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Sungyeun Bae,1 Jihoon Kwon,2 Mi-Hye Lee,3 Kyung-Sang Yu,1 SeungHwan Lee1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Statistics, APACE, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Yungjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: SeungHwan Lee, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2-2072-1920, Fax +82-2-742-9252, Email leejh413@snu.ac.krPurpose: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the first-line therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD). Unlike conventional PPIs, non-enteric coated PPIs with antacid salt enable a faster acid suppression through the rapid absorption of the PPI. YPI-011 is a newly developed fixed-dose combination of a rabeprazole with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of YPI-011 to the conventional enteric-coated rabeprazole (Pariet®).Materials and Methods: A randomized, open-label, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover study was conducted with two different doses (10 and 20 mg) and 44 subjects in each group. They randomly received either a test or reference treatment for 7 days in the first period and the other treatment in the second period. Blood samples for the PK analysis were taken after the single- and multiple-dose. Intragastric pH monitoring for the PD analysis was implemented for baseline and after the single- and multiple-dose.Results: Gastric acid suppression evaluated by the percentage decrease from baseline in the integrated gastric acidity for a 24-hour interval after the multiple-dose was similar between the treatments in both dose groups. The systemic exposure of rabeprazole at steady state after the multiple-dose was also similar between the treatments in both dose groups. The time to reach the maximum rabeprazole concentration was faster in the test treatment. The PK-PD relationship of PPI is well known, and the faster absorption of rabeprazole resulted in a more rapid mode of action in acid suppression.Conclusion: The fixed dose combination of rabeprazole with NaHCO3 showed a faster absorption and consequently, a more rapid gastric acid suppression with a similar systemic exposure of rabeprazole at steady state compared to the conventional enteric-coated rabeprazole.Keywords: comparative pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, intragastric pH monitoring, gastroesophageal reflux disease, immediate release

NAFLD is a condition of increased buildup of fat in the liver, causing lipotoxicity that can manifest to cirrhosis, steatosis and fibrosis, which can cause significant and eventually irreversible damage to the liver. A key gene associated is the PNPLA3 I148M variant, which has been shown to display lipogenesis functionality. However, the role of PNPLA3 in increased ROS formation is debated. Moreover, there are no studies determining correlation between the variant and alcohol-induced oxidative stress. This project determines the following mechanistic functions of the PNPLA I148M variant to test for the efficiency of PNPLA3 gene therapy for patients with fatty liver disease and alcohol liver disease.There is a strong correlation between lipid induced oxidative stress and PNPLA3 148M variant. DCFDA shows increased concentration of H2O2for PNPLA3 148M overexpressed cell lines for both ethanol and FFA treatment groups. Moreover, there is a statistical correlation between PNPLA3 148M overexpressed cell lines and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress by MitoSOX cellular ROS analysis methods. This study confirmed the significant decrease in oxidative stress levels for 148I variant overexpressed cell lines and proved the efficiency of PNPLA3 targeted gene therapy to NAFLD patients and suggested the potential use of the therapeutic method to patients with ALD. To ensure gene therapeutic effectiveness for patients with NAFLD and alcoholic liver diseases, further experiments may be needed to verify molecular pathways of ROS formation by PNPLA3 with qPCR analysis.

Sungyeun Bae,1 Jihoon Kwon,2 Si-Beum Lee,3 In-Jin Jang,1 Kyung-Sang Yu,1 SeungHwan Lee1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Statistics Team, APACE, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Addpharma Pharmaceutical Corp, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: SeungHwan LeeDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of KoreaTel +82-2-2072-1920Fax +82-2-742-9252Email leejh413@snu.ac.krPurpose: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of acid-related disorders. Demands for enhanced stability and faster onset led to the development of AD-206, a fixed-dose combination of a PPI (esomeprazole) with an antacid salt (calcium carbonate). This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of AD-206 (Addpharma) with conventional esomeprazole (Nexium®, AstraZeneca).Materials and Methods: A randomized, open-label, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover study was conducted with 2 different doses of esomeprazole at 20 and 40 mg with a fixed calcium carbonate dose of 600 mg in AD-206. Forty-four subjects were included in each dose group and randomly received either AD-206 or the conventional esomeprazole for 7 consecutive days in each period. After a single- and multiple-dose, blood samples for the PK analysis were analyzed, and 24-hour intragastric pH monitoring was conducted.Results: The systemic exposure of esomeprazole after a multiple-dose of AD-206 was similar to that of the conventional esomeprazole in both doses, but the time to reach the peak concentration was faster in AD-206. The percentage decrease from baseline in the integrated gastric acidity for a 24-hour interval after the dose was not significantly different between the AD-206 and the conventional esomeprazole after a single- and multiple-dose for both doses, and the time to reach pH 4 was faster for AD-206.Conclusion: AD-206 showed a similar systemic exposure and suppression of gastric acid secretion after a multiple-dose compared to the conventional esomeprazole.Keywords: proton pump inhibitors, randomized controlled study, crossover design, healthy subjects, intragastric pH monitoring

