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Renal fibrosis is the result of all chronic kidney diseases and is becoming a major global health hazard. Currently, traditional treatments for renal fibrosis are difficult to meet clinical needs due to shortcomings such as poor efficacy or highly toxic side effects. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that target the kidneys are needed to overcome these shortcomings. Drug delivery can be attained by improving drug stability and addressing controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs in the delivery category. By combining drug delivery technology with nanosystems, controlled drug release and biodistribution can be achieved, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxic cross-wise effects. This review discusses nanomaterial drug delivery strategies reported in recent years. Firstly, the present review describes the mechanisms of renal fibrosis and anti-renal fibrosis drug delivery. Secondly, different nanomaterial drug delivery strategies for the treatment of renal injury and fibrosis are highlighted. Finally, the limitations of these strategies are also discussed. Investigating various anti-renal fibrosis drug delivery strategies reveals the characteristics and therapeutic effects of various novel nanosystem-derived drug delivery approaches. This will serve as a reference for future research on drug delivery strategies for renal fibrosis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) could be fatal even after standard treatment with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, bevacizumab or microwave ablation may cause PLA, respectively. This paper presents the first case of PLA secondary to the concomitant use of microwave ablation with atezolizumab and bevacizumab in the treatment of liver cancer., Case Description: A 54-year-old Chinese man with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) C-stage liver cancer complained of fever and chills twenty-nine days after concurrent microwave ablation plus atezolizumab and bevacizumab. Post-hospitalization, a computed tomography revealed a rim-enhancing hypodensity within the right lobe of the liver, approximately 8.8 cm in diameter containing foci of gas. Laboratory examination revealed elevated white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, and blood culture indicated the presence of Escherichia coli bacteremia. The patient was diagnosed with PLA complicated by septic shock, and due to recurrent fever, multiple courses of antibiotics (imipenem/cilastatin sodium, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem, respectively) were administered in combination with five percutaneous drainages over the next 90 days. The patient's fever eventually resolved, and the patient was discharged. The patient was re-treated with two cycles of atezolizumab and bevacizumab initiated in March 2024. An imaging evaluation in May 2023 demonstrated tumor progression. Subsequently, the patient underwent one transarterial chemoembolization procedure and two cycles of atezolizumab and bevacizumab over the subsequent 2 months. Notably, the patient achieved a complete response at the July 2024 imaging evaluation., Conclusions: In patients undergoing atezolizumab and bevacizumab, the potential risk of PLA versus the antitumor benefit of microwave ablation requires to be assessed. The use of multiple courses of antibiotics over a prolonged period did not appear to influence the effectiveness of atezolizumab and bevacizumab. Further studies are, however, needed to substantiate this finding., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jgo.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jgo-24-467/coif). Z.S. was a speaker at academic conferences held by Bayer, Roche, or Eisai. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. All rights reserved.)

Objective Machine learning was used to screen the key characteristic genes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and analyze their correlation with immune cells. Methods Download the NPC training datasets (GSE12452 and GSE13597) and the validation dataset (GSE53819) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Firstly, the training data sets were merged and screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs); Secondly, the DEGs were analyzed by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and immune cell infiltration analysis. Next, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used to identify NPC-related genes in the training datasets and examined in the validation dataset, to further identify key genes using the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC); Finally, the correlation between the key genes and immune cells was analyzed. Results A total of 55 DEGs were obtained, including 43 down-regulated genes and 12 up-regulated genes. The GO functions were enriched in humoral immune response, cell differentiation, neutrophil activation and chemokine receptor binding. The KEGG were mainly enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway. The GSEA was enriched in cell cycle, extracellular matrix receptor interactions, cancer pathways and DNA replication. Immune infiltration analysis showed that the expression of naive B cells, memory B cells, and resting memory CD4 + T cells was significantly lower in NPC, while CD8 + T cells, naive CD4 + T cells, activated memory CD4 + T cells, follicular helper T cells, M0 macrophages and M1 macrophages were highly expressed in NPC. Among the feature genes screened by LASSO and SVM, only CCDC19, LAMB1, SPAG6 and RAD51AP1 genes' AUC were greater than 0.9 in both the training and validation datasets and were closely associated with immune cell infiltration. Conclusion The key genes CCDC19, LAMB1, SPAG6 and RAD51AP1 in NPC development are screened by machine learning algorithms, and are closely associated with immune cell infiltration.

