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Abstract Single-atom magnetism switching is a key technique towards the ultimate data storage density of computer hard disks and has been conceptually realized by leveraging the spin bistability of a magnetic atom under a scanning tunnelling microscope. However, it has rarely been applied to solid-state transistors, an advancement that would be highly desirable for enabling various applications. Here, we demonstrate realization of the electrically controlled Zeeman effect in Dy@C84 single-molecule transistors, thus revealing a transition in the magnetic moment from 3.8 $${\mu }_{{{{{{\rm{B}}}}}}}$$ μ B to 5.1 $${\mu }_{{{{{{\rm{B}}}}}}}$$ μ B for the ground-state G N at an electric field strength of 3 $$-$$ − 10 MV/cm. The consequent magnetoresistance significantly increases from 600% to 1100% at the resonant tunneling point. Density functional theory calculations further corroborate our realization of nonvolatile switching of single-atom magnetism, and the switching stability emanates from an energy barrier of 92 meV for atomic relaxation. These results highlight the potential of using endohedral metallofullerenes for high-temperature, high-stability, high-speed, and compact single-atom magnetic data storage.

Using the linearized hydrodynamic equations, we explore the optical characteristics of grooved cylinders of different groove numbers and widths, which have a strong impact on the corresponding resonance peaks. The number of grooves is an important new variable parameter to tune the energy of the dipolar plasmon without appreciable broadening of the plasmonic peak. As the groove number and width increase, the excitation and interesting anomalous redshifts of plasmonic higher-order modes are found, which can be unraveled by a competing mechanism between nonlocal effects and surface electron scattering. These findings are of importance for further apprehending the optical belongings of nanoscale complex structures and play a significant guiding role in the design of tunable plasmonic devices.

Abstract To improve our knowledge of the spatio‐temporal correspondence between radar reflectivity and VLF/LF total lightning data, this paper proposes indexes to quantify the horizontal distribution and temporal evolution characteristics between radar composite reflectivity images and total lightning density map, lightning clusters and radar cells with different radar reflectivity thresholds (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 dBZ), respectively. It is found that the number of radar grid cells with radar reflectivity over 30 dBZ is ten times the number of lightning grid cells. At the identification stage, the lightning activity regions in a radar cell account for less than 30% using thresholds of 30, 35 and 40 dBZ, respectively, and the radar cell has more than one lightning cluster, which means that the mesoscale convective systems typically have more than one draft, and drafts are only small part of the convection. The majority of the centroid deviations is less than 10 km, indicating that there are some shifts between electrically active regions and convective regions. Results suggest that VLF/LF total lightning data are consistent with radar data and total lightning data can be used individually on a smaller spatio‐temporal scale than radar data.

Jixian seismic station is the only bedrock outcrop in the Tianjin area, with two sets of VP broadband inclinometers installed in Xinshan cave and Xiaoxinzhuang cave respectively. Through comparative analysis of the intrinsic quality, co-seismic response, environmental impact, and instrument maintenance of two sets of VP broadband inclinometers at Jixian station, the following conclusions are drawn. Taking 2023 as an example, the continuity and completeness of the VP broadband inclinometer in Xiaoxinzhuang cave at Jixian station were high, but the completeness of the VP broadband inclinometer in Xinshan cave was relatively low due to human interference and instrument maintenance. The tidal factor stability of both instruments is good, but due to pendulum system failure, the NS accuracy of the Xinshandong cave VP broadband inclinometer is relatively poor. By comparing from 2018 to 2023, the VP broadband inclinometer in Xiaoxinzhuang cave had a clear annual variation pattern, while the VP broadband inclinometer in Xinshan cave had an inconspicuous annual variation pattern, which may be related to the relatively fragmented geological conditions of the regional structure in Xinshan cave. Natural environmental changes such as heavy rainfall and strong winds can have a certain impact on the observation of the two sets of instruments. The Xinshan cave is significantly affected by the pumping around the station. VP broadband inclinometers have a strong ability to record earthquakes, and can clearly record periodic surface waves of several seconds to tens of seconds for far-field earthquakes. For near-field strong earthquakes, they can clearly record the initial arrival of P-waves, but subsequent seismic phase identification is more difficult. A maintenance process was summarized to provide reference for the operation and maintenance of similar instruments, in response to the occasional sudden jumping errors in the EW direction of the Xinshan cave VP broadband inclinometer.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots, providing nutritional benefits and promoting plant growth and defenses against various stresses. Metabolic changes in the roots during AM fungal colonization are key to understanding the development and maintenance of these symbioses. Here, we investigated metabolic changes in the roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants during the colonization and development of AM symbiosis, and compared them to uncolonized roots. The primary changes during the initial stage of AM colonization were in the contents and compositions of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid compounds. These compounds function in signaling pathways that regulate recognition, interactions, and pre-colonization between roots and AM fungi. Flavonoid compounds decreased by 25% when the symbiosis was fully established compared to the initial colonization stage. After AM symbiosis was established, general metabolism strongly shifted toward the formation of lipids, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Lipid compounds increased by 8.5% from the pre-symbiotic stage to well-established symbiosis. Lyso-phosphatidylcholines, which are signaling compounds, were only present in AM roots, and decreased in content after the symbiosis was established. In the initial stage of AM establishment, the content of salicylic acid increased two-fold, whereas jasmonic acid and abscisic acid decreased compared to uncolonized roots. The jasmonic acid content decreased in roots after the symbiosis was well established. AM symbiosis was associated with high levels of calcium, magnesium, and D-(+)-mannose, which stimulated seedling growth. Overall, specific metabolites that favor the establishment of AM symbiosis were common in the roots, primarily during early colonization, whereas general metabolism was strongly altered when AM symbiosis was well-established. In conclusion, specialized metabolites function as signaling compounds to establish AM symbiosis. These compounds are no longer produced after the symbiosis between the roots and AM becomes fully established.

