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Three permutation tests based Tn (Li et al. (2013)), KSn and BKRn (Blum et al.(1961)) for unit root in the AR(1) time series are investigated and compared to Dickey-Fuller tests with white noise from distributions at different levels of skewness (symmetric distributions such as standard normal; slightly skewed distributions such as Chisq (1); highly right skewed distributions such as Weibull (shape=1/3, scale=1); highly left skewed distributions such as negative lognormal (µ = 0, σ = 2)) and two moderately skewed F distributions with numerator degree of freedom 1 and denominator degrees of freedom 7 and 4. As expected, Dickey-Fuller tests overperform the permutation tests when white noise is from symmetric distributions or slightly skewed distributions. The permutation tests based on BKRn perform at least comparable to and most of the time overperform the permutation tests based on KSn regardless of the levels of skewness of white noise distributions. The permutation tests based on Tn could not compare to Dickey-Fuller tests when white noise is from symmetric distributions and it could not compare to the permutation tests based on BKRn when white noise is from skewed distributions. JEL classification numbers: C12, C14, C15. Keywords: Permutation tests, Autoregressive, Unit root.

Background: Life’s Simple 7 (LS7; nutri­tion, physical activity, cigarette use, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose) predicts cardiovascular health. The principal objective of our study was to define demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with LS7 to better inform programs addressing cardiovascular health and health equity.Methods: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999–2016 data were analyzed on non-Hispanic White [NHW], NH Black [NHB], and Hispanic adults aged ≥20 years without cardiovascular disease. Each LS7 variable was assigned 0, 1, or 2 points for poor, intermediate, and ideal lev­els, respectively. Composite LS7 scores were grouped as poor (0–4 points), intermediate (5–9), and ideal (10–14).Results: 32,803 adults were included. Mean composite LS7 scores were below ideal across race/ethnicity groups. After adjusting for confounders, NHBs were less likely to have optimal LS7 scores than NHW (multivariable odds ratios (OR .44; 95% CI .37–.53), whereas Hispanics tended to have better scores (1.18; .96–1.44). Hispan­ics had more ideal LS7 scores than NHBs, although Hispanics had lower incomes and less education, which were independently associated with fewer ideal LS7 scores. Adults aged ≥45 years were less likely to have ideal LS7 scores (.11; .09–.12) than adults aged

Hypertension control (United States) increased from 1999 to 2000 to 2009 to 2010, plateaued during 2009 to 2014, then fell during 2015 to 2018. We sought explanatory factors for declining hypertension control and assessed whether specific age (18–39, 40–59, ≥60 years) or race-ethnicity groups (Non-Hispanic White, NH [B]lack, Hispanic) were disproportionately impacted. Adults with hypertension in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys during the plateau (2009–2014) and decline (2015–2018) in hypertension control were studied. Definitions: hypertension, blood pressure (mm Hg) ≥140 and/or ≥90 mm Hg or self-reported antihypertensive medications (Treated); Aware, ‘Yes” to, “Have you been told you have hypertension?”; Treatment effectiveness, proportion of treated adults controlled; control, blood pressure P P =0.01), treatment (−4.6%, P =0.004), and treatment effectiveness (−6.0%, P P =0.97]). Antihypertensive monotherapy rose (+4.2%, P =0.04), although treatment resistance factors increased (obesity +4.0%, P =0.02, diabetes +2.3%, P =0.02). Hypertension control fell across age (18–39 [−4.9%, P =0.30]; 40–59 [−9.9%, P =0.0003]; ≥60 years [−6.5%, P =0.005]) and race-ethnicity groups (Non-Hispanic White [−8.5%, P =0.0007]; NHB −7.4%, P =0.002]; Hispanic [−5.2%, P =0.06]). Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension control versus Non-Hispanic White were attenuated after adjusting for modifiable factors including education, obesity and access to care; NHB (odds ratio, 0.79 unadjusted versus 0.84 adjusted); Hispanic (odds ratio 0.74 unadjusted versus 0.98 adjusted). Improving hypertension control and reducing disparities require greater and more equitable access to high quality health care and healthier lifestyles.

