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This paper addresses a data-driven input reconstruction problem based on Willems' Fundamental Lemma in which unknown input estimators (UIEs) are constructed directly from historical I/O data. Given only output measurements, the inputs are estimated by the UIE, which is shown to asymptotically converge to the true input without knowing the initial conditions. Both open-loop and closed-loop UIEs are developed based on Lyapunov conditions and the Luenberger-observer-type feedback, whose convergence properties are studied. An experimental study is presented demonstrating the efficacy of the closed-loop UIE for estimating the occupancy of a building on the EPFL campus via measured carbon dioxide levels.

Shared social-economic pathways (SSPs), as a new scenario framework, were recently established to provide integrated assessment of climate change issues. The GTIMES, a fourteen-region global TIMES model, developed on the basis of the China TIMES model, considers 26 end-use subsectors and rich energy supply and demand technologies for every region. The driving forces for future energy development and carbon emissions trend include population and GDP growth, technology development and etc. assumed for the five SSPs, namely, Sustainability (SSP1), Middle-of-the-Road (SSP2), Regional Rivalry (SSP3), Inequality (SSP4) and Fossil-fuelled Development (SSP5) are taken as the basis to project future energy service demand for the 26 end-use subsectors and to provide technology development descriptions in the GTIMES model. The model is used to study mid-to-long term energy development and carbon emission pathways for different regions in SSPs. Modelling results of energy consumption and carbon emissions, as well as key indicators such as per capita energy consumption, per capita carbon emissions, carbon intensity and etc. for different regions under different SSPs are compared.

This work established that highly regioselective Heck-Mizoroki arylation of olefins can be accomplished with aryl halides using Pd 2(dba) 3 (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) with phosphine ligand L (L = methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-(diphenylphosphino)-�-D-altropyranoside) as catalyst in DMSO/(bmim)(BF 4) under microwave irradiation. In addition, the use of microwave irradiation greatly reduces the reaction time (from hours to minutes), allows low catalyst loading (0.01 mol%) and affords nearly quantitative product yields.

A novel spacer chains substituted aluminum phthalocyanine (Pc), naming tetra-carboxylaminohexanoicsulfonyl aluminium phthalocyanine 4 was synthesized. Its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and MS. Polyion complex micelle (PIC) between the 4 and amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(L-lysin)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysin) (PLL-b-PEG-b-PLL) was formed via an electrostatic interaction between the positively charged poly(L-lysin)(PLL) segment and negatively charged periphery of the 4. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atom force microscopy (AFM) image showed that 4-loaded PIC formed a spherical nanocarrier micelle with approximately 85 nm in diameter. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of 4-loaded PIC were significantly enhanced by the incorporation 4 into PIC nanocarrier. The time-dependent intracellular uptake amount and in vitro photodynamic photocytotoxicity of the 4 within the nanocarrier were drastically improved compared with the free 4.

A series of spinel-doped lithium manganese oxides, Li x Mn y Ti z O 4.00 (0.973 ≤ x ≤ 1.018, 1.893 ≤ y ≤ 1.959, z ≈ 0.050), Li x Mn y Ti z Ni m O 4.00 (0.981 ≤ x ≤ 1.010, 1.903 ≤ y ≤ 1.951, z ≈ 0.050, m ≈ 0.030), Li x Mn y Ti z Co m O 4.00 (0.953 ≤ x ≤ 1.004, 1.912 ≤ y ≤ 1.968, z ≈ 0.050, m ≈ 0.009), have been prepared using the solid-state reaction of a titanium-doped electrolytic manganese dioxide, lithium hydroxide, and doping agents. The oxides have been characterized using several advanced techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammograms and charge/discharge cycles. The experimental results show that the Li 0.973 Mn 1.893 Ti 0.048 O 4.00 sample, prepared at 600°C, showed the best electrochemical performance during the charge/discharge tests and storage process in all samples. In the voltage region of 4.6-2.5 V, the initial capacities of the fresh, discharge-storage, and charge-storage cell for the Li 0.973 Mn 1.893 Ti 0.048 O 4.00 sample are 206, 144, and 175 mA h g -1 , respectively. In the voltage region of 4.3-3.4 V, the capacity fade of the sample was 5.3% in 150 cycles. After being doped by titanium ions, the spinel Li 0.973 Mn 1.893 Ti 0.048 O 4.00 exhibits a lower lattice constant and stronger Mn-O bond than a pure spinel does.

Data-driven control approaches for the minimization of energy consumption of buildings have the potential to significantly reduce deployment costs and increase the uptake of advanced control in this sector. A number of recent approaches based on the application of Willems' fundamental lemma for data-driven controller design from input/output measurements are very promising for deterministic linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. This article proposes a systematic way to handle unknown measurement noise and measurable process noise, and extends these data-driven control schemes to adaptive building control via a robust bilevel formulation, whose upper level ensures robustness and whose lower level guarantees prediction quality. Corresponding numerical improvements and an active excitation mechanism are proposed to enable a computationally efficient reliable operation. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is validated by a multizone building simulation and a real-world experiment on a single-zone conference building on the ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) campus. The real-world experiment includes a 20-day nonstop test, where, without extra modeling effort, our proposed controller improves 18.4% energy efficiency against an industry-standard controller while also robustly ensuring occupant comfort.