscutal pit present, elongate. Prescutellar depression smooth, with distinct median carina. Sternaulus (precoxal suture) present, short, far not reaching anterior and posterior parts of mesopleuron. Posterior mesopleural furrow crenulate in lower half. Propodeum narrowly smooth, with median longitudinal carina crossing from anterior to posterior its margins, with numerous transverse carinae emerging from median carina and not reaching the propodeal edges. Propodeal spiracles relatively small. Legs. Hind femur 4.90 ���5.00x as long as wide. Hind tibia weakly widened to apex, 12.30 x as long as its maximum subapical width, 1.00��� 1.05 x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.00x as long as second segment. Wings. Length of fore wing 2.85���2.90 x its maximum width. Vein r 1 present. Radial cell reaching to apex of wing, 6.10���6.15 x as long as its maximum width. Nervulus distinctly postfurcal. Brachial cell closed, rather long, widened apically, 3.20 x as long as its maximum width. Hind wing 6.50 x as long as its maximum width. Metasoma. Distinctly compressed laterally. First tergite weakly widened towards apex, 2.00x as long as its apical width, almost entirely smooth in apical half. Ovipositor 1.50���1.55 x as long as first tergite, distinctly shorter than metasoma, 0.90���0.95 x as long as hind femur. Colour. Body and legs brown to dark brown. Wings hyaline. Pterostigma brown. Length. Body 2.25���2.30 mm; fore wing 3.00 mm. Male. Unknown. Diagnosis. This new species resembles D. significarium (Fischer), but differs from it in having the mandible 1.35���1.40 x as long as wide (only 1.20 x in D. significarium), low tooth smaller than upper tooth (larger in D. significarium), middle tooth narrow (wide in D. significarium), hind femur 4.90 ���5.00x as long as its maximum width (4.00x in D. significarium), first flagellar segment 3.00x as long as wide (3.80 ���4.00x in D. significarium), and first metasomal tergite without carinae in apical half (with two distinct carinae in D. significarium)., Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A. & Jim��nez-Peydr��, Ricardo, 2013, Six new Dinotrema species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Spain, with prescutellar pit and medially sculptured propodeum, pp. 545-564 in Zootaxa 3694 (6) on pages 561-563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/247925

