Dear Editor, Human brucellosis is the most common zoonosis worldwide and is caused by gram-negative bacteria, Brucella spp. [1]. Among the Brucella spp., B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis can cause human brucellosis. Human brucellosis involves various organs including bone marrow (BM), shows non-specific clinical manifestations including fever, fatigue, back pain, and arthralgia, and can progress to septicemia or multi-organ failure [1,2]. In Korea, since the first case of human brucellosis in 2002 [3], all reported 747 cases have been caused by B. abortus, and the majority were related to the out-break of bovine brucellosis in mid-2000 [4]. We report the first Korean case of human brucellosis caused by B. melitensis. A 34-yr-old man presented with high fever (39.2℃), significant weight loss (10 kg/month), and back pain that persisted for three weeks. He was a Korean resident living in northwestern China (Yanji, Jilin) who had been working on a stock farm in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province, Korea for two months before visiting our hospital. He had hepatosplenomegaly, elevated aminotransferases, and pancytopenia. His complete blood count showed the following: hemoglobin, 8.8 g/dL; white blood cells, 2.1×109/L; and platelets, 43×109/L. His BM was normocellular with intact trilineage hematopoiesis, and neither granuloma nor necrosis was present. Plasma cells (CD19+/CD56-) were elevated (11.7%), and polyclonal gammopathy was detected via serum protein electrophoresis. A magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate back pain revealed pyogenic spondylitis at L3-4. The first two blood cultures yielded gram-negative bacilli, which were identified as B. melitensis by using Vitek 2 (bioMerieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France). In a microagglutination test (MAT), the antibody titer was 1:80. The patient received doxycycline and rifampicin for three weeks and was discharged with no symptoms except mild leukopenia. The MAT titer was not rechecked during the recovery period, because he declined further treatment. The Vitek 2 system database has a limitation in identifying Brucella spp.: it misidentifies B. abortus as B. melitensis. Therefore, the identification result of B. melitensis was further confirmed at the Division of Zoonoses at the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. After a blood culture, the cultivated product was streaked on both a blood agar plate and a Brucella agar plate and incubated at 37℃ and 5% CO2 atmosphere. After several passages through the Brucella agar plate, the pure culture product (the isolate) tested negative for H2S production and positive for oxidase and urease. DNA was extracted from the isolate to amplify the Brucella-specific genes (16S rRNA, BCSP31, and Omp2) [5]. PCR targeting Omp31, IS711, and BCSS confirmed this isolate as B. melitensis [6,7,8] (Table 1). Draft whole genome sequence analysis assembled by CLC bio CLC Genomics Workbench 7.5.1 (Waltham, MA, USA) revealed that the isolate was B. melitensis (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Average nucleotide identity tree of Brucella melitensis. The genome tree was constructed by using BM2015 (the isolate) and related Brucella spp. Table 1 Primers used in this study and the results of PCR and sequencing To identify Brucella spp. when brucellosis is suspected, a careful and complete history should be taken of the patient's occupation, travel, and unpasteurized diet history [9]. The present patient had worked on a sheep farm for two months before admission and experienced nonspecific symptoms (fever, weight loss, and back pain) for three weeks, indicating B. melitensis infection. Before he was in Korea, he had lived in north-western China, where B. melitensis has been dominant [10]. It is not clear whether he had raw food from infected animals in China or in Korea, or whether he acquired brucellosis occupationally by direct skin contact or inhalation of aerosolized infected particles [9]. Although the clinical history appears insufficient, considering that he had been healthy before developing these clinical symptoms, it is unlikely that he already had brucellosis in China. In the present case, H2S was negative, and oxidase and urease were positive in the biochemical analysis, suggesting the possibility of B. melitensis infection together with the patient's working history on the sheep farm. However, H2S production can be also negative in the other Brucella spp., and molecular identification is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. We used multiple gene targets to detect the Brucella genus using a common PCR assay [5] and also used Omp31, IS711, and BCSS gene targets to distinguish B. melitensis from the other Brucella spp. [6,7,8] (Table 1). Conclusively, this is the first official case of human brucellosis caused by B. melitensis in Korea that was confirmed by using molecular methods. Careful recording of patient history and molecular identification are necessary in patients with suspected brucellosis to confirm the causative Brucella spp.