Along with the resistance against quantum computers, isogeny-based cryptography offers attractive cryptosystems due to small key sizes and compatibility with the current elliptic curve primitives. While the state-of-the-art implementation uses Montgomery curves, which facilitates efficient elliptic curve arithmetic and isogeny computations, other forms of elliptic curves can be used to produce an efficient result. In this paper, we present the new hybrid method for isogeny-based cryptosystem using Edwards curves. Unlike the previous hybrid methods, we exploit Edwards curves for recovering the curve coefficients and Montgomery curves for other operations. To this end, we first carefully examine and compare the computational cost of Montgomery and Edwards isogenies. Then, we fine-tune and tailor Edwards isogenies in order to blend with Montgomery isogenies efficiently. Additionally, we present the implementation results of Supersingular Isogeny Diffie–Hellman (SIDH) key exchange using the proposed method. We demonstrate that our method outperforms the previously proposed hybrid method, and is as fast as Montgomery-only implementation. Our results show that proper use of Edwards curves for isogeny-based cryptosystem can be quite practical.

In this article, we propose single-trace side-channel attacks against lattice-based key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs) that are the third-round candidates of the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) standardization project. Specifically, we analyze the message encoding operation in the encapsulation phase of lattice-based KEMs to obtain an ephemeral session key. We conclude that a single-trace leakage implies a whole key recovery: the experimental results realized on a ChipWhisperer UFO STM32F3 target board achieve a success rate of 100% for $\mathsf {CRYSTALS-KYBER}$ and $\mathsf {SABER}$ regardless of an optimization level and those greater than 79% for $\mathsf {FrodoKEM}$ . We further demonstrate that the proposed attack methodologies are not restricted to the above algorithms but are widely applicable to other NIST post-quantum cryptography (PQC) candidates, including $\mathsf {NTRU Prime}$ and $\mathsf {NTRU}$ .

In this study, the authors propose a robust measurement validation algorithm for radar target tracking in a heavy-clutter environment. This algorithm defines the prior information with the radar measurement information from the estimated target trajectory. An additional validation gate is set up within the conventional validation gate using the statistics of the prior information then only a part of the validation measurement is selected to update the target state. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the authors designed a simulation for target tracking. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a lower root mean squared position error compared to conventional algorithms in a heavy-clutter environment.

We present an ideal acquisition protocol and processing algorithm for optimum OCT angiography quality using Fourier-domain mode-locked (FDML) laser, with results demonstrating high vasculature contrast at 1.6 MHz scan rates in the human retina.

In this paper, we present a highly optimized implementation of $$\eta _T$$ pairing on 16-bit MSP430 processor. Until now, TinyPBC provided the most optimized implementation of $$\eta _T$$ pairing on sensor platforms. Although it is well optimized for finite field arithmetic, it is not optimized at an extension field arithmetic level. Moreover, since TinyPBC requires considerable amount of memory consumption, its usability is limited on a memory-constrained sensor platforms. We have focused on optimizing not only field arithmetic level but also extension field arithmetic level. In comparison with TinyPBC, the field reduction performance could be improved about 29.1% by our proposed method. We achieved 12.22% of performance improvement for extension field sparse multiplication. Our $$\eta _T$$ pairing implementation on MSP430 computes single pairing in 1.22 s, and this result is 5.88% faster than TinyPBC. Furthermore, it requires 19.2% less memory than TinyPBC.