Dinotrema munki Peris-Felipo, sp. nov. (Figs 54���67) Etymology. Named in honor Dr Thorkild Munk, Danish hymenopterist. Type material. Holotype: female, Spain, Castellon Province, Pobla de Benifass��, Natural Park of Tinen��a de Benifass��, 15.010. 2007 (F.J. Peris-Felipo leg.) (ENV). Paratype: 1 male, same label as in holotype, but 28.10. 2004 (ENV). Description. Female. Head. In dorsal view, 1.90 x as wide as median length, 1.45���1.50 x as wide as mesoscutum, smooth, with rounded temples behind eyes. Eye in lateral view 1.80���1.85 x as high as wide, 0.70���0.75 x as wide as temple. POL 3.25���3.30 x OD; OOL 3.30���3.35 x OD. Face 0.65 x as wide as high; inner margins of eyes subparallel. Clypeus 2.50 x as wide as high, slightly curved ventrally. Paraclypeal fovea elongated, reaching middle distance between clypeus and eye. Mandible distinctly widened towards apex, 0.80���0.85 x as long as its maximum width. Upper tooth large, weakly shorter than middle tooth. Middle tooth rather short, wide basally and pointed apically. Lower tooth rather long, rounded apically, not longer than upper tooth. Antennae thick, 17 ���segmented, shorter than body. Scape 1.90���1.95 x as long as pedicel. First flagellar segment 2.35���2.40 x as long as its apical width, 1.30���1.35 x as long as second segment; second segment 1.60 x as long as its maximum width. Third to fourteenth flagellar segments 2.00x and fifteenth segment 2.30 x as long as their maximum width. Mesosoma. In lateral view, 1.10���1.15 x as long as high. Mesoscutum as long as maximum width, with two rows of single setae around trace of notauli. Notauli absent at most posterior part. Mesoscutal pit present, oval. Prescutellar depression smooth, with distinct median carina. Sternaulus (precoxal suture) present, short, far not reaching anterior and posterior parts of mesopleuron. Posterior mesopleural furrow entirely smooth. Propodeum mainly smooth, with median longitudinal carina crossing from anterior to posterior its margins, with transverse carinae emerging from median carina in its anterior half and not reaching propodeal edges. Propodeal spiracles relatively small. Legs. Hind femur 3.90 ���4.00x as long as wide. Hind tibia weakly widened to apex, 9.90 ���10.00x as long as its maximum subapical width, 1.00��� 1.05 x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.60���1.65 x as long as second segment. Wings. Length of fore wing 2.30���2.40 x its maximum width. Vein r 1 present but hyaline. Radial cell reaching to apex of wing, 4.15���4.20 x as long as its maximum width. Nervulus distinctly postfurcal. Brachial cell closed, short, widened apically, about 2.80 x as long as its maximum width. Hind wing 5.40���5.50 x as long as its maximum width. Metasoma. Distinctly compressed laterally. First tergite weakly widened towards apex, 1.90 x as long as its apical width, rather distinctly striate in apical half. Ovipositor 2.80 ���3.00x as long as first tergite, shorter than metasoma, 1.45���1.50 x as long as hind femur. Colour. Body and legs brown to dark brown. Wings hyaline. Pterostigma brown. Length. Body 1.95 ���2.00 mm; fore wing 2.00 mm. Male. Body length 1.90 mm; fore wing length 2.15 mm. Antenna 22 -segmented. First flagellar segment 3.10 x as long as its maximum width. Middle flagellar segments about 2.00x as long its maximum width. Hind femur 3.85 x as long as wide. Otherwise similar to female. Diagnosis. This new species resembles D. brevisulcus Tobias and D. puliciforme (Fischer). Dinotrema munki sp. nov. differs from D. brevisulcus in having the mandible 0.80���0.85 x as long as wide (1.10 x in D. brevisulcus), and ovipositor distinctly shorter than metasoma (longer than metasoma in D. brevisulcus). On the other hand, D. munki differs from D. puliciforme in having the first flagellar segment 2.35���2.40 x as long as its maximum width (4.00x in D. puliciforme), and mandible 0.80���0.85 x as long as wide (1.60 x in D. puliciforme)., Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A. & Jim��nez-Peydr��, Ricardo, 2013, Six new Dinotrema species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Spain, with prescutellar pit and medially sculptured propodeum, pp. 545-564 in Zootaxa 3694 (6) on pages 558-560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/247925

Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A., Jiménez-Peydró, Ricardo (2013): Six new Dinotrema species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Spain, with prescutellar pit and medially sculptured propodeum. Zootaxa 3694 (6): 545-564, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3694.6.3

La expansión de Aedes albopictus por el Levante español no ha cesado desde su primigenia detección en nuestro país en el año 2004, habiéndose constatado ya su presencia en las provincias de Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Castellón, Alicante y Murcia. La elevada sinantropía de la especie, unida al alto grado de antropofília y extensa capacidad vectorial para transmitir diversas arbovirosis, han propiciado el retorno al sur de Europa de ciclos de transmisión activa de enfermedades frecuentes en el pasado como el Dengue o la aparición de virosis tropicales inéditas hasta entonces como Chikungunya. El presente manuscrito analiza de forma pormenorizada las implicaciones para la salud pública de la previsible expansión de Ae. albopictus por gran parte del territorio peninsular, en el contexto climático y sociodemográfico actual. Adicionalmente, también se discuten diversas cuestiones relativas al control poblacional de la especie en ambientes urbanos y periurbanos, así como los datos preliminares existentes acerca de otros aedinos invasores de reciente hallazgo en el continente europeo. The spread of Aedes albopictus by Eastern Spain has been constant since its first finding in 2004. Currently the species has been collected in the coastal provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Castellón, Alicante and Murcia. The high synanthropism of the species, together with its anthropophilic behaviour and vectorial capacity to transmit several arboviruses, have led to the return of active transmission cycles of common diseases in the past such as Dengue virus and even the appearance of new tropical viruses as Chikungunya in southern Europe. This manuscript discusses the public health implications of the expected expansion of Ae. albopictus for much of the Iberian Peninsula, in the context of current climatic and sociodemographic situation. Moreover, several issues related with the control of the species in urban and suburban environments are exposed. Finally the preliminary data about other invasive aedines recently collected in the European continent are presented.