The Batang geothermal field, located at the north-eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a high-temperature geothermal system with two main geothermal areas, namely Bogexi and Rekeng. The Rehai geothermal field is also a high-temperature geothermal system, with a magmatic heat source which shows geothermal manifestations similar to those in Batang, especially in the Rekeng area. In this study, we compared the chemical compositions of different thermal springs in the Batang geothermal field with those in the Rehai geothermal field, to ascertain whether the thermal spring waters in Batang are also influenced by magma degassing or not. Further, we investigated the hydrogeochemical processes involved in forming the various thermal springs in the Batang geothermal field. We find that the thermal waters in the Batang geothermal field are not influenced by magma degassing. Although inorganic carbon, including HCO3− and CO32−, is the dominant anion component of most of the thermal waters in the Batang geothermal field, SO42− is present in variable amounts. In this area, the mixing of the thermal waters with steam containing some amount of H2S generated by metamorphism probably causes the relatively high SO42− concentration in the neutral thermal springs. Also, beneath the Rekeng area, there is a deep reservoir with the temperature of about 180 °C; a shallow reservoir of a relatively low temperature of about 75 °C was also identified in the eastern part. About half of the thermal spring waters in Rekeng directly originate in the deep reservoir, mixing with little or no snow-melt water and steam. Conversely, no steady reservoir exists beneath the Bogexi area. We attribute the high levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and TIC (total inorganic carbon) in the thermal spring waters in the Bogexi area to the carbonate geologic stratum distributed at the outlets of the springs.

Researchers sometimes use informal judgment for statistical model diagnostics and assumption checking. Informal judgment might seem more desirable than formal judgment because of a paradox: Formal hypothesis tests of assumptions appear to become less useful as sample size increases. We suggest that this paradox can be resolved by evaluating both formal and informal statistical judgment via a simplified signal detection framework. In 4 studies, we used this approach to compare informal judgments of normality diagnostic graphs (histograms, Q-Q plots, and P-P plots) to the performance of several formal tests (Shapiro-Wilk test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, etc.). Participants judged whether or not graphs of sample data came from a normal population (Experiments 1-2) or whether or not from a population close enough to normal for a parametric test to be more powerful than a nonparametric one (Experiments 3-4). Across all experiments, participants' informal judgments showed lower discriminability than did formal hypothesis tests. This pattern occurred even after participants were given 400 training trials with feedback, a financial incentive, and ecologically valid distribution shapes. The discriminability advantage of formal normality tests led to slightly more powerful follow-up tests (parametric vs. nonparametric). Overall, the framework used here suggests that formal model diagnostics may be more desirable than informal ones.

Background: Prior reports show that blood pressure (BP, mmHg) control to Methods: BP control was assessed in adults ≥18 years in NHANES 2009-2018 (age-adjusted to 2010). BP control and its determinants were assessed by age group 18-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years in NHANES 2009-2012 and 2015-2018 (before/after 2014). Terms: Hypertension, BP ≥140 &/or ≥90 or self-reported current BP medication use (Treated); Aware, ‘Yes” to, “Have you been told you have hypertension?”; Treatment efficiency, proportion of treated adults controlled ([Cont]rolled/Treated); BP control, Results: For all adults, BP control peaked in 2013-2014 at 54.5%, declining to 48.0% in 2015-2016 and 43.4% in 2017-2018 (11.1% fall, p Conclusion: Despite the 2017 BP goal

