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Ketone compounds are important neutral aroma components in heated cigarette smoke, and which play a significant role in the taste of heated cigarettes. In order to analyze the content of ketone aroma components in heated cigarette smoke, a method of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 28 kinds of ketone aroma substances. A tube furnace was used to heat the cigarette core material, and the ketone aroma components in the smoke were captured by the solvent absorption method. The ketone aroma capture device can realize the release and capture of flue gas under different atmospheres and multi-gradient temperatures. The method was verified through limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability experiment and spike recovery experiment. The heated cigarettes with different flavors were heated and their smoke were captured by using the tube furnace heating-organic solvent absorption method. After heating and capturing, 1 mL of smoke absorption liquid was taken and filtered through a 0.22 µm organic filter, then the sample was continuously injected 6 times to the chromatographic instrument to measure the content of ketone compounds in the smoke absorption liquid, and this step was repeated for 6 days, finally the intra-day and inter-day RSDs of 28 kinds of ketone substances were calculated. With the above detected amount as the benchmark, a mixed standard solution of 28 kinds of ketone flavor substances was added to the smoke absorption liquid, in which the amount of each ketone substance added was 50%, 100% and 200%, respectively, the recovery rate for each ketone was calculated. The results showed that the LODs and LOQs of 28 kinds of ketone compounds are 0.65-2.77 μg/L and 2.18-9.24 μg/L, respectively, the recovery rate is 81.88%-119.32%, and the intra-day precision is 0.04%-3.51% (n=6), the inter-day precision is 0.11%-3.36% (n=6). The analytical method can meet the requirements of quantitative analysis and effectively distinguish dihydro-β-ionone/geranylacetone and farnesyl acetone/farnesylacetone. This method was used to detect ketone aroma substances in the smoke of 27 heated cigarettes with different flavor. The results showed that the total content of ketones is different in the smoke of different heated cigarettes with different flavor, and the content of some ketones varies greatly, which gives the heated cigarette different flavor. This method may conduct in-depth analysis of tobacco products and is of great significance to the development of new tobacco products.

Abstract Behçet’s disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis that can affect multiple systems, including the skin, mucous membranes, joints, eyes, gastrointestinal and nervous. However, the pathogenesis of BD remains unclear, and it is believed that immune-inflammatory reactions play a crucial role in its development. Immune cells are a critical component of this process and contribute to the onset and progression of BD. By regulating the function of these immune cells, effective control over the occurrence and development of BD can be achieved, particularly with regards to monocyte activation and aggregation, macrophage differentiation and polarization, as well as T cell subset differentiation. This review provides a brief overview of immune cells and their role in regulating BD progression, which may serve as a theoretical foundation for preventing and treating this disease.

Abstract Background Behçet’s syndrome (BS) is a rare variant vasculitis which can involve the eyes and gastrointestinal systems. However, ocular involvement rarely overlaps with intestinal lesions. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of ocular BS and intestinal BS patients in China and analyze the differences between two key phenotypes to verify the heterogeneous conditions in BS patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was used to collect the demographic data, clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, and laboratory parameters from 135 ocular BS and 174 intestinal BS patients. The Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson chi-square or continuity correction was used to analyze the differences between two groups. Results Among 916 BS patients enrolled in this study, ocular BS and intestinal BS accounted for 14.74% (135 cases) and 19.00% (174 cases), respectively. Ocular and intestinal involvements overlapped in only 7 cases (0.76%). Male gender (74.8% vs. 51.1%, P=0.00), erythema nodosum (45.9% vs. 32.2%, P=0.01), and vascular involvement (6.7% vs. 1.7%, P=0.03) were more frequent in the ocular BS group compared with the intestinal BS group. On the contrary, hematologic involvement (7.5% vs. 0.0%, P=0.00) and fever (17.8% vs. 4.4%, P=0.00) were more frequent in the intestinal BS group compared with the ocular BS group. Additionally, the inflammation markers including ESR [26.5 (16.0–41.5) vs. 9.0 (5.0–15.0) mm/H, P=0.00], CRP [14.8 (4.8–33.0) vs. 4.1 (1.6–8.3) mg/L, P=0.00], serum amyloid A [27.4 (10.8–92.3) vs. 11.3 (6.0–24.0) mg/L, P=0.00], and interleukin 6 [8.4 (1.7–18.7) vs. 1.7 (1.5–3.2) pg/mL, P=0.00] were higher in the intestinal BS group than those in the ocular BS group, respectively. Conclusions Ocular BS was more prevalent in male patients and more likely to manifest with erythema nodosum and vascular involvement, while intestinal BS tends to have fever and hematologic disorders with higher inflammation markers. Ocular BS and intestinal BS are two distinct clinical phenotypes and very rarely overlapped.