El presente trabajo analiza las posibilidades de emergencia de arbovirosis en los humedales de la Comunidad Valenciana. El objetivo, es inferir qué zonas húmedas podrían suponer un escenario potencial para el desarrollo de un brote epidémico, en función de sus características físicas y biológicas. Se llevó a cabo un programa de muestreo estacional para la captura de larvas de mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), por ser los organismos vectores de la enfermedad. Para su captura, se empleó la técnica de “dipping”, a la vez que se caracterizó el cuerpo hídrico muestreado mediante el uso de sistema portátil de medida multiparamétrico Consort C535. Se recolectaron un total de 3.418 ejemplares, fijándose en 6 las especies de mosquito potencialmente vectoras de arbovirus, siendo éstas: Aedes albopictus (n=10), Culex modestus (n=62), Culex pipiens (n=2246), Culex theileri (n=2), Culiseta annulata (n=94) y Ochlerotatus caspius (n=330), lo que supone un posible riesgo de transmisión de virus West Nile, Sindbis, Usutu y Tahyna. El diseño y análisis de los mosaicos de contingencia, reveló que los humedales con mayor potencialidad para sufrir brotes epidémicos en la Comunidad Valenciana son las albuferas, los marjales y los saladares. The present work analyses the possibility of the emergence of West Nile virus in the Valencian Autonomous Region’s wetlands (Eastern Spain), with the aim of inferring what kind of wetland possesses the necessary characteristics to cause a West Nile epidemiological outbreak. A seasonal sampling program of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) was carried out. Larvae were captured by "dipping" technique, and a Consort C535 laptop system was used to measure physical and chemical wáter bodies characteristics. Data was statistically analyzed with JMP 7 statistical program. A total of 3418 individuals were collected; obtaining a total of 6 mosquito species: Aedes albopictus (n= 10), Culex modestus (n= 62), Culex pipiens (n= 2246), Culex theileri (n= 2), Culiseta annulata (n= 94) and Ochlerotatus caspius (n= 330). These results represent the possibility of transmission of West Nile and other flaviviruses like Sindbis, Usutu or Tahyna. The design of contingency mosaics revealed that wetlands with the greatest capacity to produce a disease outbreaks in the Valencian Autonomous Region, are lagoons, pocosins and saltmarshes.

La expansión de Aedes albopictus por el Levante español no ha cesado desde su primigenia detección en nuestro país en el año 2004, habiéndose constatado ya su presencia en las provincias de Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Castellón, Alicante y Murcia. La elevada sinantropía de la especie, unida al alto grado de antropofília y extensa capacidad vectorial para transmitir diversas arbovirosis, han propiciado el retorno al sur de Europa de ciclos de transmisión activa de enfermedades frecuentes en el pasado como el Dengue o la aparición de virosis tropicales inéditas hasta entonces como Chikungunya. El presente manuscrito analiza de forma pormenorizada las implicaciones para la salud pública de la previsible expansión de Ae. albopictus por gran parte del territorio peninsular, en el contexto climático y sociodemográfico actual. Adicionalmente, también se discuten diversas cuestiones relativas al control poblacional de la especie en ambientes urbanos y periurbanos, así como los datos preliminares existentes acerca de otros aedinos invasores de reciente hallazgo en el continente europeo.

En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de la ocurrencia de Anopheles algeriensis Theobald, 1903, potencial vector de la malaria, en España y se aportan nuevos datos acerca de su distribución. Asimismo se incluye información acerca de la afinidad interespecífica con otras especies de culícidos presentes en el área del Levante español estudiada. Por último, se remarca el elevado grado de sinantropía exhibido por la especie, por su posible interés ante la eventual aparición de ciclos puntuales de transmisión del paludismo en dicha región analizada. In this paper we provided a review about the occurrence of the potential malaria vector, Anopheles algeriensis Theobald, 1903, in Spain with the addition of new distribution data. Furthermore information about interspecific affinity with other species of mosquitoes present in the study area is also included. Finally, due to the high synanthropic degree exhibited by An. algeriensis, it is important to analyze the potential interest of the species in order to prevent the eventual emergence of malaria transmission cycles in the region studied.

