Search

Continuous resource misallocation not only results in total factor productivity loss but also leads to ecological degradation. Therefore, in the process of changing from extensive growth to intensive growth, Chinese agriculture should pay attention to the problem of resource misallocation. There is currently a lack of relevant research, especially concerning the spatial spillover effects of resource misallocation at the city level. To fill this gap, we employ a spatial panel model for empirical testing on the basis of measuring agricultural green total factor productivity (GTFP) in 306 cities in China from 1996–2017. We found that there is positive spatial autocorrelation in Chinese agricultural GTFP, but it decreases year by year. Misallocation in land, labor, machinery and fertilizer all directly hinder the local GTFP. The eastern is mainly negatively affected by neighbor resource misallocation, while the central and western are mainly negatively affected by local resource misallocation. Finally, the indirect effect of neighbor resource misallocation on GTFP gradually shifts from inhibiting effect to a facilitating effect with increasing spatial distance. These findings have clear policy implications: Chinese government should strengthen agricultural green technology innovation and diffusion, strengthen environmental regulation and promote the free movement of labor between regions and sectors.

Rolling bearings are critical in automotive engines, wind turbine drive trains, and numerous other mechanical systems. Rolling bearings can suffer from early failures, which result in high operation and maintenance costs. Surface engineering techniques, such as the application of coatings and additives for lubricants have been developed to improve the tribological performance of rolling bearings. In this article, the performance of physical vapor deposition coatings on components working under rolling/sliding contacts and rolling bearings is reviewed. The applications of physical vapor deposition coatings in the rolling bearing industry are summarized. The effects of coating thickness, coating mechanical properties, test conditions, coating bonding layer, and coating architecture on coating performance are discussed. At the end of the article, possible approaches to further improve the performance of physical vapor deposition coatings on rolling bearings are proposed.

Glioma is the most common and fatal primary malignant brain tumor. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) may be an important factor in glioma cell proliferation, invasion, chemoradiotherapy tolerance, and recurrence. Therefore, discovering novel GSCs related circular RNAs (circRNAs) may finds out a prospective target for the treatment of glioma. A novel circRNA-CHAF1A (circCHAF1A) was first found in our study. CircCHAF1A was overexpressed in glioma and related to the low survival rate. Functionally, it was found that no matter in vitro or in vivo, circCHAF1A can facilitate the proliferation and tumorigenesis of TP53wt GSCs. Mechanistically, circCHAF1A upregulated transcription factor HOXC8 expression in GSCs through miR-211-5p sponging. Then, HOXC8 can transcriptionally upregulate MDM2 expression and inhibited the antitumor effect of p53. Furtherly, the RNA binding protein FMR1 can bind to and promoted the expression of circCHAF1A via maintaining its stability, while HOXC8 also transcribed the FMR1 expression to form a feedback loop, which may be involved in the malignant transformation of glioma. The novel feedback loop among FMR1, circCHAF1A, miR-211-5p, and HOXC8 in GSCs can facilitate the proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma and GSCs. It also provided a helpful biomarker for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of glioma and may be applied to molecular targeted therapy.

In this paper, a nonparametric method is used to measure the total factor productivity (TFP) growth index in Chinese agriculture from 1981 to 2017, and the factor bias of technological progress is identified based on the theory of induced technological progress. Then, according to the degree of dependence of technological progress on fertiliser, biased technological progress is divided into green-biased technological progress and pollution-biased technological progress, and then empirical test the factors allocation structure that induce and promote green-biased technological progress. The results show that China's agricultural TFP has undergone three stages of accelerated growth, negative growth and fluctuation, and the growth momentum has undergone three transformations, which are jointly driven by technological efficiency and technological progress, dominated by technological progress and dominated by technological efficiency. Biased technological progress has contributed to the long-term growth of agricultural TFP in most regions of China, but it is mainly biased towards capital-using and fertiliser-using. The labour/capital ratio and the capital/fertiliser ratio are increased, reducing the capital/soil ratio, which can induce and promote green-biased technological progress while suppressing pollution-biased technological progress. The mechanism test results show that increasing labour input can indirectly promote green technological progress by reducing mechanisation.