Abstract While second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging is a promising tool for real-time surveillance of surgical operations, the previously reported organic NIR-II luminescent materials for in vivo imaging are predominantly activated by expensive lasers or X-ray with high power and poor illumination homogeneity, which significantly limits their clinical applications. Here we report a white-light activatable NIR-II organic imaging agent by taking advantages of the strong intramolecular/intermolecular D-A interactions of conjugated Y6CT molecules in nanoparticles (Y6CT-NPs), with the brightness of as high as 13315.1, which is over two times that of the brightest laser-activated NIR-II organic contrast agents reported thus far. Upon white-light activation, Y6CT-NPs can achieve not only in vivo imaging of hepatic ischemia reperfusion, but also real-time monitoring of kidney transplantation surgery. During the surgery, identification of the renal vasculature, post-reconstruction assessment of renal allograft vascular integrity, and blood supply analysis of the ureter can be vividly depicted by using Y6CT-NPs with high signal-to-noise ratios upon clinical laparoscopic LED white-light activation. Our work provides efficient molecular design guidelines towards white-light activatable imaging agent and highlights an opportunity for precision imaging theranostics.

Abstract High-voltage transmission lines are susceptible targets for lightning strikes. It is an interesting topic how the trip event of transmission line is related to the area, location, and intensity of thunderstorms occurring at that time and that place. Based on total lightning observation containing intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning, and transmission line trip information from relaying system of power system, 8 thunderstorms associated with the lightning strike trip of local transmission lines were selected in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Analysis was conducted on the total lightning activity of each thunderstorm process, including the characteristics of total lightning counts and density, followed by the variations in total lightning activity before and after lightning strike trips. Further, our investigation encompassed the spatial and temporal evolution, charge structure, and kinematic parameters of thunderstorms. It was revealed that almost all lightning trips in this area emerged in close proximity to bodies of water, accompanied by a discernible reduction in thunderstorm cloud altitude during line trip occurrences. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of total lightning and thunderstorm activity behavior, thereby providing valuable insights for lightning disaster prevention and mitigation in the meteorological bureau and power system.

Abstract Temperature’s influence on the physical and mechanical properties of rocks is a crucial concern for the rational design of deep rock engineering structures and the assurance of their long-term stability. To systematically comprehend the impact of the evolution of mineral composition and micro characteristics on the physical and mechanical behavior of thermally damaged granite, we observed the microscopic structural defects inside the rocks with a polarizing microscope and revealed the thermal damage mechanism of granite from a microscopic perspective by combining ultrasound detection and XRD phase characteristic analysis. The results show that the physical properties of the specimens changed significantly at three characteristic temperature points: 400 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C. Under high temperature conditions, the diffraction intensity of all minerals in granite, except for quartz, generally decreased, and stable minerals decomposed. Albite and potash feldspar decomposed to form anorthoclase, thereby reducing the structural stability of the rock material. In addition, the peak width of various minerals decreased to varying degrees with increasing temperature. The increase in mineral volume further damaged the internal structure of the rock material while promoting the transformation from grain boundary to intergranular cracks and from intragranular cracks to transgranular cracks, ultimately forming a interconnected crack network. Thermal damage significantly reduced the longitudinal wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the specimens, while the stress–strain curve relationship indicated that the specimens underwent two opposite processes of transformation from brittleness to ductility and then from ductility to brittleness. The thermal damage threshold of granite in this study was 600 °C.