Se realizaron regresiones logísticas múltiples para identificar las variables ambientales cuantitativas y cualitativas que permitiesen predecir la ocurrencia de las diferentes especies de mosquitos culícidos (Diptera: Culicidae) recolectadas durante cuatro años de estudio (2005-2008) en el este de la Península Ibérica. Los resultados muestran que algunas variables posibilitan el alcance de óptimos porcentajes de incidencia para las especies Ochlerotatus caspius, Culex pipiens, Culex territans y Culiseta longiareolata. El estudio de posibles elementos predictivos de la ocurrencia de culícidos se postula como una herramienta útil y conveniente para el establecimiento de exitosos programas de control poblacional de mosquitos. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to identify the quantitative and qualitative environmental variables that best predict the occurrence of the different species of culicid mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected over four years of study (2005-2008) in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. The results show that some variables make it possible to achieve optimal percent incidence for the species Ochlerotatus caspius, Culex pipiens, Culex territans and Culiseta longiareolata. The study of possible predictive elements for the occurrence of culicids is postulated as a useful and convenient tool for the establishment of successful mosquito population control programs.

El aumento de la inmigración durante los últimos años en España ha facilitado la importación de numerosas enfermedades tropicales. Entre ellas, las de transmisión vectorial son algunas de las más complicadas de estudiar por la complejidad que conlleva la participación de diversos hospedadores en los ciclos de transmisión, así como por la necesidad de conocer todos los parámetros fisiológicos, bioecológicos y biogeográficos relacionados con el organismo vector para poder inferir las posibilidades reales de la emergencia o la reemergencia de las enfermedades pertinentes. En estas circunstancias, el presente trabajo aporta información acerca de enfermedades importadas de incuestionable interés epidemiológico para la población residente en España, por albergar nuestro país diversas especies de mosquitos culícidos (Diptera, Culicidae) potencialmente transmisoras de éstas. Enfermedades parasitarias como la malaria, que fue altamente endémica en España hasta hace apenas 50 años, y otras de tipo arbovírico como el dengue y la fiebre amarilla, son analizadas en estos términos. También se exponen diferentes aspectos inherentes al sistema sanitario y a las distintas formas de hacer frente a estas cuestiones. The recent increase in immigration to Spain has facilitated the importation of many tropical diseases. Among these diseases, those of vectorial origin are among the most difficult to study. Some of the reasons for this difficulty are the complexity due to the variety of hosts involved in the transmission cycles and the need to know all the physiological, bioecological and biogeographic parameters related to the vector in order to infer the actual possibilities of the emergence or reemergence of these diseases. This article provides information on imported diseases of unquestionable epidemiological interest for the population in Spain due to the presence of several species of culicid mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) capable of transmitting these diseases in our country. Parasitic diseases such as malaria, which was highly endemic in Spain until 50 years ago, and other arboviral infections such as dengue and yellow fever, are analyzed in these terms. Various aspects related to the health system, as well as the different ways of tackling these issues, are also discussed.

Since the first detection of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Spain in 2004 the expansion of this invasive mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) has been constant through the East of the Iberian Peninsula. All the geo-referenced species records are provided together for the first time in this work. The potential negative implications for the public health as well as the Spanish and European management against the species are also briefly discussed. Desde la primigenia detección de Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) en España, la expansión de esta especie de mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) ha sido constante a través del este de la Península Ibérica. En el presente trabajo se reportan por primera vez todos los hallazgos de la especie en España debidamente geo-referenciados. Las implicaciones negativas del establecimiento y expansión de esta especie para la salud pública, así como las principales directrices nacionales y europeas en la lucha contra este vector son también discutidas.