The Kangding geothermal field, located in western China, is a high-temperature geothermal system potentially rich in geothermal resources. In this study, we employed various hydrogeochemical methods to gain more insight into the heat source and cooling processes involved in forming various thermal springs in the geothermal field. The study showed that though the majority of the samples analyzed were immature in terms of mineral-aqueous equilibria, coupling classical geothermometers with the FixAl method enabled more reliable reservoir temperature estimations. A deduction from the silica-carbonate, the chloride-enthalpy, and the silica-enthalpy mixing models indicated that the parent geothermal fluid exists beneath this study area. The thermal waters discharged from the Kangding geothermal field originate in the same deep reservoir; and the parent geothermal fluid has a temperature of about 260 °C, with a Cl− concentration of 1056 mg/L. Isotope (δD and δ18O) studies confirmed the magmatic heat effect on the parent geothermal fluid. Also, though all the thermal spring waters in the field are derived from the parent fluid, they undergo different cooling processes during ascent to the earth's surface. However, the thermal spring waters in both the Yulingong and Erdaoqiao geothermal sites were mainly formed by the mixing of the parent geothermal fluid and infiltrating groundwater. The thermal spring waters in the Erdaoqiao also had the highest levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and TIC (total inorganic carbon) due to the presence of carbonate in its geologic stratum. The thermal springs at Zhonggu formed as a result of the “CO2 condensate”, consisting of snow-melt water and meteoric water, mixing with the deep parent geothermal fluid. We attribute the absence of acid springs in the Kangding geothermal setting to the deep-seated magma chamber and a relatively small concentration of H2S in the deep thermal waters in the area.

Classical geothermometers are useful tools for estimating reservoir temperatures of geothermal systems. However, their application to low-medium temperature reservoirs is limited because large variations of temperatures calculated by different classical geothermometers are usually observed. In order to help choose the most appropriate classical geothermometer for calculating the temperatures of low-medium temperature reservoirs, this study evaluated the mineral-aqueous equilibria of typical low-medium temperature felsic reservoirs in the Yangbajing geothermal field and Guangdong geothermal fields. The findings of this study support that reservoirs in the Guangdong geothermal fields have no direct magma influence. Also, natural reservoirs may represent the intermediate steady state before reaching full equilibrium, which rarely occurs. For the low-medium temperature geothermal systems without the influence of magma, even with seawater intrusion, the process of minerals reaching mineral-aqueous equilibrium is sequential: chlorite and chalcedony are the first, then followed by K-feldspar, kaolinite and K-mica. Chlorite may reach equilibrium at varying activity values, and the equilibrium between K-feldspar and kaolinite or K-feldspar and K-mica can fix the contents of K and Al in the solutions. Although the SiO2 and Al attain equilibrium state, albite and laumontite remain unsaturated and thus may affect low-medium temperature calculations. In this study, the chalcedony geothermometer was found to be the most suitable geothermometer for low-medium temperature reservoirs. The results of K-Mg geothermometer may be useful to complement that of the chalcedony geothermometer in low-medium temperature reservoir systems. Na-K geothermometer will give unreliable results at low-medium temperatures; and Na-K-Ca will also be unsuitable to calculate reservoir temperatures lower than 180 °C, probably caused by the chemical imbalance of laumontite.

When bivariate normality is violated, the default confidence interval of the Pearson correlation can be inaccurate. Two new methods were developed based on the asymptotic sampling distribution of Fisher's z' under the general case where bivariate normality need not be assumed. In Monte Carlo simulations, the most successful of these methods relied on the (Vale & Maurelli, 1983, Psychometrika, 48, 465) family to approximate a distribution via the marginal skewness and kurtosis of the sample data. In Simulation 1, this method provided more accurate confidence intervals of the correlation in non-normal data, at least as compared to no adjustment of the Fisher z' interval, or to adjustment via the sample joint moments. In Simulation 2, this approximate distribution method performed favourably relative to common non-parametric bootstrap methods, but its performance was mixed relative to an observed imposed bootstrap and two other robust methods (PM1 and HC4). No method was completely satisfactory. An advantage of the approximate distribution method, though, is that it can be implemented even without access to raw data if sample skewness and kurtosis are reported, making the method particularly useful for meta-analysis. Supporting information includes R code.