This study investigated the effect of magnesium application on peanut growth and yield under two nitrogen (N) application rates in acidic soil in southern China. The chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of the N-sensitive cultivar decreased under reduced N treatments, whereas no effect was observed on the relevant indicators in the N-insensitive variety GH1026. Mg application increased the net photosynthetic rate by increasing the expression of genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and Rubisco activity in the leaves during the pegging stage under 50%N treatment, while no effect on the net photosynthetic rate was observed under the 100%N treatment. The rate of dry matter accumulation at the early growth stage, total dry matter accumulation and pod yield at harvest increased after Mg application under 50%N treatment by increasing the transportation of assimilates from stems and leaves to pods in both peanut varieties, whereas no effect was found under 100%N treatment. Moreover, Mg application increased the NUE under 50%N treatment. No improvement of NUE in either peanut variety was found under 100%N treatment, while Mg application under the 50%N treatment can obtain a higher economic benefit than the 100%N treatment. In acidic soil, application of 307.5 kg ha−1 of Mg sulfate fertilizer under 50% reduced nitrogen application is a suitable fertilizer management measure for improving carbon assimilation, NUE and achieve high peanut yields in southern China.

Shale oil and gas resources mainly exist in the pore and fracture system. Quantitative characterization of pore development characteristics and gas-bearing properties is crucial for shale reservoir evaluation. The pore development of shale reservoir exhibits strong complexity and heterogeneity, and research on pore development characteristics of coal measure shale lags behind that of marine shale reservoir. Hence, it is urgent to investigate the pore heterogeneity characteristics of coal-bearing shale and its influence on gas bearing properties. Therefore, the coal-bearing Cretaceous Nenjiang shales from the Songyuan area of the Songliao Basin were selected as the research object in this study. Through total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, X-ray diffraction experiments, porosity analysis, nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments, and methane isothermal adsorption experiments, the characteristics of pore structure, heterogeneity, and gas bearing properties of coal-bearing shale were analyzed. The influence of rock and mineral components on pore structure and heterogeneity characteristics, the relationship between pore structure characteristics and fractal characteristics, and the effects of pore structure and heterogeneity on gas bearing properties were also discussed. The results show that: (1) The organic matter abundance of the shale in the Nenjiang Formation does not change significantly (the average TOC content is 2.38%). Ink bottle-shaped pores are mostly developed, and the Nenjiang shale is rich in clay minerals (average content 55.6%), with slit-shaped pores mostly developed. The pore surface of shale exhibits obvious fractal characteristics, with average fractal dimensions D1 and D2 of 2.54 and 2.74, respectively, indicating that the internal structure is more complex than the surface structure. (2) The enrichment of organic carbon increases the specific surface area by affecting the development of micropores and pores, consequently increasing the fractal dimension of pores. Similarly, the development of clay minerals increases the number of mesopores and macropores, thereby increasing the fractal dimension of pores. (3) Small pores develop larger specific surface areas, which increases the complexity and heterogeneity of the pore structure. This promotes remarkable fractal characteristics, expands the adsorption sites, and improves the adsorption capacity. This work will provide a scientific theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation of coal-bearing shale reservoirs and research on shale gas reservoir formation theory.

Abstract Background Postpartum depression is a complex mental health condition that often occurs after childbirth and is characterized by persistent sadness, anxiety, and fatigue. Recent research suggests a metabolic component to the disorder. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between blood metabolites and postpartum depression using mendelian randomization (MR). Methods This study used a bi-directional MR framework to investigate the causal relationship between 1,400 metabolic biomarkers and postpartum depression. We used two specific genome-wide association studies datasets: one with single nucleotide polymorphisms data from mothers diagnosed with postpartum depression and another with blood metabolite data, both of which focused on people of European ancestry. Genetic variants were chosen as instrumental variables from both datasets using strict criteria to improve the robustness of the MR analysis. The combination of these datasets enabled a thorough examination of genetic influences on metabolic profiles associated with postpartum depression. Statistical analyses were conducted using techniques such as inverse variance weighting, weighted median, and model-based estimation, which enabled rigorous causal inference from the observed associations. postpartum depression was defined using endpoint definitions approved by the FinnGen study’s clinical expert groups, which included leading experts in their respective medical fields. Results The MR analysis identified seven metabolites that could be linked to postpartum depression. Out of these, one metabolite was found to be protective, while six were associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. The results were consistent across multiple MR methods, indicating a significant correlation. Conclusions This study emphasizes the potential of metabolomics for understanding postpartum depression. The discovery of specific metabolites associated with the condition sheds new insights on its pathophysiology and opens up possibilities for future research into targeted treatment strategies.