En el presente manuscrito se analiza la posible emergencia y/o reemergencia en España de algunas de las arbovirosis transmitidas por mosquitos culícidos (Diptera: Culicidae) de mayor incidencia a nivel mundial en los últimos años. Los datos faunísticos, bioecológicos y de distribución de los culícidos en nuestro país permiten discernir entre especies con capacidad de mantener la enzootia de algunas de estas arbovirosis de otras que pueden actuar como vectores puente de la virosis hasta el ser humano. Los resultados revelan la existencia de especies, algunas de ellas muy frecuentes en los humedales de nuestro país y fuertemente antropófilas como Aedes vexans, Culex modestus, Culex pipiensu Ochlerotatus caspius, con una elevada capacidad para transmitir flavivirus como el virus West Nile o el virus Usutu. Además, la reciente introducción, establecimiento y expansión del mosquito tigre, Aedes albopictus, abre una preocupante vía para la aparición de posibles brotes, probablemente incluso de tipo epidémico, de arbovirosis habitualmente importadas a nuestro país por personas inmigrantes y turistas, como el Dengue o Chikungunya. Por último, también se discute el interés epidemiológico de especies propias de nuestro entorno como Aedes vittatus u Ochlerotatus geniculatus, debido a su capacidad vectorial constatada para la transmisión de algunas de estas virosis típicamente tropicales. In this manuscript we analize the possible emergence and/or re-emergence in Spain of some of the mosquito-borne arboviruses (Diptera: Culicidae) with highest incidence in recent years. The faunistic, bioecological and distributional data of the culicids in our country allow to differentiate between species with ability to maintain the enzootic cycles of arboviruses from others that can act as bridge vectors to the human population. The results show the existence of several common and anthropophilic species as Aedes vexans, Culex modestus, Culex pipiens or Ochlerotatus caspius, with a high capacity to transmit flaviviruses such as West Nile virus or Usutu virus. Moreover the recent introduction, establishment and spread of the Asian Mosquito Tiger, Aedes albopictus, propitiate a new situation for the emergence of possible epidemic outbreaks of arboviruses usually imported to our country by immigrants and tourists such as Dengue or Chikungunya. Finally we discuss the epidemiological interest of other native species as Aedes vittatus or Ochlerotatus geniculatus, due to its capacity to transmit some of these typically tropical arboviruses.

Quince de las treinta y una Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria en España, exceptuando las de tipo congénito o neonatal, pueden ser transmitidas por diversas especies de artrópodos que están presentes en nuestro país. Decenas de bacterias, hongos, virus y protozoos tienen en diversos órdenes de artrópodos a sus agentes transmisores ideales. Este hecho hace que sea necesario conocer su biología para poder adoptar medidas de control que sean eficaces y nos permitan disminuir la incidencia de estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, los estudios epidemiológicos, lejos de quedar únicamente restringidos a las enfermedades que presentan ciclos activos de transmisión en nuestro país, deben adquirir una visión más global, en la que se incluyan también enfermedades alóctonas pero con una elevada probabilidad de que se transmitan a nuestro territorio en el contexto de globalización en el que nos hallamos. De este modo se conseguirá conocer qué factores impiden su presencia actual y dotar a la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de una capacidad predictiva que permita pronosticar la posible llegada de la enfermedad, fortaleciendo a fin de cuentas la Salud Pública española. El objetivo del presente trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión de la artropodofauna de interés vectorial en España. Se discute la situación actual en nuestro país de algunas de las enfermedades más importantes con transmisión vectorial, así como los factores que pueden determinar su aparición, resurgencia y/o recrudecimiento. El estudio de estos agentes en nuestra Salud Pública resulta imprescindible como un elemento más articulado en la compleja red que toda enfermedad de tipo vectorial conlleva. Fifteen of the thirty-one Obligatory Communicable Diseases in Spain, exempting those of congenital or neonatal types, can be transmitted by several species of arthropods that are present in our country. Several arthropod orders are the suitable transmitters of tens of bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa. This fact demands a through of the biology knowledge of these vectors in order to adopt efficient control measures that allow us to reduce the incidence levels of these diseases. Nevertheless, the epidemiological studies shouldn’t remain only restricted to the diseases with active transmission cycles in our country. It is necessary to acquire a global vision because of allochton diseases that are perfectly extensible to our territory in the globalization context in which we are situated. All this information is important to know which factors are preventing the disease presence. The aim is to provide the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network with a valuable predictive capacity that allows it to predict the potential arrival of diseases and the consequent strengthening of the spanish Public Health. The goal of this work is to carry out a review of the spanish arthropod fauna with any vectorial interest. The current situation of some of the more important vectorial diseases in our country and the factors related to a resurgence reappearance and/or intensification of those ones are also discussed. Therefore, the study of these inappealable protagonists in our Public Health as an articulatory element in the complex network that any vectorial disease entails is absolutely necessary.