Prehypertension is associated with increased risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Data are limited on the temporal changes in the prevalence of prehypertension and risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease among US adults with prehypertension. We analyzed data from 30 958 US adults ≥20 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 1999 and 2012. Using the mean of 3 blood pressure (BP) measurements from a study examination, prehypertension was defined as systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg and diastolic BP P trend=0.007). During this time period, the prevalence of several risk factors for cardiovascular disease and incident hypertension increased among US adults with prehypertension, including prediabetes (9.6% to 21.6%), diabetes mellitus (6.0% to 8.5%), overweight (33.5% to 37.3%), and obesity (30.6% to 35.2%). There was a nonstatistically significant increase in no weekly leisure-time physical activity (40.0% to 43.9%). Also, the prevalence of adhering to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating pattern decreased (18.4% to 11.9%). In contrast, there was a nonstatistically significant decline in current smoking (25.9% to 23.2%). In conclusion, the prevalence of prehypertension has decreased modestly since 1999–2000. Population-level approaches directed at adults with prehypertension are needed to improve risk factors to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Rehai is the sole geothermal area in mainland China that discharges both acidic and alkaline hot springs with pHs ranging from 1.4 to 10.0. The hot springs in Rehai are also characterized by a wide range of arsenic concentrations, with the highest being 1.35 mg/L. Analysis of the arsenic geochemistry indicates that the alkaline and neutral hot springs in Rehai have high arsenic concentrations. The alkaline hot springs represent arsenic-rich boiled reservoir fluids, and the neutral hot springs represent mixtures of these reservoir fluids with non-thermal waters and/or condensed steam. The enrichment of arsenic in the deep reservoir fluids, also called “primary fluids”, is primarily attributable to the leaching of reservoir rocks at high temperatures, but a possible arsenic contribution from magmatic fluids cannot be ruled out. The acidic springs, in contrast, have much lower arsenic concentrations because they are a mixture of non-thermal oxygenated waters and condensed steam, both of which are depleted in arsenic. In addition to arsenite and arsenate, mono-, di-, and tri-thioarsenates have been detected in the Rehai geothermal waters. The arsenic speciation in the Rehai hot springs is primarily linked to the formation processes of the various secondary fluids at the surface and their sulfide concentrations. In addition, the speciation is also affected by the pH values and the redox potentials of the waters. Compared to the springs along secondary E-W-trending faults, the chloride-rich springs along the main N-S-trending faults are generally much less affected by mixing with non-thermal waters and/or condensed steam. They are also more enriched in sulfide, and thioarsenates consequently represent a greater proportion of the total arsenic. This is the first study to report the thioarsenic geochemistry of hot springs in China.

Longling, located in the Yunnan-Tibet Geothermal Province of China, is characterized by the wide distribution of hydrothermal areas, among which the Banglazhang system is the most geothermally active and marked by intensive hydrothermal activities. There is a lack of neutral Cl waters at Banglazhang, and the geothermal waters are mainly Na-HCO3 type with low but comparable SO4 and Cl concentrations. The SiO2 concentrations of the Banglazhang geothermal waters indicate equilibration in a shallow reservoir with a temperature around 150 °C. While dilution by Mg-rich cold groundwaters complicates geothermometry, the Na-K geothermometer suggests that this shallow reservoir is fed by geothermal fluid from a deeper reservoir above 200 °C. The geophysical investigations made in the neighboring regions of Banglazhang indicate that the Banglazhang system is likely to be located above the margin of a comparatively shallow-seated magma chamber. However, the hydrochemical and O, H and S isotopic evidence doesn't imply a mixing of magmatic fluid with Banglazhang geothermal waters. The geochemical scenario below Banglazhang is quite different than some typical magmatic-hydrothermal systems in China (such as Yangbajain and Rehai) where the geochemistry of geothermal waters are strongly affected by the input of magmatic fluid. The efforts made in this study might be suggestive for identifying the geothermal and geochemical origin of a large number of unexplored high-temperature hydrothermal systems in remote Yunnan and Tibet of China whose heat sources and geological conditions are unclear.