Objective The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the association between methyl-CpG binding domain 4, DNA glycosylase ( MBD4 ) Glu346Lys polymorphism and cancer risk. Methods A comprehensive document retrieval from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), EMBASE, and PubMed databases was performed through 1 September 2019. The strength of the correlation was assessed using the pooled odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results Five relevant studies were retrieved following screening, including 1804 cases and 2193 controls. We found no association between MBD4 Glu346Lys polymorphism and cancer risk under all genetic models. Nevertheless, a subgroup analysis based on country showed a strong association in the Chinese population. Under the recessive model, Chinese individuals with the Lys/Lys genotype had a higher risk of cancer (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.11–1.70). Conclusion Analysis of the MBD4 Glu346Lys polymorphism in different populations will help to elucidate the pathogenesis of cancer. The polymorphism can be utilized as a biomarker for cancer susceptibility among Chinese people.

This study evaluated the effects of replacing dietary fish meal (FM) with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (DBSFLM) on growth, non-specific immunity, antioxidative capacity, intestinal histology and microbiota of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). A control diet was designed to contain 200 g/kg FM (Con), then 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of dietary FM was replaced by DBSFLM, referring to DBSFLM25, DBSFLM50, DBSFLM75 and DBSFLM100, respectively. The five isoproteic and isolipidic diets were fed to crab (7.15 ± 0.10 g) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival of DBSFLM25 and DBSFLM50 groups all reached the same level as Con (P > 0.05). The proper DBSFLM replacement on WG and FCR from broken line model were 49.70 % and 52.90 %, respectively. For immune enzyme activity, ACP, ALP, and LZM activities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, the DBSFLM50 group had the highest activity, and the DBSFLM100 group was significantly lower than the DBSFLM50 group (P < 0.05). In terms of antioxidant capacity, the T-AOC, T-SOD, GSH-Px activities and MDA content of DBSFLM25 DBSFLM50 and DBSFLM75 groups all shows no significant difference with Con (P > 0.05), the DBSFLM100 group has the lowest antioxidant enzyme activities and highest MDA content. The intestinal number of folds and folds height in DBSFLM25 and DBSFLM50 groups reached the same level as Con (P > 0.05). The abundance of intestinal harmful bacteria Vibrio was enhanced with the increase of dietary DBSFLM level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the recommended level of replacing FM with DBSFLM was at 50 % (100 g/kg) without negative effect on growth, non-specific immunity, antioxidative capacity, intestinal histology and microbiota of Chinese mitten crab.

Abstract Exploring the molecular packing and interaction between chiral molecules, no matter single enantiomer or racemates, is important for recognition and resolution of chiral drugs. However, sensitive and non‐destructive analysis methods are lacking. Herein, an intermolecular‐charge transfer (ICT) based spectroscopy is reported to reveal the differences in interaction between the achiral acceptor 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) and the chiral donors, including S, R, and racemic naproxen (S/R/rac‐NAP). In this process, S‐NAP+TCNB and R‐NAP+TCNB display a narrower band gap attributed to the newly formed ICT state. In contrast, the mixed rac‐NAP and TCNB exhibit almost no significant change due to the strong affinity between the stereoisomers according to the Wallach's rule. Thus, S/R‐NAP can be easily distinguished from rac‐NAP based on significantly different optical behavior. The single crystal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and theoretical calculation of naproxen confirm the importance of carboxyl for this differentiation in molecular packing and interaction. In addition, the esterification derivatization of naproxen achieves the manipulation of the intermolecular interaction model of racemates from the absolute Wallach's rule to a coexisting form of Wallach's rule and ICT. Further, visualized chiral purification of naproxen by the simple cocrystallization method is achieved through the collaboration of ICT and Wallach's rule.

