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Carbonyls (such as acrolein, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde) are the critical type of carcinogens and toxicants contained within the heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. Using HNB products can have negative effects on human health; therefore, it is important to measure carbonyl contents within the HNB mainstream smoke. Typically, the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) approach involves forming the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives, which is the most extensively adopted approach to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze carbonyl compounds. However, the approach can result in analytical error because 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones contains the E-stereoisomer as well as the Z-stereoisomer. Only an E-isomers exists in the purified carbonyls-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, but when acid is added, the E-isomer and Z-isomer can be observed. For propionaldehyde-, acetaldehyde-, crotonaldehyde-, acrolein-, and 2-butanone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, their equilibrium Z/E isomer ratios are 0.143, 0.309, 0.093, 0.028, and 0.154. In the case of adding trace water into hydrazone derivatives dissolved within the acetonitrile solution, the derivative contents decrease, whereas the free DNPH content increases. Therefore, catalytic acid should be added in the low content. To determine carbonyls-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones through HPLC, the optimal approach is adding phosphoric acid into the samples and the standard reference solution to form the 0.02-1.0% acid solution., Smoking increases the risk of humans contracting various diseases and even death. Therefore, numerous smokers have begun to search for tobacco products that have decreased health risks. According to the [...]

The tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum) is widely planted and consumed all over the world. By manipulating its leaves, different products can be prepared for smoking or chewing. Today, cigars and [...]

In order to evaluate the differences in typical heated tobacco products of different brands, the chemical components in the aerosol particulate matters from 19 heated tobacco product samples were determined by gas chromatography-quadrupole/exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Q Exactive Orbitrap MS). Differential statistical analysis of chemical component types and relative mass fractions was performed on the particulate matter. The results showed that: 1) Chemical components in aerosol particulate matters from the heated tobacco product samples of the same brand were similar in type and relative mass fraction. 2) Based on PCA score plots from the selected samples, there was a clear distinction between different brands of heated cigarette samples. Foreign heated cigarette samples had a relatively concentrated spatial distribution and were clustered by brand, while the distribution of domestic heated cigarette samples was relatively discrete. 3) Compared to the selected domestic heated cigarette samples, there were 56 and 9 components in the aerosol particulate matters from the foreign heated cigarette samples that significantly decreased and increased in their mass fractions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately determine the release of moisture and tar in the aerosol of heated tobacco products, an in situ extraction device with a smoking machine trap was designed and tested. The aerosol produced by machine-smoking a heated tobacco product was collected, the Cambridge filter pad inside a bespoke metallic trap was directly extracted and then the moisture was analyzed by GC. The results showed that: 1) The recoveries of the in situ extraction method were in the range of 95.4%-104.6% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 3.72% to 6.09% with the limit of quantification of 0.16 mg/cigarette. 2) Comparing with conventional vibrating extraction, the moisture content in the aerosol determined by the in situ extraction method increased by 15.95%-22.16% under the ISO puffing regime and 38.34%-40.37% under the HCI puffing regime. 3) The main components, such as nicotine, 1,2-propylene glycol and glycerol, in the aerosol of the tested heated tobacco products were not affected by the in situ extraction method. This method was also applicable to the determination of tar release in the smoke of conventional cigarettes. This method could be used for the accurate determination of moisture, tar, nicotine, 1,2-propylene glycol and propanetriol in the aerosol of heated tobacco products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimicry is widespread in the animal kingdom. Parasitic cuckoos can reduce the risk of their offspring being rejected by employing morphological and egg mimicry. Female common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) can deceive their hosts by mimicking sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) calls, thus improving brood parasitism success. However, few experiments have confirmed the hypothesis that female cuckoos can successfully mimic sparrowhawk calls. We used two populations of wild free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), which are not cuckoo hosts, to study the effects of four different types of bird calls on their anti-predatory behavior. Results showed that both female cuckoo and sparrowhawk calls elicited vigilance and escape responses from chickens, while the chickens did not respond to either male common cuckoo or Oriental turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis) calls. This suggests that female cuckoo calls can not only deceive their hosts, but also successfully deceive their non-host birds. Our study further confirms the accuracy with which female cuckoos can mimic sparrowhawk calls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]