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Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and has imposed a high health care burden in the United States. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens are well tolerated and highly effective for CHC therapy but were initially marketed at a high price. Studies of their real-world use with a nationwide population are limited.To examine patient characteristics, treatment adherence, effectiveness, and health care costs in a large U.S. population with commercial and Medicare supplemental insurance plans who received simeprevir (SIM), sofosbuvir (SOF), or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LED/SOF) during the years 2013-2015.Patients with at least 1 diagnosis code for CHC and at least 1 claim for SIM, SOF, or LED/SOF prescriptions were selected. The date of the first claim for SIM, SOF, or LED/SOF was defined as the index date. Analyses were stratified by 4 regimens: SOF + SIM ± ribavirin (RBV), SOF + peginterferon alpha-2a or 2b (PEG) + RBV, SOF + RBV, and LED/SOF ± RBV. Adherence was defined by the proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥ 80%. Sustained virologic response (SVR12) was defined as a hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA load of ≤ 25 IU/mL measured at ≥ 12 weeks following the end of the days supply of the last DAA refill. Health care costs such as DAA drug costs and medical costs (inpatient costs plus outpatient costs) were described.Of 10,808 CHC patients, approximately two thirds were male, and mean age was 55 years. The proportion of patients with compensated cirrhosis among each regimen ranged from 7.4% in LED/SOF ± RBV to 13.8% in SOF + SIM ± RBV, and the proportion of patients with decompensated cirrhosis ranged from 3.9% in LED/SOF ± RBV to 10.7% in SOF + SIM ± RBV. The majority of patients (89.0%) used the newer regimen LED/SOF ± RBV in 2015. Adherence rates were estimated at 80.5%, 81.5%, 85.7%, and 91.4% for SOF + SIM ± RBV (n = 1,761); SOF + PEG + RBV (n = 1,314); SOF + RBV (n = 1,994); and LED/SOF ± RBV (n = 5,739), respectively. Regimen-specific adherence predictors included sex, age group, payer type, health plan, and treatment option with RBV. Being born during 1945-1965, liver disease severity, and Charlson Comorbidity Index levels did not predict adherence in any regimen. Overall SVR12 was 92.6% in 203 patients with available HCV RNA results: 100% (41/41) in SOF + SIM ± RBV; 83.3% (25/30) in SOF + PEG + RBV; 90.6% (29/32) in SOF + RBV; and 93% (93/100) in LED/SOF ± RBV. While the drug costs for these DAA regimens were initially high, they had decreased 18.9% (P0.001) during 2013-2015. Medical costs decreased 9.2% (P0.001) 1 year after the index dates.These results indicate that DAA drug costs decreased steadily during 2013-2015 and that 89% of patients on SOF-based DAA regimens took newer, lower-cost regimens with adherence rates above 80%. Available data show that SVR12 rates were close to those obtained in clinical studies. Medical costs also significantly decreased 1 year after the index dates.No outside funding supported this study. All authors are U.S. federal employees of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The findings and conclusions in this research are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

According to National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system data, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing increased among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men from 2008 to 2011 in cities funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Expanded Testing Initiative, suggesting that focused HIV testing initiatives might have positive effects.

Background Reports of acute hepatitis C in young persons in the United States have increased. We examined data from national surveillance and supplemental case follow-up at selected jurisdictions to describe the US epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among young persons (aged ≤30 years). Methods We examined trends in incidence of acute hepatitis C among young persons reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during 2006-2012 by state, county, and urbanicity. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of HCV-infected young persons newly reported from 2011 to 2012 were analyzed from case interviews and provider follow-up at 6 jurisdictions. Results From 2006 to 2012, reported incidence of acute hepatitis C increased significantly in young persons-13% annually in nonurban counties (P = .003) vs 5% annually in urban counties (P = .028). Thirty (88%) of 34 reporting states observed higher incidence in 2012 than 2006, most noticeably in nonurban counties east of the Mississippi River. Of 1202 newly reported HCV-infected young persons, 52% were female and 85% were white. In 635 interviews, 75% of respondents reported injection drug use. Of respondents reporting drug use, 75% had abused prescription opioids, with first use on average 2.0 years before heroin. Conclusions These data indicate an emerging US epidemic of HCV infection among young nonurban persons of predominantly white race. Reported incidence was higher in 2012 than 2006 in at least 30 states, with largest increases in nonurban counties east of the Mississippi River. Prescription opioid abuse at an early age was commonly reported and should be a focus for medical and public health intervention.