Abstract Background Behçet’s disease (BD) can involve any site of the alimentary canal. There has been research concerning intestinal BD. Nevertheless, the entire digestive tract not yet been studied extensively. Therefore, the purpose of study was to describe the prevalence, location, clinical features and possible risk factors of BD with gastrointestinal tract ulcer. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study that included 1232 consecutive BD patients who routinely underwent endoscopy upon their wishes. The clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, and histologic features of BD with gastrointestinal ulcer and negative Helicobacter pylori (Hp) were identified. Result We found that 22.16% (273/1232) BD patients had ulcers of the alimentary tract. At presentation, 61.54% (168/273) patients were asymptomatic. Isolated gastroduodenal involvement is an extremely usual event. The second was the pairwise combination between bowel segments, and 24 cases involved three segments at the same time. One patient suffered from total gastrointestinal tract involvement. Inflammation was the most common histopathologic feature 77.60% (142/183). The 273 BD patients with gastrointestinal ulcer were at greater risk of having archenteric symptoms (OR 0.070, P < 0.001), fever (OR 0.115, P = 0.047), high CRP (OR 0.994, P = 0.027) and BDCAF level (OR 0.590, P = 0.010). Uveitis correlates negatively with gastrointestinal involvement in BD patients (OR 3.738, P = 0.011). Conclusions BD could affect the upper gastrointestinal tract independently. Endoscopy should be conducted in all patients in whom a diagnosis of BD is entertained, especially in patients with higher CRP, disease activity and fever. While, BD patients with uveitis correlates negatively with gastrointestinal involvement.

Background: Intestinal Behçet’s syndrome is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Behçet’s syndrome. Objectives: Current treatment challenges remain in refractory intestinal Behçet’s syndrome, when patients failed first and second-line therapies. Design: We reported the efficacy and safety profiles of tofacitinib in patients with moderate-severe intestinal Behçet’s syndrome in a retrospective single-center study. Methods: Treatment with glucocorticoids, immunosuppressors, or even anti-TNFα monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) had previously failed. Primary outcomes were clinical remission or low disease activity and endoscopic healing. Results: We included 13 patients; 11 were administered tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily, and 2 took tofacitinib 5 mg once daily. Nine patients achieved clinical remission after a mean treatment duration of 10.1 ± 7.0 months, and the other four had low disease activity. Follow-up endoscopy was available in 11 patients: 5 had achieved mucosal healing; the other 4 achieved marked mucosal improvement. Prednisone dosage was significantly reduced, from 30 (interquartile range: 20–30) mg/d to 2.5 (interquartile range: 0–12.5) mg/ d ( p

Abstract Background Intestinal Behçet’s syndrome (BS) has high morbidity and mortality rates with serious complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of intestinal and mucocutaneous BS patients and analyze the risk factors of intestinal involvement in BS patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was used to collect the demographic data and laboratory parameters from 97 intestinal and 154 mucocutaneous BS patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the risk factors of intestinal involvement in BS patients. Results The most common clinical manifestations of first onset in intestinal BS patients were oral ulceration (100.00%), followed by genital ulcers (62.89%) and erythema nodule (28.87%), gastrointestinal lesions (28.87%), pseudofolliculitis (25.77%), fever (17.53%), arthritis (16.49%), ocular involvement (5.15%), while the least common were vascular involvement (2.06%) and hematologic involvement involvement (2.06%). The most common intestinal segment involved in intestinal BS patients was terminal ileum (30.9%), followed by ileocecal (18.6%), colon (15.5%). By univariate logistic regression analysis, gender, age at hospitalization, age of disease onset, BDCAF, T-SPOT, fever, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin (HGB), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, serum amyloid A, complement 3, albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were found all risk factors of intestinal involvement in BS patients (P 10 mg/L), HGB ( 7 pg/ml) were found the independent risk factors of intestinal involvement in BS patients (all P 10 mg/L), HGB ( 7 pg/ml) being observed, it may reminds that the presence of intestinal involvement in BS patients.

Abstract Introduction Behcet’s syndrome (BS) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder. However, classification of its subgroups is still debated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features and aggregation of patients with BS in China, based on manifestations and organ involvements. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of BS patients in Huadong Hospital of Fudan University between September 2012 and January 2020. We calculated relative risks (RRs) of clinical variables according to sex. Moreover, we conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis applied according to eighteen variables to determine subgroups of patients. Results A total of 860 BS patients were included. Male sex was associated with ocular involvement (RR 2.32, 95% CI 1.67, 3.22, P