The Chazangcuo copper-lead-zinc deposit (hereafter referred to as the Chazangcuo deposit) is situated in the northern portion of the western section of the Gangdese polymetallic metallogenic belt in Tibet, with ore bodies strictly governed by Linzizong Group magmatic rocks and EW-trending faults. This study aims to ascertain the mineralization periods, sources of ore-forming materials, metallogenic physicochemical conditions, and genesis of this deposit. Based on comprehensive field geological surveys, sampling, and microscopic examination of petrological and mineralogical characteristics, we perform qualitative and quantitative geochemical analyses of major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REEs), fluid inclusions, and sulfur and lead isotopes. The findings reveal that the mineralization process of the Chazangcuo deposit can be divided into three periods and four stages: the magmatic-hydrothermal, hydrothermal, and supergene mineralization periods sequentially, which consist of the mineralization stages of quartz-pyrite-sphalerite, medium-low-temperature hydrothermal sulfides, chlorite-carbonate minerals, and supergene oxidation in a chronological order. The ore-forming fluids prove to be medium-low-temperature low-density fluids, and the ore-forming materials are characteristic of upper crustal-derived materials. The ore-forming environment is a medium-low mineralization temperature, a shallow and weakly reducing environment. Overall, the Chazangcuo deposit is identified as a medium-low-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal deposit. The metallogenic model has the vertical zoning characteristics of lead-zinc in the upper part and copper in the lower part.

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) showcases geocarpic behavior, transitioning from aerial flowering to subterranean seed development. We recently obtained an atavistic variant of this species, capable of producing aerial and subterranean pods on a single plant. Notably, although these pod types share similar vigor levels, they exhibit distinct differences in their physical aspects, such as pod size, color, and shell thickness. We constructed 63 RNA-sequencing datasets, comprising three biological replicates for each of 21 distinct tissues spanning six developmental stages for both pod types, providing a rich tapestry of the pod development process. This comprehensive analysis yielded an impressive 409.36 Gb of clean bases, facilitating the detection of 42,401 expressed genes. By comparing the transcriptomic data of the aerial and subterranean pods, we identified many differentially expressed genes (DEGs), highlighting their distinct developmental pathways. By providing a detailed workflow from the initial sampling to the final DEGs, this study serves as an important resource, paving the way for future research into peanut pod development and aiding transcriptome-based expression profiling and candidate gene identification.

Abstract In the current solution for multiwavelength achromatic flat lenses, a one-to-one correspondence exists between the number of writing phase distributions and the number of achromatic wavelengths. Breaking this correspondence requires a complex phase design and parameter optimization. Here, we show that a dual-layer cascade liquid crystal Pancharatnam-Berry lens (CLCPBL) with two writing phase distributions and a specific coupled phase distribution between the layers can achieve three wavelength achromaticity without any parameter optimization process. Similarly, in a three-layer cascade, the number of achromatic wavelengths increases to seven through the permutations of the layers, with adjustable amplitude factors. We fabricate a three-layer CLCPBL with the design wavelengths of 396.8 nm, 1064 nm, and 1550 nm, which theoretically allows the light at 632.8, 532.8, 3383 and 450 nm to form a common focus, and test such structure. Our CLCPBL enables a wider range of applications than conventional achromatic flat lenses.

Abstract Background Strontium (Sr) has similar physicochemical properties as calcium (Ca) and is often used to evaluate the absorption of this mineral. Because the major route of Ca absorption in the bovine occurs in the rumen, it is essential to understand whether Sr impacts the ruminal epithelial cells and to what extent. Results In the present study, RNA sequencing and assembled transcriptome assembly were used to identify transcription factors (TFs), screening and bioinformatics analysis in bovine ruminal epithelial cells treated with Sr. A total of 1405 TFs were identified and classified into 64 families based on an alignment of conserved domains. A total of 174 differently expressed TFs (DE-TFs) were increased and 52 DE-TFs were decreased; the biological process-epithelial cell differentiation was inhibited according to the GSEA-GO analysis of TFs; The GO analysis of DE-TFs was enriched in the DNA binding. Protein-protein interaction network (PPI) found 12 hubs, including SMAD4, SMAD2, SMAD3, SP1, GATA2, NR3C1, PPARG, FOXO1, MEF2A, NCOA2, LEF1, and ETS1, which verified genes expression levels by real-time PCR. Conclusions In this study, SMAD2, PPARG, LEF1, ETS1, GATA2, MEF2A, and NCOA2 are potential candidates that could be targeted by Sr to mediate cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as lipid metabolism. Hence, these results enhance the comprehension of Sr in the regulation of transcription factors and provide new insight into the study of Sr biological function in ruminant animals.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are significant agricultural pests that cause substantial crop losses globally. This study investigated the abundance and distribution of PPNs concerning elevation in rice fields in Malang District, East Java, Indonesia. Nematodes were sampled across elevation gradients between 0 to over 1000 meters above sea level (masl). Pratylenchus, Aphelenchoides, and Longidorus, were found in the soil and rice roots in Malang District. Pratylenchus dominated the relative abundance of PPNs in the soil at 0–400 masl, whereas Longidorus dominated at 600 to > 1000 masl. In rice root samples, Pratylenchus sp. also dominated at 0–400 masl and Longidorus was dominated at 800-100 masl. The population density of Pratylenchus negatively correlated to elevation, pH, soil organic matter, and carbon organic. However, soil temperature positively correlated with the population density of Pratylenchus. Elevation and pH showed a negative influence on the population density of Aphelenchoides, whereas soil temperature showed a positive influence on the population density of Aphelenchoides. Soil temperature negatively correlated to the population density of Longidorus, whereas elevation and soil humidity positively influenced the population density of Longidorus. However, the population density of Longidorus increased with higher elevation and soil humidity. Understanding the specific relationships between PPN populations and environmental factors is essential for developing effective pest management strategies. Targeted approaches that consider these ecological dynamics can help mitigate crop damage and enhance rice production in varying environmental conditions, especially in the Java region.