Background Glioma is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, and angiogenesis is one of the key factors contributing to its proliferation, aggressiveness, and malignant transformation. However, the discovery of novel oncogenes and the study of its molecular regulating mechanism based on circular RNAs (circRNAs) may provide a promising treatment target in glioma. Methods Bioinformatics analysis, qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of ISL2, miR-342–3p, circRNA ARF1 (cARF1), U2AF2, and VEGFA. Patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs) were established for the molecular experiments. Lentiviral-based infection was used to regulate the expression of these molecules in GSCs. The MTS, EDU, Transwell, and tube formation assays were used to detect the proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of human brain microvessel endothelial cells (hBMECs). RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, dual-luciferase reporter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to detect the direct regulation mechanisms among these molecules. Results We first identified a novel transcription factor related to neural development. ISL2 was overexpressed in glioma and correlated with poor patient survival. ISL2 transcriptionally regulated VEGFA expression in GSCs and promoted the proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of hBMECs via VEGFA-mediated ERK signaling. Regarding its mechanism of action, cARF1 upregulated ISL2 expression in GSCs via miR-342–3p sponging. Furthermore, U2AF2 bound to and promoted the stability and expression of cARF1, while ISL2 induced the expression of U2AF2, which formed a feedback loop in GSCs. We also showed that both U2AF2 and cARF1 had an oncogenic effect, were overexpressed in glioma, and correlated with poor patient survival. Conclusions Our study identified a novel feedback loop among U2AF2, cARF1, miR-342–3p, and ISL2 in GSCs. This feedback loop promoted glioma angiogenesis, and could provide an effective biomarker for glioma diagnosis and prognostic evaluation, as well as possibly being used for targeted therapy.

The iron-chelating agent di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) has been found to inhibit cell growth and to induce apoptosis in several human cancers. However, its effects and mechanism of action in glioma are unknown. Human glioma cell line LN229 and patient-derived glioma stem cells GSC-42 were applied for both in vitro and in vivo xenograft nude mouse experiments. The anti-tumor effects of Dp44mT were assessed using MTS, EdU, TUNEL, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical assays. We found that Dp44mT can upregulate the expression of the anti-oncogene N-myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG)2 by directly binding to and activating the RAR-related orphan receptor (ROR)A. In addition, we found that NDRG2 overexpression suppressed inflammation via activation of interleukin (IL)-6/Janus kinase (JAK)2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling. Our data indicate that Dp44mT may serve as an effective drug for the treatment of glioma by targeting RORA and enhancing NDRG2-mediated IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling.

Aim Epidermal growth factor‐containing fibulin‐like extracellular matrix protein 1(EFEMP1) has been found to be involved in the occurrence and development of many cancers. The relationship between EFEMP1 and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the molecular mechanism are not fully understood. Methods Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and tissue microarray were used to detect the expression of EFEMP1 in HCC cell lines and tissue. Methylation‐specific PCR assay was used to measure the methylation level of EFEMP1 in HCC cell lines and tissue. To study the function of EFEMP1 on cell function, Huh7 and HepG2 were infected with lentiviral particles expressing EFEMP1. MTT assay and colony formation assay were used to examine the effect of EFEMP1 on cell proliferation. Annexin‐VAPC/7‐AAD double were used to detect the effect of EFEMP1 on cell apoptosis. To further detect the effect of EFEMP1 on the development of HCC in vivo, we performed the tumor formation experiment in nude mice. Gene chip was used to detect the expression profile of Huh7 and HepG2 overexpressing EFEMP1. To further screen out the differences, GO analysis and pathway analysis were performed. To study the effects of SEMA3B, specific siRNA was used to inhibit the expression of SEMA3B. Chi‐squared test and rank sum test were used to analyze the relationship between EFEMP1 expression and HCC clinical characteristic. Results The study found that the expression of EFEMP1 was significantly decreased in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues. The expression level of EFEMP1 was related to the TNM (the extent of the tumor, the extent of spread to the lymph nodes, the presence of metastasis) stage and the prognosis of patients with HCC. The decrease of protein expression suggested that the patient prognosis was worse, and the protein level of EFEMP1 may be an independent factor in the prognosis of HCC patients. Promoter methylation may be one of the reasons for EFEMP1 inhibition. EFEMP1 could inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells and promoted the apoptosis of HCC cells to regulate the development of HCC. And EFEMP1 promoted the apoptosis of HCC cells mainly through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. EFEMP1 may inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells through the SEMA3B gene in the Axon guidance pathway. Conclusion In summary, our research revealed the regulation of EFEMP1 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in HCC. EFEMP1 may suppress the growth of HCC cells by promoting SEMA3B.