During the production of Al-killed titanium-alloyed interstitial free steel, to reduce defects in cold rolled sheets and decrease the influence of inclusions on the properties of the steel, it is important to clarify the distribution of inclusions in the thickness direction of IF (interstitial free) steel along the slab. In this study, standard metallographic techniques were employed to analyze the total oxygen and nitrogen by performing scanning electron microscopy, energy spectroscopy, automatic scanning electron microscopy, and original morphology analysis. The results show that the average mass fractions of T.O and N are 1.6 × 10−5 and 1.7 × 10−5, respectively, and the T.O for the 1/8 thickness from the inner arc is 2.0 × 10−5, while the content of N for between the 1/4 and 3/8 thickness from the inner arc is 1.8 × 10−5. A total of 1177 inclusions were counted. More than 70% of inclusions are within 5 μm in size, and the average size of inclusions in the thickness direction is 2.8 μm. The sizes of inclusions for the 3/8 thickness from both the inner and outer arcs are larger at 4.0 μm and 4.4 μm, respectively. The amount of precipitation of TiN is large in the slab center, and there are mainly Al2O3 and Al2O3–TiOx near the inner and outer arc surfaces with sizes between 5 and 10 μm. Al2O3–TiN distributes irregularly in the 1/4 thickness from the inner and outer arcs, and the size fluctuates between 3 and 5 μm. The size of TiN during solidification fluctuates between 3 and 6 μm. TiN precipitates in the liquid and δ phase of the solidification front when the solidification rate is between 0.646 and 0.680, and the size fluctuates between 3 and 6 μm.

Abstract Background Adamantiades-Behçet’s Disease (ABD) is an immunological recurrent systemic vasculitis with a chronic course. We investigated the predictors of long-term flare-ups, poor outcomes and event-free survival in Chinese non-surgical patients with intestinal ABD. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 109 intestinal ABD patients seen in our institution between October 2012 and January 2019 who met the international criteria for ABD and had intestinal ulcers confirmed on colonoscopy. Predictors of relapses and poor outcomes, event-free survival were calculated using logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard regression models, respectively. Results Sixty-six intestinal ABD patients (60.55%) had ileocecal ulcers; 19 patients (17.43%) presented with colorectum ulcers; 24 patients (22.02%) showed both ileocecal and colorectum ulcers. 7 patients (6.42%) experienced at least 1 flare-up of intestinal ulcers. 38 patients (34.86%) complained of non-healing intestinal ulcers. In multivariate analysis, location of intestinal ulcers (ileocecal and colorectum) (odd ratio (OR) 7.498 [95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.844–30.480]), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) > 24 mm/h (OR 5.966 [95% CI 1.734–20.528]), treatment with infliximab (IFX) (OR 0.130 [95% CI 0.024–0.715]), and poor compliance (OR 11.730 [95% CI 2.341–58.781]) were independently correlated with a poor outcome. After a median follow-up of 28 months, 45 intestinal ABD patients (41.28%) underwent adverse events. Factors independently associated with shorter event-free survival were early onset of ABD ( 24 mm/h, treatment without IFX, and poor compliance were independent risk factors for poor outcomes in non-surgical intestinal ABD patients.

Abstract Background The Clinical features of vascular Behcet’s disease (BD) are not well understood because there are few studies. Our study aimed to investigate characteristics of vascular BD in both genders in different age groups. Results We enrolled 923 patients with BD who presented to our hospital with adequate medical histories and proper vascular screening exams. The raw incidence rate of vascular BD was 17.98% (166/923). The ratio of vascular BD in male to female patients was 1.868 (p = 0.0004, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.317 to 2.625). There was a tendency towards higher ESR and CRP in vascular BD patients than in mucocutaneous, but the difference was not significant. The most susceptible affected vessels were cerebral (29.6% in males, 59.4% in females) and lower limb vessels (31.2% in males, and 17.2% in females). The incidence of vascular involvement in younger (

Syphilis is a chronic systemic infectious disease. Gastric involvement is uncommon. We report of a 55-year-old female patient with a history of epigastric pain and a diagnosis of Syphilis confirmed by main clinical symptoms, tolulized red unheated serum test(TRUST) and treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay(TPHA). At the same time, we still reported gastric involvement about syphilis in this patient with gastroscopy and pathology.

This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors for uveitis recurrence (UR) risk in Behcet's disease (BD) patients. BD patients (n=164) with a history of uveitis were recruited, and demographic data, clinical features, and laboratory tests were recorded. Uveitis was defined as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis referring to the “International Uveitis Study Group recommendations for the evaluation of intraocular inflammatory disease”. In total, there were 70 UR patients and 94 non-UR patients. Compared to non-UR patients, UR patients appeared to be older and presented with increased uveitis occurrence rate and times within 3 months, oral ulcers occurrence rate, as well as higher concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Multivariate logistic model disclosed that uveitis occurrence times within 3 months, oral ulcers, TG, LDL, and SAA independently predicted higher risk of UR. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combination of uveitis occurrence times within 3 months, oral ulcers, TG, LDL, and SAA exhibited a high predictive value for UR risk with an area under the curve of 0.983 (95%CI: 0.969−0.998). In conclusion, uveitis occurrence times within 3 months, oral ulcers, TG, LDL, and SAA might be potential predictive factors for UR risk in BD patients, which can help in prevention and management of the disease.