The geothermal waters from the Rehai magmatic hydrothermal system, located in the Tengchong volcanic region, south-western China, are characterized by diversified hydrochemical types and a wide range of pH values. The neutral hot springs in Rehai generally have much higher arsenic concentrations than the acid hot springs. Further inspection shows that the acid, sulfate-rich springs are essentially locally-perched groundwaters heated by H2S-rich steam separated from deep geothermal fluid. Hence, the dissolution of near-surface rocks at moderate temperatures is the sole source of arsenic in the steam-heated acid springs. In comparison, the arsenic in the neutral hot springs, which represent the deep-circulating geothermal fluids, comes from long-term water-rock interactions at much higher reservoir temperatures. Moreover, the possibility that magmatic fluid is a potential arsenic source for the neutral springs in Rehai cannot be ruled out.

The Gonghe region is characterized by the most active geothermal manifestation in Qinghai Province, northwestern China. The geothermal waters from three hydrothermal areas (Qiabuqia, Guide and Xinghai) of Gonghe have different hydrochemical and isotopic compositions. Nevertheless, most geothermal water samples fall into the area of evaporitic gypsum defined by the range of its δ34S-sulfate values and a few samples plot right on the border dividing the gypsum area and the atmospheric precipitation area, indicating that the formation of sulfate in Gonghe geothermal waters is commonly attributed to the dissolution of gypsum and/or anhydrite in host rocks, with a possible minor contribution of atmospheric precipitation. Moreover, the sulfate in Guide geothermal waters may originate partly from the oxidation of H2S at near-surface oxidizing environment. Sulfur isotopes are proved to be good indicators for identifying the geochemical genesis of geothermal water.

Background: Life’s Simple 7 (LS7; diet, physical activity, smoking, BMI, BP, cholesterol, glucose) was developed by AHA to track and improve CV risk and outcomes. Individuals with high vs. low LS7 scores have 30%-80% lower incidence rates of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, dementia, kidney and lung disease, and cancer. Since LS7 serves as a population health marker, national trends in demographic groups can inform efforts to optimize health and health equity. Methods: LS7 was assessed in 35,562 NHANES 1999-2016 participants 20 years and older, free of CVD with all LS7 data and either non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB) or Hispanic. Data were disaggregated by time, age, race / ethnicity and sex. For each LS7 item, 0 points were assigned for poor, 1 point for intermediate, and 2 points for optimal levels; maximum LS7 score = 14. Results: LS7 scores fell with age, were higher in NHWs and Hispanics than NHBs, and higher in women than men (Table). Conclusions: Demographic factors were associated with large differences in LS7 scores. No group had optimal scores or is improving with time. LS7 scores are sharply lower in middle-age and older than younger adults, in NHBs than NHWs and Hispanics, and in men than women. Hispanics had similar LS7 scores to NHWs, despite less income, education and health insurance. Findings highlight the need for culturally tailored and complementary public and population health programs beginning early in life to promote healthy lifestyle patterns and timely access to and adherence with evidence-based care. Successful programs could reduce the age-related rise in cardiometabolic and other chronic diseases and improve health equity.

Although potassium-related classical geothermometers have been widely used over the years to estimate the temperature of geothermal reservoirs, there are limitations regarding their practical applications. In order to obtain more reliable reservoir temperature estimates, the limitations and the advantages of classical geothermometers must be realized and understood prior to their selection and application. In this study, the hydrogeochemical data for 239 water samples from geothermal wells drilled into crystalline basement reservoirs across the world were collated and analyzed to obtain the applicability conditions of K-related classical geothermometers from the scientific literature. Of these samples, 44 are of special interest being unaffected by mixing and because their reservoir temperature is known. The study shows that generally, the Na-K geothermometer gives valid estimates of reservoir temperatures above 200 °C. However, that is not the case in lower-temperature reservoirs since the equilibrium between albite, K-feldspar, and the aqueous solution is not always achieved, and the Na-K ratio of the primary fluids in the host reservoirs may change due to mixing taking place during the ascent of these thermal waters which have relatively low Na and K concentrations. At high temperatures, especially above 250 °C, reservoir temperature calculations for the use of the K-Mg geothermometer showed relatively large deviations from the measured temperatures. The K-Mg geothermometer seems to work well for mid-low temperature reservoirs (below around 150 °C), and the deviations from the reservoir temperatures probably result from the low activities of clinochlore in chlorites. Moreover, the performance of the K-Mg geothermometer is negatively affected by mixing of the thermal waters with other kinds of groundwater. The Na-K-Ca geothermometer may play a complementary role for evaluating reservoir temperatures above 200 °C but should be applied with caution when calcite precipitation triggered by degassing of the thermal waters takes place.

