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Additional file 1: Supplementary Materials. ICD-10 codes for causesof death used in this study. Flow chart of the selection of study participants. The distribution of alcohol consumption accordingto NHIS year among NHIS participants in 1997 to 2014.Dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and risk ofmortality from CVD, chronic lower respiratory tract diseases, accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, influenzaand pneumonia, and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis mortality. All-cause and cause-specific mortality according to alcoholconsumption status after multiple imputations for variables with missingvalues among NHIS participants in 1997to 2014. All-cause andcause-specific mortalityaccording to alcohol consumption status among NHIS participants in 1997to 2014. All-cause mortality according to alcohol consumptionstatus and NHIS year among NHIS participants in 1997 to2014.Hazards ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to alcoholconsumption status among NHIS participants in 1997 to 2014. Hazards ratios forall-cause and cause-specific mortality according to alcohol consumptionstatus stratified for sex, age, race/ethnicity and smoking status amongNHIS participants in 1997 to 2014.

ObjectivePrevious studies that have reported trends on abdominal obesity among US children were usually based on anthropometric assessments. However, little is known about the recent trends in central adiposity measures by DXA and abdominal obesity since 2011–2012.Study DesignA serial cross-sectional analysis of US population-weighted data among children from NHANES 2011 to 2018 was conducted.ResultsBetween 2011–2012 and 2017–2018, there was a relatively stable trend among children aged 8–19 years in trunk fat and trunk fat percentage. During the same time periods, there were no significant changes in prevalence of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (18.6 vs. 21.1%) among those aged 2–19 years, and abdominal obesity by WHtR (34.1 vs. 36.2%) among those aged 6–19 years. However, a significant increase trend among boys aged 2–19 years was found in prevalence of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (16.1–22.7%; P = 0.004). For Mexican American youth and non-Hispanic Asian boys, there is a significant increase in mean trunk fat percentage and waist circumference.ConclusionBetween 2011–2012 and 2017–2018, there have been no significant changes in central adiposity measured by DXA and prevalence of abdominal obesity among US children. Our study further supports that there is an urgent need to improve their lifestyle to reduce abdominal obesity for US children, especially for Mexican American youth and non-Hispanic Asian boys.

Previous animal studies showed contradictory clinical observations on whether acute hyperglycemia contributes to poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Herein, we tried to clarify this issue.Striking with depths of 3.0-4.25mm at right occipitoparietal brain region and with depth of 3.75mm at right/left occipitoparietal or right/left frontoparietal brain region were performed, respectively. Blood glucose and insulin levels were traced every four hours from 1 to 72h after striking. HOMA2-%S and HOMA2-%β were calculated. Modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) were used to evaluate neurological deficit within 72h.Striking with depths of 3.5-4.25mm induced increase in blood glucose lasting up to 24h after striking. The levels of blood glucose after striking with depths of 3.75-4.25mm were significantly different from that of striking with the depth of 3.0mm. Striking with depth of 3.75mm at right/left occipitoparietal region induced higher blood glucose in 24h than that at right/left frontoparietal region. Insulin concentration increased slowly during 72h after striking. Striking also induced decrease in insulin sensitivity and secretion lasting 72h. Evaluation of mNSS revealed that severe striking (beyond 3.75mm) worsened nerve function than slight striking (3.0mm). Intervention of acute hyperglycemia could decrease the mNSS from 2 to 7 days after TBI.Our results suggested that only severe TBI could induce acute hyperglycemia by itself, and early care of acute hyperglycemia could benefit the outcome of TBI patients.

Key Clinical Message Residual periosteum developed periosteal bone formation in the pocket 10 years after cranioplasty, lumpectomy was conducted on the left lower abdomen under local anesthesia. Pathological sections revealed abundant osteocytes and mature bone matrix, and confirmed the bone formation on the residual periosteum.

Fundamental human traits, such as language and bipedalism, are associated with a range of anatomical adaptations in craniofacial shaping and skeletal remodeling. However, it is unclear how such morphological features arose during hominin evolution. FOXP2 is a brain-expressed transcription factor implicated in a rare disorder involving speech apraxia and language impairments. Analysis of its evolutionary history suggests that this gene may have contributed to the emergence of proficient spoken language. In the present study, through analyses of skeleton-specific knockout mice, we identified roles of Foxp2 in skull shaping and bone remodeling. Selective ablation of Foxp2 in cartilage disrupted pup vocalizations in a similar way to that of global Foxp2 mutants, which may be due to pleiotropic effects on craniofacial morphogenesis. Our findings also indicate that Foxp2 helps to regulate strength and length of hind limbs and maintenance of joint cartilage and intervertebral discs, which are all anatomical features that are susceptible to adaptations for bipedal locomotion. In light of the known roles of Foxp2 in brain circuits that are important for motor skills and spoken language, we suggest that this gene may have been well placed to contribute to coevolution of neural and anatomical adaptations related to speech and bipedal locomotion.