We propose classification algorithms for human and dog movement. The proposed algorithms use micro-Doppler signals obtained from humans and dogs moving in four different directions. A two-stage classifier based on a support vector machine (SVM) is proposed, which uses a radial-based function (RBF) kernel and 16 th -order linear predictive code (LPC) coefficients as feature vectors. With the proposed algorithms, we obtain the best classification results when a first-level SVM classifies the type of movement, and then, a second-level SVM classifies the moving object. We obtain the correct classification probability 95.54% of the time, on average. Next, to deal with the difficult classification problem of human and dog running, we propose a twolayer convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed CNN is composed of six (6x6) convolution filters at the first and second layers, with (5x5) max pooling for the first layer and (2x2) max pooling for the second layer. The proposed CNN-based classifier adopts an auto regressive spectrogram as the feature image obtained from the 16 th -order LPC vectors for a specific time duration. The proposed CNN exhibits 100% classification accuracy and outperforms the SVM-based classifier. These results show that the proposed classifiers can be used for human and dog classification systems and also for classification problems using data obtained from an ultrawideband (UWB) sensor.

We propose a stacking method for ensemble learning to distinguish micro-Doppler signals generated by human walking from background noises using radar sensors. We collected micro-Doppler signals caused by four types of background noise (line of sight (LoS), fan, snow and rain) and additionally considered micro-Doppler signals caused by human walking combined with these four types of background noise. We firstly verified the effectiveness of a fully connected deep neural network (DNN) to classify 8 types of signals. The average accuracy was 88.79% for the test set. Then, we propose a stacking method to combine two base classifiers of different structures. The average accuracy of the stacking method on the test set was 91.43%. Lastly, we designed a modified stacking method to reuse feature information stored at the previous stage and the average test accuracy increased to 95.62%. This result shows that the proposed stacking methods can be an effective approach to improve classifier&rsquo, s accuracy in recognizing human walking using micro-Doppler signals with background noise.

Survival models allowing for random effects (e.g., frailty models) have been widely used for analyzing clustered time‐to‐event data. Accelerated failure time (AFT) models with random effects are useful alternatives to frailty models. Because survival times are directly modeled, interpretation of the fixed and random effects is straightforward. Moreover, the fixed effect estimates are robust against various violations of the assumed model. In this paper, we propose a penalized h‐likelihood (HL) procedure for variable selection of fixed effects in the AFT random‐effect models. For the purpose of variable selection, we consider three penalty functions, namely, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD), and HL. We demonstrate via simulation studies that the proposed variable selection procedure is robust against the misspecification of the assumed model. The proposed method is illustrated using data from a bladder cancer clinical trial.

In this paper, we discuss the application of the particle filter for the track-before-detect to detect the target in a low SNR situation. We investigate how to find a target in the range-doppler domain without using adaptive threshold level by CFAR. To do this, we propose the modified particle filter for simple calculation of particle weights. We design the radar simulator that includes full radar signal processing for algorithm verification. In spite of a low SNR situation where it is difficult to detect a target, the proposed algorithm can estimate the optimal position of a target. As the process of the particle filter is repeated, the particles converge to the optimum position considered as the estimated position of a target.

In this study we describe our novel Multi-Scale and multi-Mode Sensorless Adaptive Optics OCT system (MSM-SAO-OCT). Our system expands upon our previously reported work by introducing a zoomable collimator, phase calibration interferometer, and polarization diversity detection module. By using a zoomable collimator into the system setup, we allow an adjustable probing beam diameter without the need to change the optical setup, permitting imaging with both low and high lateral resolution (18 µm – 6 µm) at various Fields of View (FOV) within diffraction limited resolution. By employing SAO optimization algorithm, different morphological structures and microvasculature in a retina were clearly visualized after wavefront aberration correction with dual deformable optical elements – Variable Focus Lens (VFL) for defocus and a Multi-Actuator Adaptive Lens (MAL) for two astigmatisms. For retinal vasculature imaging, MSM-SAO-OCT system generates flow-specific contrast as measuring amplitude of complex variance from the multiple OCT B-scans from the same transverse location after stabilizing OCT signals in a phase using a static interference signal from phase calibration interferometer. In addition, the use of polarization diversity detection allows to create Degree Of Polarization Uniformity (DOPU) contrast using for visualization of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) with its inherent tissue characteristic (polarization scrambling). In order to demonstrate functionality and clinical utility of the MSM-SAO-OCT system, in vivo human retinal imaging was performed on research subjects, and imaging results are presented and discussed.