Lithium-related geothermometers are relatively rarely used because they are based on empirical relations derived from poorly known water-mineral equilibrium reactions and do not always give valid estimations. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers based on hydrochemical data for geothermal waters from nine geothermal systems in felsic reservoirs in China. The results indicate that the Na-Li geothermometer provided by Michard (1990), which is similar to those given by Fouillac and Michard (1981) and Verma and Santoyo (1997) with Cl

The random field (Xi, Yi), is dependent and assumed to satisfy some mild mixing conditions. In this article, a Nadaraya–Watson regression estimator (N. W. R. E.) is established and investigated. We show that the distribution of the N. W. R. E. is asymptotically normal under some commonly used conditions.

The Yangbajain geothermal field located in central Tibet is characterized by the highest measured reservoir temperature among all hydrothermal systems in China. The high-temperature geothermal fluid extracted from Yangbajain has been used for electricity generation for over 30 years. The geothermal wastewater generated by the Yangbajain power plants, with arsenic (As) concentrations up to 3.18 mg/L, drains directly into the Zangbo River, the major surface water at Yangbajain, which has elevated arsenic concentrations in the segments downstream of wastewater discharges. However, along the flow direction of the river, the arsenic concentration decreases sharply. Further inspection reveals that the concentrations of weakly bound arsenic, strongly adsorbed arsenic and total arsenic in riverbed sediment were affected by the drainage of geothermal wastewater, indicating that the sediment serves as a sink for geothermal arsenic. A logarithmic relationship between the integrated attenuation coefficients (IAC) for three river segments and the corresponding adsorption distribution coefficients of riverbed sediment samples also suggests that besides the dilution of geothermal arsenic in the Zangbo River, natural attenuation of arsenic may be caused by sorption to riverbed sediment, thereby reducing its health threat to local residents using the Zangbo River as a drinking water source.

The US Preventive Services Task Force cholesterol guideline recommended statins for fewer adults than the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline by setting a higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease threshold (≥10.0% vs ≥7.5%) and requiring concomitant diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or cigarette smoking. The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline lowered the hypertension threshold, increasing 2016 guideline statin-eligible adults. Cross-sectional data on US adults aged 40 to 75 years enabled estimated numbers for the 2013 guideline and 2016 guideline with hypertension thresholds of ≥140/≥90 mm Hg and ≥130/80 mm Hg, respectively, on: (1) untreated, statin-eligible adults for primary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention (25.40, 14.72, 15.35 million); (2) atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events prevented annually (124 000, 70 852, 73 199); (3) number needed to treat (21, 21, 21); and (4) number needed to harm (38, 143, 143) per 1000 patient-years for incident diabetes mellitus (42 800, 6700, 7100 cases per year). Despite the lower hypertension threshold, the 2013 cholesterol guideline qualifies approximately 10 million more adults for statins and prevents approximately 50 600 more primary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events but induces approximately 35 700 more diabetes mellitus cases annually than the 2016 guideline.

Background Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) control is higher among insured than uninsured adults, but data on time trends and contributing factors are incomplete and important for improving health equity. Methods and Results Awareness, treatment, and control of elevated LDL‐C were compared among insured versus uninsured and publicly versus privately insured adults, aged 21 to 64 years, in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2001 to 2004, 2005 to 2008, and 2009 to 2012 using Adult Treatment Panel‐3 criteria. Compared with insured adults, uninsured adults were younger; were more often minority; reported lower incomes, less education, and fewer healthcare encounters; and had lower awareness and treatment of elevated LDL‐C ( P P P P P P Conclusions LDL‐C control improved similarly over time in publicly and privately insured adults but was stagnant among the uninsured. Healthcare insurance largely addresses socioeconomic barriers to effective LDL‐C management, yet poverty retains an independent adverse effect.