The smart window that can regulate sunlight transmittance is one of the simplest solutions to reduce the massive energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and conditioning applications in building services. As a promising smart window material, vanadium dioxide (VO2) is severely limited in commercialization potential due to its instability in the operational environment. Protective layering to combat VO2 degradation often requires extra fabrication steps which can be complex and costly. We report a new strategy to fabricate VO2 nanorod nanocomposite thermochromic smart window with 33-year service life. By introducing seeding, a one-step high-powered impulse magnetron sputtering process is achieved which comprises of guided growth of VO2 nanorod embedded within amorphous V2O5 matrix. Furthermore, the unique nanorod structure with lowered transition temperature τc of 56.6 °C gives tunable solar modulation according to solar incident angle. This new strategy provides a solution to address VO2 Achilles’ heel, its instability, which could facilitate the applications of this near room temperature phase change material not limited in thermochromic smart windows. Ministry of Education (MOE) National Research Foundation (NRF) The Principal Investigator of this project (Y.L.) wishes to thank Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute (SSIJRI) for funding support. This research was supported by National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office, Singapore, under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) programme. This research is supported by Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) Academic Research Fund Tier One RG103/19.

Increasing evidences show that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of tumorigenesis, progression, recurrence and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-369 works as a tumor suppressor in both lung cancer and thyroid cancer. However, the potential biological function of miR-369 in HCC is unknown. Herein, we for first found that miR-369 expression was downregulated in HCC tissues and predicted the poor prognosis of HCC patients. Forced miR-369 expression inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analysis identified Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) as a direct target of miR-369 in HCC cells. miR-369 overexpressing downregulated the ZEB1 mRNA and protein expression in HCC cells. miR-369 expression was negatively associated with ZEB1 expression in human HCC tissues. More importantly, the ZEB1 siRNA diminished the discrepancy of growth and metastasis capacity between miR-369 overexpression HCC cells and control cells.

Cirrhosis and portal hypertension are associated with an increased risk of developing liver cancer. However, it is unknown how changes in the cellular mechanical microenvironment induced by portal hypertension affect the occurrence and development of liver cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tensile strain on the proliferation of a human liver cancer cell line (HepG2 cells) using methods such as flow cytometry, Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-bromodeoxyuridine assays, and to examine the changes in microRNA (miRNA/miR) expression using microarray, reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR and bioinformatics analyses. It was demonstrated that cyclic tensile force promoted the proliferation of HepG2 cells. The most suitable research conditions were as follows: Tensile strain force loading amplitude 15%; frequency 1 Hz; and time 24 h. After loading the HepG2 cells under such conditions, the differentially expressed miRNAs were screened out using an Agilent Human miRNA Microarray, identifying seven miRNAs with significant differences (expression difference >2 times and P

Background: Glioma has a poor prognosis, and is the most common primary and lethal primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor A (RORA) is a member of the ROR subfamily of orphan receptors and plays an anti-tumor role in several cancers. Methods: A cell viability assay, the Edu assay, neurosphere formation assay, and xenograft experiments were used to detect the proliferative abilities of glioma cell line, glioma stem cells (GSCs). Western blotting, ELISAs, and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the presence of possible microRNAs. Findings: Our study found for the first time that RORA was expressed at low levels in gliomas, and was associated with a good prognosis. RORA overexpression inhibited the proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma cell lines and GSCs via inhibiting the TNF-α mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, microRNA-18a had a promoting effect on gliomas, and was the possible reason for low RORA expression in gliomas. Interpretation: RORA may be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of gliomas. Keywords: Glioma, Glioma stem cells, RORA, Tumorigenesis, microRNA-18a

Additional file 9: Supplementary Table 3. siRNA sequences.

