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Advancements in evaluation and development technologies have established continental shale oil and gas as vital future alternative energy sources for China. Recently, exploratory wells drilled in the Lianggaoshan Formation shale segment of the Middle Jurassic in the Qijiang area, southeastern Sichuan, have shown promising oil and gas indications. To clarify the basic geological characteristics of shale oil and gas in this area, the organic-rich shale of the Lianggaoshan Formation in the southeastern Qijiang area was chosen as the subject of study. Based on core observations and laboratory analyses, an evaluation of the basic geological conditions for shale oil and gas in the second section of the Lianggaoshan Formation in the Qijiang area was conducted. This was combined with high-quality shale seismic prediction and structural preservation condition assessments to identify exploration potential and direct future exploration efforts. Using typical wells in the Qijiang area as case studies, resource potential analysis was performed by integrating organic geochemical characteristics, thermal maturity, reservoir physical properties, and oil and gas bearing characteristics. Results indicate that the high-quality shale in the lower subsection of the second member of the Lianggaoshan Formation spans an extensive area of 4 569 km2, with thickness ranging from 20 to 39 m. Controlled by semi-deep lacustrine facies, this shale exhibits an average organic carbon content of 1.3% to 1.6%, with organic matter types predominantly Ⅱ1 to Ⅱ2, and vitrinite reflectance values between 1.00% and 1.29%. These characteristics suggest significant hydrocarbon generation potential and promising measured oil and gas content. The high-quality shale is characterized by high gamma-ray (GR) readings, high acoustic time difference, and low density. Seismic waveform classification and acoustic impedance inversion techniques identified the Dingshan, Dongxi, and Guanshengchang areas as regions of concentrated shale thickness. These areas feature large, broad, and gentle synclines with favorable drilling results, indicating good overall preservation conditions. The main burial depths ranges from 1 000 to 3 500 m, with uniform structural stress and good compressibility. In summary, the analysis indicates that the continental shale in the Lianggaoshan Formation of the Qijiang area possesses favorable preservation conditions and substantial shale oil resources exceeding 500×106 t, offering significant exploration potential. This evaluation provides a strategic framework for expanding exploration efforts in continental shale oil and gas within the Sichuan Basin.

Abstract T helper cells, particularly T follicular helper (TFH) cells, are essential for the neutralizing antibody production elicited by pathogens or vaccines. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the inefficient support from TFH cells could lead to limited protection after vaccine inoculation. Here we showed that the conjugation of inducible T cell costimulatory (ICOS) onto the nanoparticle, together with immunogen, significantly enhanced the immune response of the vaccines specific for SARS-CoV-2 or human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in TFH-deficient mice. Further studies indicated that ICOSL on B cells was triggered by ICOS binding, subsequently activated the PKCβ signaling pathway, and enhanced the survival and proliferation of B cells. Our findings revealed that the stimulation of ICOS-ICOSL interaction by adding ICOS on the nanoparticle vaccine significantly substitutes the function of TFH cells to support B cell response, which is significant for the immunocompromised people, such as the elderly or HIV-1-infected individuals.

The Fuxing area of the Sichuan Basin is known for its multiple sets of organic-rich shale in the Jurassic period, with several wells yielding significant amounts of industrial oil and gas. Understanding the characteristics and factors influencing the enrichment of different shale facies sedimentary reservoirs is crucial for effective exploration. Through detailed rock core descriptions, experimental analysis, and drilling exploration, the author has classified and compared fine-grained sedimentary rock facies in terrestrial strata, characterized reservoirs, identified types of oil and gas reservoirs, and analyzed the main factors influencing enrichment and productivity. The study reveals that the Jurassic strata in the Fuxing area contain two sets of high-quality shale with semi-deep lacustrine facies: the first sub-section of the Dongyuemiao section of the Ziliujing Formation and the lower sub-section of the second section of the Lianggaoshan Formation. These shale layers exhibit multi-layer stacking, moderate TOC content, well-developed bedding, integrated source storage, and high gas/oil ratio characteristics. The lithology of these target shale layers is complex, leading to the establishment of a four-element lithofacies classification scheme based on "color-TOC-sedimentary structure-mineral composition". This scheme identifies the gray-black high carbon sand-laminated clay shale as the favorable lithofacies for the lower sub-section of the second section of the Lianggaoshan Formation, and the gray-black high carbon medium debris-laminated and fine sand medium debris-laminated clay shale as the favorable lithofacies for the eastern sub-section. The three lithofacies in the study area are horizontally distributed in a stable manner. The gray-black high carbon fine sand layer, medium debris layer, and fine sand-medium debris layer type clay shale exhibit reservoir characteristics of "porous coexistence, large pores and throats, and integrated pores and fractures". These reservoir properties, including good permeability, facilitate the efficient storage and flow of shale oil and gas in the pore-fracture storage system. The first sub-section of the Dongyuemiao section is a condensate gas reservoir, while the lower sub-section of the Lianggaoshan Formation's second section is a volatile oil reservoir. Key factors contributing to the enrichment of continental shale oil and gas have been identified, including medium to high hydrocarbon generation potential and strong retention rates supporting the accumulation of laminated shale oil and gas. A favorable hydrocarbon-diagenesis-reservoir formation configuration promotes oil and gas accumulation. Additionally, the development of micro cracks and suitable thermal evolution aids in hydrocarbon enrichment and flow, while large, wide, gentle synclines and high-pressure overpressure conditions support the sustained preservation of hydrocarbons.