RSA 암호 시스템은 가장 널리 사용되는 공개키 암호 알고리즘 중 하나이며, RSA 암호 시스템의 안전성은 큰 수의 인수분해의 어려움에 기반을 둔다. 따라서 RSA 암호 시스템의 합성수 을 인수분해하려는 시도는 계속 진행 중에 있다. General Number Field Sieve는 현재까지 알려진 가장 빠른 인수분해 방법이고, RSA-704를 인수분해 하는데 사용된 소프트웨어인 CADO-NFS도 GNFS를 기반으로 설계되어 있다. 그러나 CADO-NFS는 다항식 선택 과정에서 입력된 변수로부터 항상 최적의 다항식을 선택하지 못하는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 CADO-NFS의 다항식 선택 단계를 분석하고 중국인의 나머지 정리와 유클리드 거리를 사용하여 다항식을 선택하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법을 이용하면 기존의 방법보다 좋은 다항식이 매번 선택되며, RSA-1024를 인수분해 하는데 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this paper is to show the effectiveness of Deep neural networks (DNN) for recognizing the micro-Doppler radar signals generated by human walking and background noises. To show this, we collected various micro-Doppler signals considering the actual human walking motion and background noise characteristics. Unlike the previous researches that required a complex feature extraction process, we directly use the FFT result of the input signal as a feature vector without any additional pre-processing. This technique helps not to use heuristic approaches to get a meaningful feature vector. We designed two types of DNN classifier. The first is the binary classifier to classify human walking Doppler signals and background noises. The second is the multiclass classifier that is roughly able to recognize a circumstance of a place as well as human walking Doppler signals. DNN for the binary classifier showed about 97.5% classification accuracy for the test dataset and DNN(ReLU) for the multiclass classifier showed about 95.6% accuracy.

In this paper, we present the first constant-time implementations of four-dimensional Gallant&ndash, Lambert&ndash, Vanstone and Galbraith&ndash, Lin&ndash, Scott (GLV-GLS) scalar multiplication using curve Ted 127 - glv 4 on 8-bit AVR, 16-bit MSP430, and 32-bit ARM processors. In Asiacrypt 2012, Longa and Sica introduced the four-dimensional GLV-GLS scalar multiplication, and they reported the implementation results on Intel processors. However, they did not consider efficient implementations on resource-constrained embedded devices. We have optimized the performance of scalar multiplication using curve Ted 127 - glv 4 on 8-bit AVR, 16-bit MSP430, and 32-bit ARM processors. Our implementations compute a variable-base scalar multiplication in 6,856,026, 4,158,453, and 447,836 cycles on AVR, MSP430, and ARM Cortex-M4 processors, respectively. Recently, Four Q -based scalar multiplication has provided the fastest implementation results on AVR, MSP430, and ARM Cortex-M4 processors to date. Compared to Four Q -based scalar multiplication, the proposed implementations require 4.49% more computational cost on AVR, but save 2.85% and 4.61% cycles on MSP430 and ARM, respectively. Our 16-bit and 32-bit implementation results set new speed records for variable-base scalar multiplication.

The purpose of this paper is to show the effectiveness of Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for Pulsed Doppler radar under Track-Before-Detect (TBD) environments (Heavy Clutter Environments). To do this, we designed the Pulsed Doppler radar simulator for tracking a virtual target. This simulator includes the whole process of radar signal processing. In order to consider the nonlinearity of measurement data and TBD environment, we lowered the CFAR threshold to generate many false alarms and we consider a complicated moving path of a target. Under these conditions, the tracking performances of EnKF, Extended Kalman Filter, and Particle Filter (PF) are compared and analyzed. In this given scenario, the performances of EnKF and PF were more reliable than EKF. EnKF and PF showed similar performances. Considering complexity and diversity loss by resampling that PF requires, this result shows that EnKF can be an effective alternative of PF, because the optimization of EnKF is simpler than PF.

The isogeny-based cryptosystem is the most recent category in the field of postquantum cryptography. However, it is widely studied due to short key sizes and compatibility with the current elliptic curve primitives. The main building blocks when implementing the isogeny-based cryptosystem are isogeny computations and point operations. From isogeny construction perspective, since the cryptosystem moves along the isogeny graph, isogeny formula cannot be optimized for specific coefficients of elliptic curves. Therefore, Montgomery curves are used in the literature, due to the efficient point operation on an arbitrary elliptic curve. In this paper, we propose formulas for computing 3 and 4 isogenies on twisted Edwards curves. Additionally, we further optimize our isogeny formulas on Edwards curves and compare the computational cost of Montgomery curves. We also present the implementation results of our isogeny computations and demonstrate that isogenies on Edwards curves are as efficient as those on Montgomery curves.