Reservoir temperature estimation is vitally important for assessing the exploitation potential of a geothermal field. In this study, the concentrations of major chemical constituents in geothermal water sampled from boiling and hot springs in the Tengchong hydrothermal area were measured, and quartz and cationic solutes geothermometers were used to calculate subsurface temperatures. Log (Q/K) diagrams and Na–K–Mg triangular diagrams were applied to evaluating the equilibrium status of geothermal water samples with regard to reservoir minerals, and results were used to select suitable geothermometers. The results show that samples RH01, RH03, RH04, RH05, and LL16 were in or very close to full equilibrium with the selected minerals, and therefore a Na–K geothermometer is appropriate. A K/Mg geothermometer, however, is applicable to LP08 and PZH18 whose chemical compositions adjusted to the shallow reservoir temperatures during their re-equilibrium processes. In contrast, cationic solute geothermometers are unsuitable for SQ20 and RH07, which are categorized as immature water in the Na–K–Mg diagram; a quartz geothermometer was adopted to evaluate the corresponding subsurface temperatures of these samples. According to the reservoir temperature estimation made in this study, there is at least one high-temperature reservoir below Rehai with a possible temperature range of 210–270 °C.

Background— To reduce the cardiovascular disease burden, Healthy People 2020 established US hypertension goals for adults to (1) decrease the prevalence to 26.9% and (2) raise treatment to 69.5% and control to 61.2%, which requires controlling 88.1% on treatment. Methods and Results— To assess the current status and progress toward these Healthy People 2020 goals, time trends in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999 to 2012 data in 2-year blocks were assessed in adults ≥18 years of age age-adjusted to US 2010. From 1999 to 2000 to 2011 to 2012, prevalent hypertension was unchanged (30.1% versus 30.8%, P =0.32). Hypertension treatment (59.8% versus 74.7%, P P =0.0015) increased. Hypertension control to P Conclusions— The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2012 analysis suggests that Healthy People 2020 goals for hypertension ([1] prevalence shows no progress, [2] treatment was exceeded, and [3] control) have flattened below target. Findings are consistent with evidence that (1) obesity prevention and treatment could reduce prevalent hypertension, and (2) healthcare insurance, ≥2 healthcare visits per year, and guideline-based cholesterol treatment could improve hypertension control.

Disparate vascular outcomes in diabetes by race and/or ethnicity may reflect differential risk factor control, especially pre-Medicare. Assess concurrent target attainment for glycohemoglobin7%, non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol130 mg/dL, and blood pressure140/90 mm Hg in white, black, and Hispanic diabetics65 years and ≥65 years of age. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2010 data were analyzed on diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetics ≥18 years old. Concurrent target attainment was higher in whites (18.7%) than blacks (13.4% [P = .02] and Hispanics [10.3%, P.001]65 years but not ≥65 years of age; 20.0% vs. 15.9% [P = .13], 19.5% [P = .88]). Disparities in health care insurance among younger whites, blacks, and Hispanics, respectively, (87.4% vs. 81.1%, P.01; 68.0%, P.001) and infrequent health care (0-1 visits/y; 14.3% vs. 15.0%, P = not significant; 32.0%, P.001) declined with age. Cholesterol treatment predicted concurrent control in both age groups (multivariable odds ratio2, P.001). Risk factor awareness and treatment were lower in Hispanics than whites. When treated, diabetes and hypertension control were greater in whites than blacks or Hispanics. Concurrent risk factor control is low in all diabetics and could improve with greater statin use. Insuring younger adults, especially Hispanic, could raise risk factor awareness and treatment. Improving treatment effectiveness in younger black and Hispanic diabetics could promote equitable risk factor control.