La malaria fue erradicada de España oficialmente en 1964. Sin embargo, en la actualidad en nuestro país se registran anualmente cientos de casos importados. En este sentido, el estudio del vector se postula de gran importancia para inferir posibles escenarios de transmisión, ya sea de tipo esporádico o regular. Si bien el nivel socio-económico del país no parece secundar una posible reemergencia de la enfermedad a corto o medio plazo, la presencia de poblaciones de anofelinos bien establecidas y gametocitos de plasmodios circulando entre cierto porcentaje de la población humana parecen avalar, con suficiente crédito, el mantenimiento del estado de vigilancia epidemiológica. Además, la globalización de mercados y el emergente proceso de cambio climático, pueden permitir la colonización de nuestro territorio por parte de especies de Anopheles transmisoras de plasmodiosis humana en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Con el objetivo de profundizar en el conocimiento de la riqueza faunística, distribución espacial y bioecología de los culícidos anofelinos, se llevaron a cabo diversos muestreos larvarios intensivos la Comunidad Valenciana, región con suficiente heterogeneidad hídrica y datos históricos de prevalencia palúdica, como para respaldar su elección. Cinco especies del género Anopheles, con distinta trascendencia en la difusión de la enfermedad, fueron identificadas. Malaria was officially eradicated in Spain in 1964. However, at the present time, hundreds of imported cases are registered in our country each year. In this context, the study of the vector is seen to be highly significant in order to infer possible transmission scenarios, whether of a sporadic or a regular nature. Although the socio-economic level of the country does not appear to foreshadow the possible re-emergence of the disease in the short and medium term, the presence of well-established populations of anophelini and plasmodium gametocytes circulating in a certain percentage of the human population does appear to warrant the continuation of the current status of epidemiological surveillance. Moreover, the globalisation of markets and the emerging process of climate change could enable the colonisation of our territory by part of the Anopheles species that transmit human plasmodiosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In order to obtain a more thorough knowledge of the range of fauna, spatial distribution and bioecology of the anopheline Culicoides, a number of intensive larval samplings were taken in the Community of Valencia, a region with sufficient surface water heterogeneity and historical data of malaria prevalence to substantiate the decision to choose it for this study. Five species of the Anopheles genus, with varying degrees of impact in the dissemination of the disease, were identified.

El objetivo del control de plagas urbanas es la mejora del bienestar de los residentes urbanos, la reducción de las enfermedades transmisibles, el mantenimiento de ambientes sanos, la creación de infraestructuras urbanas que reduzcan los riesgos, así como la reducción de la exposición a contaminantes biológicos, físicos y químicos y de sus efectos sobre la salud en el ambiente laboral y en la comunidad. En este sentido, y en relación con el control de plagas, es necesario diseñar programas de control adecuados contra aquellas especies que adquieren la consideración de plaga. Dadas las características de los ambientes urbanos en los que se produce una convivencia casi permanente entre el ser humano y estas especies animales, la adopción de un programa de lucha racional que permita reducir o eliminar la incidencia de estas plagas resulta imprescindible. Se analizan los criterios básicos para el diseño racional de programas de control que minimicen no sólo las consecuencias negativas que se derivan de las plagas, sino también los riesgos derivados de la aplicación de medidas para su control. The objectives of urban pest control are those of improving the welfare of urban residents, reducing contagious diseases, keeping healthy environments, creating urban infrastructures which will reduce risks, as well as reducing exposure to biological, physical and chemical contaminants and their health-related effects in the working and community environments. Given the characteristics of the urban environments in which these animal species and man almost constantly are sharing the same living space, it is absolutely essential that a rational control program be adopted to combat these pests which will make it possible to reduce or eliminate the incidence thereof. An analysis of the basic criteria for the rational design of control programs is provided in order to minimize not only the negative consequences stemming from these pests but also the risks entailed in the application of the measures for their control.