Terrain displacement due to the seasonal thaw of the active layer above permafrost can be sensitive to climate change; however, its accurate characterization remains a challenge. This study aimed to improve the measurement of the subsidence or vertical ground surface displacement using differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR). Existing methods for reliable phase unwrapping are hindered by the decorrelation between time-series of SAR acquisitions that can result due to the heterogeneity and structural sensitivity of permafrost landscapes to external conditions. In this study, an advanced phase unwrapping method was proposed, in which three types of regions, namely non-residue, sparse residue, and dense residue objects, were obtained from wrapped interferogram and residue map using a segmentation method. Two variants of Polynomial-Based Region Growing Phase Unwrapping (PBRGPU) were developed, which are sparse-residue Object-based PBRGPU(SOP) and dense-residue Object-based PBRGPU(DOP). The results demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed the existing phase unwrapping methods by partially suppressing the decorrelation phase and enhancing robustness for complex terrain deformation in the absence of measured field data. Both the PBRGPU variants and segmentation strategies compose the object-based unwrapping method for permafrost, and also provide a new framework by combining the segmentations and scenarios for phase unwrapping for permafrost regions.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common chronic progressive bone disease that increases fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Research suggests that puerarin (Pue) may be an effective treatment for OP. This study examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of Pue in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) in rats. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy to simulate PMOP and were then treated with subcutaneous injections of Pue. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using a bone densitometer. Micro-CT scans assessed femur bone structure and various parameters were calculated: bone volume fraction (BV/TV), bone surface density (BS/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and bone surface area-to-bone volume ratio (BS/BV). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to observe femoral tissue pathology. Serum levels of bone formation metabolism-related markers—osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP)—were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels of the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway in bone tissue were evaluated using Western blotting assay. The results showed improved bone density and reduced bone loss in rats treated with Pue. There were also significant increases in serum levels of OC and BALP, indicating enhanced osteogenesis. Furthermore, there was a decrease in activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in femoral tissue, suggesting a pathway inhibition. These findings indicate that Pue may combat osteoporosis by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation.

Abstract Deep shale reservoirs (3500–4500 m) exhibit significantly different stress states than moderately deep shale reservoirs (2000–3500 m). As a result, the brittleness response mechanisms of deep shales are also different. It is urgent to investigate methods to evaluate the brittleness of deep shales to meet the increasingly urgent needs of deep shale gas development. In this paper, the quotient of Young’s modulus divided by Poisson’s ratio based on triaxial compression tests under in situ stress conditions is taken as SSBV (Static Standard Brittleness Value). A new and pragmatic technique is developed to determine the static brittleness index that considers elastic parameters, the mineral content, and the in situ stress conditions (BIEMS). The coefficient of determination between BIEMS and SSBV reaches 0.555 for experimental data and 0.805 for field data. This coefficient is higher than that of other brittleness indices when compared to SSBV. BIEMS can offer detailed insights into shale brittleness under various conditions, including different mineral compositions, depths, and stress states. This technique can provide a solid data-based foundation for the selection of ‘sweet spots’ for single-well engineering and the comparison of the brittleness of shale gas production layers in different areas.