Background: Multifocal glioblastoma is an uncommon and refractory subtype of high grade glioma with poor prognosis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important cause of enhanced glioblastoma invasiveness and tumor recurrence. Our previous study found that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor A (RORA) is a nuclear receptor, and plays an important role in inhibiting proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma. We further confirmed that RORA was downregulated in multifocal glioblastoma (GBM), therefore, we determined whether RORA was involved in the migration, invasion, and EMT of multifocal GBM. Methods: Human glioma cell lines, U87 and T98G, and patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs), GSC2C and GSC4D, were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. The expressions of RORA, miR-18b, and lncRNA CASC2 in glioma cells were detected by RT-qPCR, western blotting. The biological effects of RORA, miR-18b, and CASC2 on glioma migration, invasion, and EMT were evaluated using the migration assay, Transwell, immunofluorescence staining, and xenograft experiments. Results: RORA was expressed at lower levels in multifocal glioblastoma and negatively regulated the migration, invasion, and EMT of multifocal GBM via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. MiR-18b functioned as a promotor in multifocal glioblastoma, while CASC2 played the role of a tumor suppressor. MiR-18b inhibited RORA expression via binding to its mRNA 3'-UTR in multifocal glioblastoma, while CASC2 upregulated RORA expression via miR-18b-mediated competitive endogenous RNA mechanism. Conclusions: The lncRNA CASC2/miR-18b/RORA/TGF- β1/Smad signaling pathway axis, which lead to the EMT and enhanced invasiveness of multifocal GBM, may be a promising therapeutic strategy for multifocal glioblastoma. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the Major Disease Prevention and Control Technology Action Plan of China (2018ZX-07S-006), the Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program (No. 2019-B45), the Social Development Program from Shenyang Science and Technology Bureau, China (20-205-4-075), the Project of JiangSu XianSheng Pharmaceutical Co. (JSXSZD-SA2020-06-004), and the Shanghai Sailing Program (No. 19YF1439000). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: Patients and controls were acquired with informed consent, under the protocol approved by the First Hospital of China Medical University research ethics committee.

Additional file 7: Supplementary Table 1. Relationship of ISL2 expression to clinical features of glioma patients.

Extensive research has been carried out on the “Belt and Road” initiative, most of it focusing on geographical economy and international trade. However, there is a lack of research on the carbon emissions efficiency of the countries along the “Belt and Road,” especially regarding the impact of freight trade. To address this research gap, this paper first employs a metafrontier nonradial directional distance function to measure the carbon emission efficiency of 32 countries along the “Belt and Road” from 1990 to 2014. It then examines the role of freight trade. Our main research findings are as follows. Firstly, the carbon emission efficiency of the countries along the “Belt and Road” is generally low. Among them, Russia and Central Asia are mainly due to the large between-group gap in carbon emission efficiency, while Southeast Asia, Western Asia and North Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe are mainly due to the large within-group gap. Secondly, freight trade promotes carbon emission efficiency, but it will aggravate the gap between the contemporaneous technology and the group technology. Freight trade mainly promotes the contemporaneous carbon emission efficiency (CTCEI) and group-frontier carbon emission efficiency (ITCEI) of low fossil energy dependent countries, and the metafrontier carbon emission efficiency (GTCEI) of high fossil energy dependent countries. Thirdly, foreign direct investment (FDI) has a significant negative effect on a host country’s ITCEI and GTCEI, and it will decrease the gap between the group technology and the metafrontier technology. However, freight trade can effectively prevent the entry of FDI, thereby indirectly improving carbon emission efficiency and reducing carbon emission gap.

A cryogen-free cryostat cooled using a 4 K commercial GM or pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) displays temperature oscillations caused by the intrinsic working principle of the regenerative cryocooler. To dampen such oscillations usually requires either a large heat capacity or a large thermal resistance. To understand this phenomenon better and suppress it more effectively, both the step response characteristic and the intrinsic oscillation characteristic of cryostat have been used to obtain the complete transfer functions of a simulation model. The latter is used to test and optimize traditional PID feedback control. The results showed this approach has almost no effect on the temperature oscillation amplitude. Based on this simulation model, a novel active method was proposed and tested numerically. Simulation results predict the method should suppress the amplitude of the original temperature oscillation by a factor of two., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures

In the study of the “Porter Hypothesis”, scholars explored the impact of different forms of innovation on the firms’ competitivity, but did not distinguish between innovations on the difference in patent quality. In addition, relevant research only regards innovation as a mediator between environmental regulation and competitivity, and doesn’t take into account innovation induced by environmental regulation, can only promote competitivity under the constraints of environmental regulation. That is to say, environmental regulation not only induces innovation, but also moderates innovation to promote competitivity. In view of this, we use panel data of A-share listed firms in China from 2006 to 2016, and adopt propensity score matching and different in different (PSM-DID) model to empirically test the inductive effect and moderating effect. The results show that CETS cannot only improve the quantity and quality, but also significantly enhance the firms’ market value; innovation itself cannot enhance the firms’ market value, but the interaction with CETS can promote the firms’ market value. In addition, the CETS has a stronger inductive effect on innovation of state-owned shares firms, but the positive moderating effect on high-quality innovation and competitivity only exists in non-state-owned shares firms.

Additional file 8: Supplementary Table 2. Clinical information of the primary glioma stem-like cells.

Additional file 10: Supplementary Table 4. PCR Primers.

