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It is concluded that the oxides of elements such as K, Na and Zn are reduced by CO in the lower part of the furnace and oxidised by CO2 in the upper part, decreasing gas utilisation and increasing heat consumption. The effects of different element accumulation times on the coke ratio are in decreasing order Na, K, Zn whereas the effects of their loads decrease from Zn through Na to K. The increase in heat consumption has more effect on the coke ratio than the decrease in gas utilisation., It is concluded that the oxides of elements such as K, Na and Zn are reduced by CO in the lower part of the furnace and oxidised by CO2 in the upper part, decreasing gas utilisation and increasing heat consumption. The effects of different element accumulation times on the coke ratio are in decreasing order Na, K, Zn whereas the effects of their loads decrease from Zn through Na to K. The increase in heat consumption has more effect on the coke ratio than the decrease in gas utilisation.

During the blast furnace smelting process of titanium-bearing ores, TiC(0.3)N(0.7) was proved to be formed on the protective layer of the hearth, which greatly affects the fluidity of blast furnace slag and the successful separation of slag and metal. The present study reports an experimental investigation into the effect of solid particles on the viscosity of molten slags by the rotating-cylinder method. The viscosities of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts containing different volume fractions of TiC(0.3)N(0.7) particles were measured at different temperatures. It was found that viscosity of TiC(0.3)N(0.7)-containing melt increased with volume fraction of solid particles, but decreased as increasing the rotation speed. Furthermore, the Arrhenius law was obeyed for both the melts with and without TiC(0.3)N(0.7) particles. It was also found that the temperature has little influence on the relative viscosity of TiC(0.3)N(0.7)-bearing slag. By comparison, TiC(0.3)N(0.7) can increase the viscosity of suspension system more than TiN, but less than TiC. (Authors)., During the blast furnace smelting process of titanium-bearing ores, TiC(0.3)N(0.7) was proved to be formed on the protective layer of the hearth, which greatly affects the fluidity of blast furnace slag and the successful separation of slag and metal. The present study reports an experimental investigation into the effect of solid particles on the viscosity of molten slags by the rotating-cylinder method. The viscosities of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts containing different volume fractions of TiC(0.3)N(0.7) particles were measured at different temperatures. It was found that viscosity of TiC(0.3)N(0.7)-containing melt increased with volume fraction of solid particles, but decreased as increasing the rotation speed. Furthermore, the Arrhenius law was obeyed for both the melts with and without TiC(0.3)N(0.7) particles. It was also found that the temperature has little influence on the relative viscosity of TiC(0.3)N(0.7)-bearing slag. By comparison, TiC(0.3)N(0.7) can increase the viscosity of suspension system more than TiN, but less than TiC. (Authors).

The viscosity of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaCl2 slags (C/S=1.12) was investigated to elucidate the effects of Cl ranging from 0.02 to 0.53 mass% on the blast furnace slags at high temperatures. Moreover, the Raman spectra of the quenched slags and the X-ray diffraction patterns of the slags cooled in air after viscosity measurement were thoroughly analysed to interpret the transformation of the structures of the slags with increasing content of Cl. The viscosity was found to decrease slightly with the increase of Cl at a given temperature higher than 1 673 K, and the critical temperature decreased from about 1 660 to 1 590 K simultaneously which was possibly deriving from the precipitation of Ca2Al2SiO7, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3(x)Cl4(x) and SiO2 in higher Cl content. The degree of polymerisation for silicon-oxygen tetrahedra was found to decrease estimating from the decrease of the average amount of bridging oxygen calculated from the deconvolution results of the Raman spectra of the quenched slags, which provided the explanation for the decrease in viscosity. That the apparent activation energy of the slags was commonly reduced by increasing Cl demonstrated the decrease in the degree of polymerisation of molten slags simultaneously. (Authors.), The viscosity of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaCl2 slags (C/S=1.12) was investigated to elucidate the effects of Cl ranging from 0.02 to 0.53 mass% on the blast furnace slags at high temperatures. Moreover, the Raman spectra of the quenched slags and the X-ray diffraction patterns of the slags cooled in air after viscosity measurement were thoroughly analysed to interpret the transformation of the structures of the slags with increasing content of Cl. The viscosity was found to decrease slightly with the increase of Cl at a given temperature higher than 1 673 K, and the critical temperature decreased from about 1 660 to 1 590 K simultaneously which was possibly deriving from the precipitation of Ca2Al2SiO7, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3(x)Cl4(x) and SiO2 in higher Cl content. The degree of polymerisation for silicon-oxygen tetrahedra was found to decrease estimating from the decrease of the average amount of bridging oxygen calculated from the deconvolution results of the Raman spectra of the quenched slags, which provided the explanation for the decrease in viscosity. That the apparent activation energy of the slags was commonly reduced by increasing Cl demonstrated the decrease in the degree of polymerisation of molten slags simultaneously. (Authors.)