Wound healing is a complex and precisely regulated process that encompasses multiple stages, including inflammation, anti-inflammation, and tissue repair. It involves various cells and signaling molecules, with macrophages demonstrating a significant degree of plasticity and playing a crucial regulatory role at different stages. In recent years, the use of biomaterials, which include both natural and synthetic polymers or macromolecules, has proliferated for the purpose of enhancing wound healing. This review summarizes how these diverse biomaterials promote wound healing by modulating macrophage behavior and examines the broader implications of these modulations. Additionally, we discuss the limitations associated with the clinical application of immunomodulatory biomaterials and propose potential solutions. Finally, we look towards future developments in the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials intended to enhance wound healing.

Tectonic fractures are a significant factor for production of the Longmaxi formation in Dingshan area. The analyse of the distribution and development degree of tectonic fractures is the main research method in present-day. Based on the data of field outcrops and borehole core, the new method-binary method is put forward by rock fracture and energy value to decide tectonic fracture development. According to the method the fitting formula is offered between the relation of the value of rock fracture, energy and the fracture density. Compared the fracture density predictive value and the observed value of 15 wells, all wells relative error less than 25%. The prediction results are accurate. According to the fitting formula of fracture development and distribution in the study area are obtained. The results show that the fracture density is high as a whole of the Longmaxi formation in Dingshan area. Whole shows by south east to gradually reduce the trend of the north west. Supported the future of the oil and gas exploration to provide geological basis and guidance in Dingshan area.

GRF genes have been confirmed to have important regulatory functions in plant growth, development and response to abiotic stress. Although the genome of Jatropha curcas is sequenced, knowledge about the identification of the species' GRF genes and their expression patterns is still lacking. In this study, we characterized the 10 JcGRF genes. A detailed investigation into the physic nut GRF gene family is performed, including analysis of the exon-intron structure, conserved domains, conserved motifs, phylogeny, chromosomal locations, potential small RNA targets and expression profiles under both normal growth and abiotic stress conditions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 10 JcGRF genes were classified into five groups corresponding to group I, II, III, IV and V. The analysis of conserved domains showed that the motifs of JcGRF genes were highly conserved in Jatropha curcas. Expression analysis based on RNA-seq and qRT-PCR showed that almost all JcGRF genes had the highest expression in seeds, but very low expression was detected in the non-seed tissues tested, and four JcGRF genes responded to at least one abiotic stress at at least one treatment point. Our research will provide an important scientific basis for further research on the potential functions of JcGRF genes in Jatropha curcas growth and development, and response to abiotic stress, and will eventually provide candidate genes for the breeding of Jatropha curcas.

The Chang 6 reservoir of Yanchang formation in Jingan oilfield has relatively poor quality: the porosity ranges mainly from 8 to 14%, and permeability ranges from 0.018 to 10.48 md, with a mean of 1.10 md, categorized as low porosity and low permeability reservoir type with strong heterogeneity. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of various components in these sandstones have provided clues of diagenesis. The sandstones at the early stage of diagenesis are characterized by non-ferroan calcite cementation, grain-coating, pore-lining clay minerals, and initial dissolution of detrital grains. Authigenic quartz, pore-filling and grain-replacive laumontites, albitized detrital plagioclase, authigenic K-feldspar, illite and late ferroan calcite cement dominate the late diagenesis. Reservoir quality is influenced by products of late diagenesis stage, the cement (calcite, albite, quartz, illite, and laumontite) occluded primary and secondary porosity. The organic acidic fluid derived from organic matter in the source rocks during the late diagenesis, which results in the dissolution of detrital plagioclase and laumontite cement and was the main reason for the enhancement of reservoir-quality. As a result of that, the residual primary pore and dissolution pore comprised the main accumulation space for oil and gas, and thus become important targets for hydrocarbon exploration. Keywords: Ordos basin, Chang 6 member, Diagenesis, Reservoir-quality, Dissolution

The gas bearing property of marine shale is very important to the reserve calculation of shale gas field, which is directly related to the productivity and decline law of shale gas. The development of coastal shale gas is also the reserve field of shale gas exploration at present. Based on the conventional marine shale, this study adopts cylindrical shale core to measure the adsorption gas volume by testing the gas volume change in the process of pressure reduction and desorption of marine shale gas, simulates the conditions of different temperature, pressure, water cut, real pore structure and so on, and eliminates the negative adsorption anomaly of isotherm adsorption curve. The effects of organic matter content, pressure, temperature, water content and gas composition on the adsorption capacity of marine shale were analyzed. The experimental results show that the pressure condition controls the desorption process of shale gas, and the increase of pressure suppresses the desorption of shale gas. Within a certain range, with the increase of pressure, the adsorption gas volume of marine shale also increases. A large number of micropores of organic matter are developed, which greatly increases the specific surface area of organic matter. Under certain maturity conditions, with the increase of organic matter content, the adsorption volume of shale increases. The increase of temperature increases the activation energy of molecular surface and accelerates the desorption process of shale gas. When the shale is water-bearing, the water molecules occupy the active adsorption site on the shale mineral surface, which reduces the shale gas adsorption capacity. The research results have certain theoretical guidance for the exploration and development of coastal shale gas in the next stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]