This paper describes the development and test of Ground Penetrating Radar using 48 channel UWB impulse radar array for landmine detection. For getting high-resolution landmine images, a monocycle waveform having 600ps pulse width is applied. In order to analyze performances, we use representative soils of Korea and training landmines similar to landmines buried in the Korea's DMZ. The developed GPR system finds the estimation points with having a high possibility as landmines and provides top-view and down-track landmine images at these points. The test result of this system shows the clear differences between clutter images and landmine images. Therefore, we expect that this system can be applied for effectively removing landmines buried in Korea.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased mortality rate in patients but clinically available biomarkers for disease detection are currently not available. Recently, a new biomarker, selenium-binding protein 1 (SBP1), was identified for detection of nephrotoxicity using proteomic analysis. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of urinary SBP1 levels as an early detection of AKI using animal models such as cisplatin or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cisplatin (6 mg/kg, once i.p.) and sacrificed at 1, 3, or 5 days after treatment. Ischemia was achieved by bilaterally occluding both kidneys with a microvascular clamp for 45 min and verified visually by a change in tissue color. After post-reperfusion, urine samples were collected at 9, 24, and 48 hr intervals. Urinary excretion of protein-based biomarkers was measured by Western blot analysis. In cisplatin-treated rats, mild histopathologic alterations were noted at day 1 which became severe at day 3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels were significantly increased at day 3. Levels of urinary excretion of SBP1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were markedly elevated at day 3 and 5 following drug treatment. In the vehicle-treated I/R group, serum levels of BUN and SCr and AST activity were significantly increased compared to sham. Urinary excretion of SBP1 and NGAL rose markedly following I/R. The urinary levels of SBP1, NGAL, TIMP-1, and KIM-1 proteins excreted by AKI patients and normal subjects were compared. Among these proteins, a marked rise in SBP1 was observed in urine of patients with AKI compared to normal subjects. Based upon receiver-operator curves (ROC), SBP1 displayed a higher area under the curve (AUC) scores than levels of SCr, BUN, total protein, and glucose. In particular, SBP1 protein was readily detected in small amounts of urine without purification. Data thus indicate that urinary excretion of SBP1 may be useful as a reliable biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI in patients.

In this paper, we propose the human detection technique using Neural Networks to effectively classify the Doppler signals caused by human walking along with the background noise sources. The frequency or phase feature vectors converted from the given input signal are directly used as the input of Neural Networks. In addition, Gaussian noise is added in the input nodes of Neural Network in order to prevent the overfitting problem. We developed the low-cost & short-range K-band Doppler radar for the experiment. The proposed technique was examined with human walking data accompanied with the background noises caused by the fan, rain, snow, and other outdoor environmental factors. The trained Neural Network detection technique can detect human walking with 95.2% of the true positive rate and it has 4.6% of the false positive rate.

We propose adaptive detection algorithm to reduce a false alarm by considering the characteristics of the random noise on the detection system based on a seismic sensor. The proposed algorithm consists of the first step detection using kernel function and the second step detection using detection classes. Kernel function of the first step detection is obtained from the threshold of the Neyman-Pearon decision criterion using the probability density functions varied along the noise from the measured signal. The second step detector consists of 4 step detection class by calculating the occupancy time of the footstep using the first detected samples. In order to verify performance of the proposed algorithm, the detection of the footsteps using measured signal of targets (walking and running) are performed experimentally. The detection results are compared with a fixed threshold detector. The first step detection result has the high detection performance of 95% up to 10m area. Also, the false alarm probability is decreased from 40% to 20% when it is compared with the fixed threshold detector. By applying the detection class(second step detector), it is greatly reduced to less than 4%.

This paper describes a study of compensation for the physical temperature variation in microwave radiometers. The compensation method is derived by using a multivariable least squares estimation with a radiometer model with temperature-dependent parameters for three system blocks. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated with several experiments with a Ka-band total power radiometer and a temperature control system developed to test the method in various thermal conditions. The results show that the compensation method can be applied to calibrate microwave radiometers without switching systems and is expected to compensate internal temperature gradients and temporal variation of physical temperature.

The Acknowledgements section is missing in the original article. Now the Acknowledgements section is given.