Actualmente se precisa del empleo de los llamados rodenticidas, definidos como productos biocidas empleados para el control de roedores. En la reciente transposición de la Directiva de Biocidas a través del Real Decreto 1054/2002, los rodenticidas se incluyen en el Grupo Principal 3, Tipo de Producto 14. Se analiza la situación actual de los rodenticidas en el Registro Oficial de Plaguicidas. El estudio se ha realizado a partir de los datos que figuran en la base de datos del Registro Oficial de Plaguicidas de Uso en Salud Pública de España para los rodenticidas (ingredientes activos técnicos) y formulados). De los 11 ingredientes activos técnicos rodenticidas registrados, 9 son anticoagulantes, 1 tiene acción sedativa y 1 produce hipercalcemia. De los 416 formulados, 412 presentan algún anticoagulante: un 87,4% son derivados cumarínicos, mientras que el 12,6% son derivados indandiónicos. El 94,2% de los productos se formulan como sólidos y se clasifican como nocivos. No se precisan aspectos como la eficacia sobre las distintas especies susceptibles o el tipo de acción. Del análisis realizado destaca el elevado número de formulados registrados en España en comparación con otros países. De las consecuencias que cabe esperar de la transposición de la Directiva 98/8/EC, destacaremos la reducción en el número y tipo de rodenticidas que se registren y una mayor precisión en relación con la eficacia, el tipo de acción, la composición (atrayentes) y el tipo de formulación. The use of what are known as «rodenticides», defined as biocides used for rodent control, is currently required. In the recent transposition of the Biocide Directive by way of Royal Decree 1054/2002, rodenticides are included under Main Group 3, Product Type 14. The current status of rodenticides in the Official Pesticide Registry is analyzed. This study has been conducted based on the data in the database of the Spain's Official Registry of Pesticides for Use in Public Health for rodentcides (technical and formulated active ingredients). Nine (9) of the technical active ingredients registered are anticoagulants, one (1) has a sedative effect and one (1) causes hypercalcemia. A total of 412 of the 416 formulated rodentcides include some anticoagulant (87.4% are coumarin derivatives, while 12.6% are indandione derivatives). A total 94.2% of these products are formulated as solids and are classified as slightly or moderately hazardous. Aspects such as effectiveness on the different species or the type of effect are not required. Based on the analysis conducted, the one outstanding aspect revealed is large number of formulated rodenticides registered in Spain in comparison to other countries. One of the major consequences which may be anticipated from the transposition of EC Directive 98/9/EC, is the reduction in the number and type of rodenticides which are registered and a greater degree of accuracy as to their effectiveness, the type of effect, the composition (baiting) and the type of formulation.

Fundamentos: La reciente transposición de la Directiva de Biocidas a través del Real Decreto 1.054/2002 conllevará un cambio sustancial en distintos aspectos de la Sanidad Ambiental. Para evaluar la incidencia de estos cambios se presenta un análisis de la situación actual, a partir del cual se podrán valorar adecuadamente las consecuencias de la implantación de la Directiva en España, así como establecer los aspectos básicos que se deben analizar con vistas al establecimiento de un Registro de Biocidas acorde con dicho Real Decreto. Métodos: El análisis se ha efectuado a partir de los datos que figuran en la base de datos del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo sobre los insecticidas registrados para Uso Doméstico presentados como aerosol. La elección de los aerosoles se ha realizado por tratarse del tipo de formulación más numerosa y utilizada para uso doméstico. Resultados: En la formulación de estos aerosoles intervienen 25 insecticidas, 1 desinfectante y 2 sinergizantes. La mayoría de los 298 aerosoles insecticidas presentan algún piretroide en su composición, sólo o en combinación con algún otro compuesto insecticida, desinfectante y/o sinergizante. La mayoría de estos biocidas son mezcla de sustancias activas. Conclusiones: Del análisis realizado se deduce la necesidad de definir nuevos procedimientos de evaluación de la eficacia de los formulados preparados para el uso (diseño de protocolos de ensayo estandarizados, evaluación de la eficacia sobre las distintas especies plaga, efecto de la mezcla de materias activas, plazos de seguridad,...), además de los aspectos referentes a la toxicología, ecotoxicología o características físico-químicas. Background: The recent transposition of the Biocides Directive by means of Royal Decree 1054/2002 involves a substantial change in different Environmental Health-related aspects. To assess the impact of these changes, an analysis of the current situation is provided, based on which the consequences of the implementation of this Directive in Spain may be assessed, in addition to setting out the main aspects which must be analyzed with a view to a Biocides Registry being put into place in accordance with the aforementioned Royal Decree. Methods: The analysis was made based on the data included in the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs related to aerosol insect sprays registered for Household Use. Aerosols were chosen as a result of their being the type most numerous on the market for household use. Results: The formulation of these aerosols includes 25 insecticides, 1 disinfectant and 2 synergizers. A majority of the 298 aerosol insect sprays include some pyretroid in their composition, by itself or combined with some other insecticide, disinfectant and/or synergizing compound. Most of these biocides are a mixture of active substances. Conclusions: Based on the analysis made, the need of setting out new procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the formulas prepared for the use in question (design of standardized testing protocols, assessment of effectiveness on the different pest species, the effect of the mixture of active ingredients, safety timeframes, ...), in addition to the aspects related to toxicology, ecotoxicology or physicochemical characteristics.