Abstract As the wind turbine height increases, the probability of multiple upward leaders flashes within the wind farm increases. In this study, an upward lightning flash containing 21 upward positive leaders (UPLs) initiated from different wind turbines in Zhangbei Wind Farm was analysed. The average speed of the UPLs was 1.2 × 105 m/s, which mostly decreased to zero before reaching the cloud height. Only four UPLs developed to cloud height, with prolonged periods of bright light on three of them and with a minimum duration of 126 ms. A total of nine return strokes occurred on the other two dissipated leader channels, and the numbers of strokes on the two channels was six and three, respectively. The average interstroke interval for the return strokes was 10.5 ms. Most of these nine return strokes had peak currents smaller than 10 kA. The high‐speed video frames confirmed that competition does exist between the UPLs, and the range of shielding effects increases as the height of the ULs increases. The effect of fan rotation on the initiation of upward leaders and the shielding effect between the wind turbines and upward leaders are discussed.

Abstract Background The intricate interplay of gene expression within ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the miRNA regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis during the process of follicle development in lamb GCs. Methods Employing transcriptome sequencing, we compared differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) and miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in GCs from lambs treated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FL) to untreated controls (CL). We further screened differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes and identified potential miRNA regulatory factors. The expression patterns of HMOX1 and miRNAs in GCs were validated using qRT‒PCR and Western blotting. Additionally, we investigated the regulatory effect of oar-miR-134-3p on HMOX1 and its function in ferroptosis through cell transfection and erastin treatment. Results We identified a total of 4,184 DE-mRNAs and 304 DE-miRNAs. The DE-mRNAs were mainly enriched in ferroptosis, insulin resistance, and the cell cycle. Specifically, we focused on the differential expression of ferroptosis-related genes. Notably, the ferroptosis-related genes HMOX1 and SLC3A2, modulated by DE-miRNAs, were markedly suppressed in FLs. Experimental validation revealed that HMOX1 was significantly downregulated in FL and large follicles, while oar-miR-134-3p was significantly upregulated compared to that in the CLs. HMOX1 expression was regulated by the targeting effect of oar-miR-134-3p. Functional assays further revealed that modulation of oar-miR-134-3p influenced HMOX1 expression and altered cellular responses to ferroptosis induction by erastin. Conclusion This study suggested that oar-miR-134-3p and HMOX1 may be one of the pathways regulating ferroptosis in GCs. This finding provides new clues to understanding the development and regulatory process of follicles.

This study aims to exploit multisource remotely sensed data to improve land cover classification of an area dominated by extensive wetlands with surface cover complexity strongly shaped by permafrost, fine-scale geomorphological and topographic characteristics. Accurate and precise mapping tools are critically needed to track change in wetland ecosystems under climate change. Wetland classification is challenging due to its high intraclass and low interclass variations in remote sensing features. Furthermore, the distribution and seasonal thaw patterns in permafrost influence vegetation cover at broad and fine scales within the study area of Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada, creating further complexity in classification. A systematic analysis was performed to evaluate the contribution of various remote sensing features (e.g., spectral, temporal, and structural features) and to determine vital datasets for effective monitoring of subarctic wetland-dominated ecosystems. Prediction uncertainty was comprehensively studied and reported together with classification accuracy. A decision-level fusion method based on the Dempster–Shaffer (DS) theory was developed. Different classes (i.e., focal elements under DS theory) were considered in this classification, using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data separately. The overall accuracy of the classification of 13 wetland classes was 0.952, significantly improved compared with the accuracies obtained by using individual data sources and by using feature-based fusion. Furthermore, the percentage of uncertain pixels is reduced as well.

From the perspective of regulatory focus theory, the influencing mechanism of pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in the private domain on behaviors in the public domain were analyzed by revealing the mediating effect of the status quo maintenance and the moderating effect of the prevention focus orientation. The study results show that PEBs in the private domain significantly promote individuals’ PEBs in the public domain. The status quo maintenance partially mediates the relationship between PEBs in the private and public domains. Specifically, individuals with a high-level prevention focus orientation strengthen the relationship between the PEBs in the private domain and the status quo maintenance, and that of the PEBs in the public domain. Therefore, individuals with high-level prevention focus will more likely engage in subsequent PEBs in the public domain after their initial PEBs in the private domain due to their increased status quo maintenance degree. Policymakers and practitioners should pay attention to the prevention-repetition effect and use the PEBs in the private domain to promote those in the public domain.