This work investigates a novel heat-driven multi-stage thermoacoustic cooler that can satisfy cooling requirements in the applications of natural gas liquefaction and high-temperature superconductivity. The proposed system consists of a compressor, multiple thermoacoustic units (engines and coolers) coupled by piston-cylinder assemblies. The acoustic power input by the compressor is successively multiplied in the thermoacoustic engine units, and the amplified acoustic power is then consumed to produce cooling power in the thermoacoustic cooler units. The proposed system overcomes the limitations of the traditional thermoacoustic systems owing to high efficiency, compact size, and ease of control. Analyses are first performed to explore the influence of the number of stages. The design method of the pistons is presented based on acoustic impedance matching principle. Based on the optimized system, simulations are then conducted to investigate the axial distribution of the key parameters, which can explain the reason for improved thermodynamic performance. At heating and cooling temperatures of 873 K and 130 K, the system achieves a cooling power of 2.1 kW and a thermal-to-cooling relative Carnot efficiency of 23%. This represents significant increases by over 60% in efficiency and 80% in cooling capacity when compared to existing systems. Simulations further demonstrate how controlling the input acoustic power and frequency via the compressor enables control of the system under various conditions. Further discussions are made considering a potential combined cooling and power system, indicating an overall thermal-cooling-electricity efficiency of 34% without any external electric power required for the compressor.

Recovering the expansion power in pulse tube cryocooler is of great utility in improving cooling efficiency. Using a second-stage cooler after a primary cooler to produce extra cooling power is an effective way especially when the cooling temperature is not very low. In the configuration, the two coolers are connected by a displacer which is used as a phase shifter. In this paper, experimental investigations were conducted to study this system. Firstly, the performance of the overall system and separated cooler was respectively presented. To better understand the displacer, phase relation, mechanical resistance and displacement were then clarified. In addition, the power consumption distribution of the cascade cryocooler was discussed. Finally, both numerical and experimental comparisons were made on the displacer-type and tube-type cryocooler. The experimental results show that the displacer-type cryocooler has superior performance due to the better phase-modulation capability and less power loss. With the input electric power of 1.9 kW and cooling temperature of 130 K, the overall system achieved a cooling power of 371 W and a relative Carnot efficiency of 24.5%.

In this paper, we build and analyze a general equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of environment tax reform on a small open economy in a &ldquo, suboptimal environment&rdquo, with existing tax distortions. We then use the macroeconomic data from the Chongqing Municipality in China to conduct simulations to empirically test our analytic results. Our main findings include the followings. First, an increase in environmental tax rate can effectively reduce the use of polluting consumer goods by households as well as investment in polluting factors by enterprises. Hence, an increase in environmental tax rate can improve environmental quality and obtain &ldquo, environmental dividend&rdquo, Second, an increase in environmental tax rate can negatively impact employment, family income and economic growth. Hence, there is no &ldquo, non-environmental dividend&rdquo, effect. Third, an increased environmental tax rate has both substitution effect and income effect on household consumption. On the one hand, it motivates households to substitute polluting consumer goods with clean consumer goods. On the other hand, it lowers the total consumption level of households. Fourth, we show that the &ldquo, double dividend&rdquo, hypothesis on environmental tax is invalid. And the optimal environmental tax under the suboptimal environment is lower than the Pigouvian tax rate. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our results.

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway plays important roles in development and progression of human cancers. In our study, we aimed to identify genetic variants of the PDGF pathway genes associated with pancreatic cancer (PC) risk in European populations using three published genome-wide association study datasets, which consisted of 9,381 cases and 7,719 controls. The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was also performed using data from the 1000 Genomes, TCGA and GTEx projects. As a result, we identified two potential susceptibility loci (rs5757573 and rs6001516) of PDGFB associated with PC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.16, and p = 4.70 × 10-5 for the rs5757573 C allele and 1.21, 1.11-1.32, and 2.01 × 10-5 for the rs6001516 T allele]. Haplotype analysis revealed that the C-T haplotype carriers had a significantly increased risk of PC than those carrying the T-C haplotype (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.12-1.34, p =5.00 × 10-6 ). The multivariate regression model incorporating the number of unfavorable genotypes (NUGs) with age and sex showed that carriers with 1-2 NUGs, particularly among 60-70 age group or males, had an increased risk of PC, compared to those without NUG. Furthermore, the eQTL analysis revealed that both loci were correlated with a decreased mRNA expression level of PDGFB in lymphoblastoid cell lines and pancreatic tumor tissues (p = 0.015 and 0.071, respectively). Our results suggest that genetic variants in PDGFB may play a role in susceptibility to PC. Further population and functional validations of our findings are warranted.

