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Promotions, as a part of organizational incentive and reward systems, can motivate employees to perform well and to increase commitment to their firms. But very little is known about why and when promotion failure influences employees' subsequent responses. Integrating social‐cognitive theory and the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion in justice literature, we investigated the effect of promotion failure on employees' work engagement through cognitive and emotional processes and the moderating effects of perceived promotion fairness. Employing two survey studies (Study 1 and Study 2) and an experimental study (Study 3), we found that: (1) promotion failure was negatively related to self‐efficacy and positively associated with anger; (2) promotion failure was negatively related to work engagement through reduced self‐efficacy and elevated anger; (3) promotion perceived to be fair amplified the negative effect of promotion failure on employee self‐efficacy but mitigated its influence on anger; (4) promotion fairness perception strengthened the indirect negative relationship between promotion failure and work engagement through self‐efficacy but weakened this indirect relationship via anger. Our work contributes to promotion and justice literature and enlightens practitioners about how to manage promotion practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's social security expenditure has increased more than twentyfold since 2000. Most studies attribute the increase to local governments, which are responsible for most social expenditure, but some research emphasizes the role of central fiscal transfers. Using provincial-level panel data spanning 2000 to 2017, we find that special transfers significantly stimulate both social assistance expenditure and social insurance expenditure and that general transfers significantly encourage social insurance expenditure. Disparities among social assistance and insurance expenditure across provinces remain largely unchanged. It reveals that central state's fiscal capacity plays a major role in the expansion of a decentralized social security regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines managers 'evaluations of overall job performance related to cultural orientations and nationality. Good citizenry enhances the common social welfare of a work unit, whereas task performance emphasizes [...]

We provide a meta-analysis of the empirical literature concerning role breadth, defined as the degree to which employees consider organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) to be an inherent part of their job. Results based on a combined sample size of 9,222 showed: (a) Confucian Asians consider OCB as part of their job to a greater extent than do their Anglo counterparts; (b) affiliative kinds of OCB (e.g., helping, conscientiousness, and courtesy) are more likely to be considered part of one's job than are change-oriented OCB (e.g., voice, taking charge, and initiative); and (c) OCB-inclusive role breadth correlates strongly with OCB (rc = .43). The implications of these findings for human resources practice, such as competency modeling, employee selection and training, organizational rewards, and employee-employer/supervisor relations, are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of the urbanization process and the transformation of the population structure, China’s small peasant economy is breaking away from involutionary growth. At the same time, capital investment in family farms is increasing, leading to the capitalization of family farms and the rise of “new agriculture.” Based on a case study of tobacco growers in a Chinese township, this article demonstrates how capital investment contributes to specialization and scale production in tobacco production and how a capitalized family farm operates, depending mainly on family labor and partly on rented land. As a typical new agriculture, tobacco production achieves the dual intensification of both capital and labor and manages to get out from the involution trap. This article argues that the capitalized family farm is not only a new type of economic subject but that it also shapes a new type of social subject. As the “new peasant,” the holder of a capitalized family farm is a member of a social elite in villages and serves as the crucial social force in the transformation of village society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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