​Sinodina Liang & Cai, 1999, a genus of atyid shrimp, is endemic to China and distributed only in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. We describe here the thirteen species of Sinodina, and the first cave-dweller of the genus, Sinodina ashima sp. nov., collected from a limestone cave in Shilin County, Yunnan Province. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the completely degraded pigment and eyes, the extremely long rostrum, the rostral formula and the absence of sexual dimorphism of the third and fourth pereiopods. A phylogenetic analysis based on four genes (COI, 16S, 18S, H3) shows that the new species strongly clustered with the type species of this genus, Sinodina gregoriana (Kemp, 1923), supporting the generic status of this new species.

Regional integration strategically reorganizes spatially heterogeneous resources to maximize the overall benefits. Ecosystem services (ESs) are promising targets for regional integration due to their inherent heterogeneity and mobility, yet research in this area remains limited. This study quantifies crop production (CP), water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), and habitat quality (HQ) for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 using the InVEST model and identifies four ES bundles through a K-means cluster analysis. A conceptual ecosystem service flow (ESF) network at the service cluster scale is constructed based on county-level ESF data. The results reveal the following: (1) there is an upward trend in the ES budget for all services from 2000 to 2020, coupled with spatial mismatches between supply and demand; (2) deficit nodes for CP and CS services are concentrated in densely populated districts, while deficits in WY and HQ services are mainly in western Jilin Province; (3) Bundles I and II act as “sources” of ES, Bundle IV serves as a “sink”, and Bundle III is the only cluster with a CP surplus, balancing CP services across the province. In addition, this study provides ecological perspectives for understanding regional integration by suggesting differentiated integrated management for different ecosystem bundles.

BackgroundFor cesarean delivery (CD), the 90% effective dosage (ED90) of oxytocin for a first bolus has been established. It is not yet known how much oxytocin to inject into obese women undergoing elective discectomy to keep their uterine tone (UT) appropriate. We hypothesized that patients who are overweight need a greater dose of oxytocin infusion; thus, we aimed to determine how the dose-response curve for oxytocin infusion changes following an initial 1 international unit (IU) bolus in obese women undergoing elective CD.MethodsOne hundred parturients with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to receive an infusion rate of 14, 18, 22, or 26 IU/h of oxytocin. When the uterine palpation is as hard as touching the forehead or tip of the nose, it is considered sufficient UT according to the criteria used by obstetricians. The median effective dose (ED50) and ED90 values were determined using probit analysis.ResultsWe found the ED50 and ED90 values for the infusion dose of oxytocin were around 11.0 IU/h and 19.1 IU/h, respectively. Each group had a different number of parturients who needed rescued oxytocin: 14 IU/h for six, 18 IU/h for three, one for 22 IU/h, and none for 26 IU/h. The correlation between the frequency of rescued oxytocin administration and the amount of oxytocin infusion needed to avoid uterine atony was statistically significant (p = 0.02).ConclusionThe present research showed that the most effective dosage of oxytocin infusion for obese parturients undergoing elective CD is 19.1 IU/h, following an initial loading dose of 1 IU. Patients with obesity should receive a greater dosage of prophylactic oxytocin, and further studies comparing patients with and without obesity (with higher BMI) are required.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=159951, identifier ChiCTR2200059582.

Abstract Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is attracting attention as one of large‐scale renewable energy storage systems. Its gas storage chamber is one of key components for its success. A successful utilization of an abandoned coalmine roadway depends on the stability of the gas storage chamber. The chamber is a multilayer structure and the redistribution of the stress and displacement in each layer is critical to the chamber stability. So far, this redistribution mechanism under any lateral pressure coefficient and internal air pressure has been unclear and thus a quick and easy evaluation on the CAES chamber stability becomes difficult. In this study, the redistributions of stress and displacement in each layer are analytically solved based on complex variable function theory. First, the stress and displacement in three CAES multilayer structures are obtained under any lateral pressure coefficient and internal air pressure. Then, a comprehensive parameter b1 is obtained to describe the redistribution of stress and displacement in rock mass, lining layer, and grout layer. Its linkage with lateral pressure coefficient, internal air pressure, and material properties is analytically expressed. Thirdly, an analytical expression is obtained for the influence range of internal air pressure on chamber stress. Finally, the role and selection of lining and grouting layers are explored at different lateral pressure coefficient and internal air pressure. It is found that the CAES chamber stability can be effectively and quickly evaluated by these analytical solutions and comprehensive parameters and enhanced by a material with low bulk modulus but high shear modulus.