The SPRIGT team in TIPC has achieved the most stable long-term pressure in the world in the range from 30 to 90 kPa. The pressure instability is less than 0.1 ppm (0.0032 Pa at 30 kPa, 0.009 Pa at 90 kPa), which can build the foundation for the success of SPRIGT.

Existing literature on carbon leakage mostly focused on polluting industries or at the national level. Agriculture is one of the main sources of carbon emissions, however, research on agricultural carbon leakage is still insufficient. To fill this gap, this paper investigates the impact of China's agricultural trade shocks on carbon emissions in a panel of 62 economies along the Belt and Road (B&R) over the period 1990–2017. The results show that China's supply shocks have a significant inhibitory effect on the agricultural carbon emissions of the B&R economies, and this inhibitory effect is very stable and will not be disturbed by other factors. On the contrary, China's demand shocks only have a significant inhibitory effect on the carbon emission intensity of economies with a higher proportion of agriculture, but it will significantly increase the agricultural carbon emissions share in all economies.

The Greta oto butterfly has transparent wings with extraordinary omnidirectional anti-reflection behavior, owing to unusual nanostructures with random height and pitch/space distribution on its wing surface. The beauty and efficacy of such nanostructures are proven designs but difficult to reproduce en masse. Here, we establish a low-cost bottom-up approach by simply stacking monolayer-aligned agitation-assisted deposition of silver nanowire (AgNW) meshes followed by deposition of various overcoats. Such AgNW meshes provide the template to grow nanostructures, imitating those on the Greta oto's wings that consist of randomly situated nanocones with controllable mean pitches and heights. The resulting nanostructure enhances anti-reflections in both SiO2/AgNW and VO2/AgNW systems, which showed reduced omnidirectional reflectance up to 33% and 70%, respectively. Furthermore, the VO2/AgNW system exhibits enhanced luminous and infrared transmittance without sacrificing solar modulation. Our robust bottom-up approach provides a simpler alternate non-lithographic way to economically produce controlled biomimetic anti-reflective nanostructured coatings. Ministry of Education (MOE) Published version This research is supported by Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) Academic Research Fund Tier One RG103/19.

Expansion work is generally wasted as heat in a pulse-tube cryocooler and thus represents an obstacle to obtaining higher Carnot efficiency. Recovery of this dissipated power is crucial to improvement of these cooling systems, particularly when the cooling temperature is not very low. In this paper, an efficient cascade cryocooler that is capable of recovering acoustic power is introduced. The cryocooler is composed of two coolers and a displacer unit. The displacer, which fulfills both phase modulation and power transmission roles, is sandwiched in the structure by the two coolers. This means that the expansion work from the first stage cooler can then be used by the second stage cooler. The expansion work of the second stage cooler is much lower than the total input work and it is thus not necessary to recover it. Analyses and experiments were conducted to verify the proposed configuration. At an input power of 1249 W, the cascade cryocooler achieved its highest overall relative Carnot efficiency of 37.2% and a cooling power of 371 W at 130 K. When compared with the performance of a traditional pulse-tube cryocooler, the cooling efficiency was improved by 32%.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an early and key process in the metastatic cascade during the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to identify deregulated EMT-related microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) of CRC and assess the effect of differentially expressed miRNAs on the prognosis of patients with CRC. Genome-wide expression profiling of miRNAs was assessed in 3 EMT-negative and 3 EMT-positive CRC tissues. Differentially expressed miRNA was further validated in 90 pairs of CRC and corresponding paracarcinoma tissues using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 6 miRNAs (miR-10a-5p miR-204-3p, miR-1224-3p, miR-193a-3p, miR-365a-3p and miR-3678-3p) were identified to be differentially expressed between different EMT statuses of CRC tissues. Following validation using RT-qPCR, 3 miRNAs (miR-10a-5p, miR-365a-3p and miR-193a-3p) were selected for subsequent studies. The expression levels of miR-10a-5p, miR-193a-3p and miR-365a-3p were markedly increased compared with levels in corresponding paracarcinoma tissues. Survival analyses revealed that down-regulation of miR-193a-3p was associated with worse prognosis of patients with CRC, particularly in female and older patients. The results of the present study indicate that miR-193a-3p may be an EMT-related biomarker and serve as a novel prognostic factor for CRC.