Silver nanowires with diameters ranging from 150 to 2OO11111 and lengths of 20 µm ∼ 40 µm or more were prepared by synthesizing in solution-phase. After preparing Ag nanowires, we removed PVP on the surface of Ag nanowires. The methods to remove PVP are followed. We stirred Ag nanowires / 5M HNO 3 solutions for 30 minutes. This method makes PVP on an Ag nanowire surface be etched and corroded. Next, we made the nanosized chemical gas sensor using an Ag nanowire between two electrodes on the silicon substrate to use DEP force. Upon exposure to ammonia(NH3) vapor, ensembles of these Ag nanowires showed a resistance increase, that was large, fast and reversible. The reason is that the PVP on the surface of Ag nanowires are removed. These PVP have played role in protecting from by ammonia(NH3) vapor. After removing PVP, the corrosion parts are made on the surface of Ag nanowire. These corrosion parts on an Ag nanowire surface respond with NH3 vapor in the air. We guess that this chemical responding is influenced by some reasons, which interrupt electron's transfer through an Ag nanowire backbone. However, more data will be needed in order to unambiguously reveal the structure and chemical composition.

In this research we proposed the circuit for storing electric energy by converting mechani cal energy at capacitor using EAP Pad. We used the Smartspice program which is a circuit analysis program for checking level of electric energy. We mainly analyzed into 4 effecting factors to electric energy, and 4 factors are firs tly applied voltage, secondly the capacitor of source part and the capacitor of capacitor part, thirdly capacitor of EAP and its change of capacitor value, and for last an applied frequency. For addition, research for EAP generators are needed electric power to circuit at all time till now. But different from that, this research focused on not all time. Keyword list: Electrically Activated Polymer, Energy Generation U. I NTRODUCTION Population of human beings is growing rapidly, and from think about limited energy sources, energy crisis is big problem to earth. So, research related for generators is very important as time goes by. One of representative micro power generator, piezo generator`s main problems are weak for impact by brittleness, difficulty to use at real life. And electromagnetic generato r is good for high speed but not good at low speed because of low efficiency. Generally electromagnetic generator has characteristic of low energy density and uses moving slider by gravity, so for high efficiency the generator is needed to have large size. Large volume makes large weight, and it makes limit of portability. EAP can be representative as cheap, quiet, light , high versatile and soft characteristics.(1-3) On the contrary, the defects are low power, stiffn ess, sustainability and weak repeatability.(4-6) For representative research, SRI International group of America started research with heel-strike type generator using acrylic EAP. And they are researching large sized energy genera tion by inertial effect of slid er at wave condition.(7, 8) EAP has basically structure of 3 layers, which are elastomer in the middle place and electrodes both outer of elastomer. If there is committing electric field to both electrodes, Coulomb charge attraction has occurred by Maxwell stress. And Coulomb charge attraction makes squeeze elastomer. This make elastomer thin at direction of thickness, and by constant volume with incompressible property expansion occurs at area direction perpendicular to thickness direction.(9) This research has objective to help to design EAP generator effectively by parameter analysis.

The acaricidal activity of materials derived from the rhizome of Cnidium officinale against adults of Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods and compared with that of benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The active constituent of the Cnidium rhizome was identified as butylidenephthalide by spectroscopic analyses. Responses varied with dose. On the basis of 24-h LD(50) values, the acaricidal activity of butylidenephthalide (6.77 microg/cm(2)) against D. farinae adults was comparable to that of benzyl benzoate (8.54 microg/cm(2)). Very low activity was observed with DEET (37.59 microg/cm(2)). Against D. pteronyssinus adults, butylidenephthalide (6.46 microg/cm(2)) and benzyl benzoate (6.68 microg/cm(2)) were equitoxic. DEET (17.98 microg/cm(2)) was relatively inactive. The typical poisoning symptom of butylidenephthalide was lethargy of treated mites, leading to death without knockdown, whereas benzyl benzoate and DEET caused death following uncoordinated behavior. In a fumigation test with both mite species, butylidenephthalide was much more effective in closed containers than open ones. Naturally occurring C. officinale rhizome-derived materials merit further study as potential house dust mite control agents or lead compounds.

A 37 GHz total power radiometer and a temperature control system which are developed for calibration of radiometers with temperature distribution are described. The radiometer is physically divided into three system units which are RF, LO, and LF unit for thermal isolation between the units. The developed radiometer performs with good linearity and the temperature control system is able to allow temperature of target and each system unit within a range of 10° to 43°. Finally, drift of estimated target temperature which is due to variation of RF unit temperature is obtained by using the radiometer and the temperature control system. The results indicate that the developed system is capable of empirical studies for the temperature compensation method with multitemperature variables.