The impact of age, race/ethnicity, healthcare insurance, and selected clinical variables on statin-preventable ASCVD were quantified in adults aged 21 to 79 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007–2012 using the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline on the treatment of cholesterol. Among ≈42.4 million statin-eligible, untreated adults, 52.6% were hypertensive and 71% were younger than 65 years. Of ≈232 000 statin-preventable ASCVD events annually, most occur in individuals younger than 65 years, with higher proportions in blacks and Hispanics than whites (73.0% and 69.2% vs 56.9%, respectively; P

Hypertensive patients with clinical blood pressure (BP) uncontrolled on ≥3 antihypertensive medications (ie, apparent treatment-resistant hypertension [aTRH]) comprise ≈28% to 30% of all uncontrolled patients in the United States. However, the proportion receiving these medications in optimal doses is unknown; aTRH is used because treatment adherence and measurement artifacts were not available in electronic record data from our >200 community-based clinics Outpatient Quality Improvement Network. This study sought to define the proportion of uncontrolled hypertensives with aTRH on optimal regimens and clinical factors associated with optimal therapy. During 2007–2010, 468 877 hypertensive patients met inclusion criteria. BP

Background— Hypertension doubles coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Treating hypertension only reduces CHD risk ≈25%. Treating hypercholesterolemia in hypertensive patients reduces residual CHD risk >35%. Methods and Results— To assess progress in concurrent hypertension and hypercholesterolemia control, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1988 to 1994, 1999 to 2004, and 2005 to 2010 were analyzed. Hypertension was defined by blood pressure ≥140/≥90 mm Hg, current medication treatment, and 2-told hypertension status; blood pressure Conclusions— Despite progress, opportunities for improving concomitant hypertension and hypercholesterolemia control persist. Prescribing antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic medications to achieve treatment goals, especially for older, minority, diabetic, and cardiovascular disease patients, and accessing healthcare at least biannually could improve concurrent risk factor control and CHD prevention.

Nonparametric estimation of the regression function for additive models is investigated in cases where the observed data are dependent. An additive kernel estimator for the regression function under some general mixing conditions is proposed. Under the mixing conditions, the additive kernel estimator is shown to be asymptotically normal.

A permutation test (based on a finite random sample of permutations) for unit root in an autoregressive process is considered. The test can easily be carried out in practice and the proposed permutation test is neither limited to large sample sizes nor normal white noises. Simulations show that the power of the permutation test is reasonable when sample sizes are small or when the white noises have a heavy tailed distribution. The test is shown to be consistent.

Background Healthy People 2020 aim to reduce fatal atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ( ASCVD ) by 20%, which translates into 310 000 fewer events annually assuming proportional reduction in fatal and nonfatal ASCVD . We estimated preventable ASCVD events by implementing the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ( ACC / AHA ) 2013 Cholesterol Guideline in all statin‐eligible adults. Absolute risk reduction ( ARR ) and number needed‐to‐treat ( NNT ) were calculated. Methods and Results National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 2007–2012 were analyzed for adults aged 21 to 79 years and extrapolated to the US population. Literature‐guided assumptions were used including (1) low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol falls 33% with moderate‐intensity statins and 51% with high‐intensity statins; (2) for each 39 mg/dL decline in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, 10‐year ASCVD 10 risk would fall 21% when ASCVD 10 risk was ≥20% and 33% when ASCVD 10 risk was ASCVD 10 risk ≥7.5% would receive statins. Of 175.9 million adults aged 21 to 79 years not taking statins, 44.8 million (25.5%) were statin eligible. Treating all statin‐eligible adults would prevent an estimated 243 589 ASCVD events annually ( ARR 5.4%, 10‐year NNT 18). Treating all statin‐eligible adults with ASCVD 10 risk ≥7.5% reduces the number treated to 32.2 million (28.2% fewer), whereas ASCVD events prevented annually fall only 10.5% to 217 974 (6.8% ARR , NNT 15). Conclusions Implementing the ACC / AHA 2013 Cholesterol Guideline in all untreated, statin‐eligible adults could achieve ≈78% of the Healthy People 2020 ASCVD prevention goal. Most of the benefit is attained by individuals with 10‐year ASCVD risk ≥7.5%.