Objective To explore the effect of miR-129-1-3p on cisplatin sensitivity of chemo-resistant epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE19/CDDP cells and the related mechanism. Methods Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE1 cells and cisplatin-resistant HNE19/CDDP cells were cultured. Cisplatin resistance index of cisplatin-resistant HNE1/CDDP cells was tested by MTT assay. The levels of miR-129-1-3p and WEE1 mRNA in HNE1 and HNE19/CDDP cells were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. miR-129-1-3p mimics and unrelated sequence control (miR-129-1-3p NC) were transfected into HNE1/CDDP cells using Lipofectamine TM 2000. The drug sensitivity (IC 50 ) of these cells to cisplatin was determined by MTT assay. The protein expression level of WEE1 was determined by Western blot analysis. The 3'-UTR of WEE1 was cloned into luciferase reporter vector and its luciferase activity was detected to verify whether miR-129-1-3p targets WEE1. Results Resistance index of HNE1/CDDP cells to cisplatin was 5.29. The expression level of miR-129-1-3p in the HNE1 cells was significantly higher than that in the HNE1/CDDP cells. The mRNA expression level of WEE1 in the HNE1 cells was lower than that in the HNE1/CDDP cells. The level of miR-129-1-3p was negatively correlated with the level of WEE1 mRNA (r=-0.9784). The IC 50 of cisplatin was significantly reduced in the HNE1/CDDP cells after transfected with miR-129-1-3p mimics. The protein expression level of WEE1 in the cells transfected with miR-129-1-3p mimics significantly decreased as compared with the control group and blank group. The miR-129-1-3p regulated the 3'-UTR of WEE1 and reduced the expression activity of luciferase. Conclusion miR-129-1-3p could reverse cisplatin resistance of HNE1/CDDP nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via inhibiting WEE1 expression.

Objective: To study the function of lymphangiogenesis and the expression of Cathepsin D (Cath-D) in laryngeal carcinoma metabasis and clinical pathology character., Method: The expression of Cath-D were detected in 76 laryngeal carcinoma with immunohistochemistry (SP method). Podoplanin was used as the marker of lympgatic vessel endotheliocytes to label lympgatic vessel in 76 laryngeal carcinoma,lymphatic microvessel density were measured,and the paraneoplastic tissues was used as control group., Result: The positive rate of Cath-D in paraneoplastic tissue, laryngeal carcinoma and in pathology classification, in clinical stage, in cervicale lymphonode metastasis negative and positive group were significantly different. However, there had no difference between the positive rate of Cath-D in the age specific and clinical classification. c) The lymphatic microvessel density in paraneoplastic tissue, laryngeal carcinoma and clinical stage, in glottic carcinoma and supraglottic carcinoma, in cervical lymphonode metastasis negative and positive group were significantly different; but there had no difference in age-specific and pathology classification., Conclusion: (1) The high expression of lymphatic microvessel density and the increasing expression of Cath-D could promote cervical lymphonode metastasis in aryngeal carcinoma. (2) There had a correlation between the high expression of lymphangiogenesis and Cath-D in laryngeal carcinoma, and had cooperation in aryngeal carcinoma lymphonode metastasis.

Objective: To study the different surgical approach for the resection of tumors in the anterior skull base and to introduce an approach of the frontal mid-line incision with the nasal pyramid over-turned downward., Method: A review of 10 tumors in the anterior skull base employed unlike operative approach was presented. Of the 10 cases, 6 cases were benign tumors and 4 cases were malignant tumors. Two cases underwent the combined craniofacial approach, 3 cases the subfrontal approach, 3 cases the lateral rhinotomy approach, 2 cases the approach of the frontal mid-line incision with the nasal pyramid over-turned downward., Result: All tumors were totally resected. All patients were followed up from 1 to 5 years. In the benign tumors group, 6 cases achieved good results and no recurrence. Of the 4 cases with malignant tumors, 1 cases were followed up 1 year and is alive, 2 cases survived after 3 years and 1 case died after 5 years. Three cases died from local recurrence or invaded intra-cranial., Conclusion: According to the site, range and pathology of the skull base tumors, the best operative approach should been selected. The approach of the frontal mid-line incision with the nasal pyramid over-turned downward is closer to tumor and easy to repair duramater, has fine exposure of the anterior skull base, minimal retraction of the frontal lobe, and has better clinically worthy.

Objective: To evaluate the results of supracricoid partial laryngectomy with laryngoplasty in treating laryngeal cancer and reconstructing its functions., Methods: One hundred and fifty-nine patients receiving subtotal laryngectomy from 1993 to 1999 were analysed. 4 kinds of operations were performed for them. 46 cases underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy with the reconstruction of laryngeal function by pedicled flaps., Results: Among the 46 cases receiving supracricoid partiallaryngectomy with laryngoplasty, aspiration did not occur in 40 cases. The decannulation rate was 91.3%, 3, 5 year survival rates were 84.8%, 75%. 41 cases resumed enjoyed satisfactory phonation., Conclusion: This form of laryngeal reconstruction in supraericoid partial laryngectomy with laryngoplasty is helpful to restore laryngeal function. It can prevent aspiration and improve the decannulation rate as well as the quality of life in partial laryngectomy patients.