Search

Reducing the acidity and viscosity of heavy bio-oil is one of the main tasks of bio-oil treatment. The sharp increase in the consumption of degradable plastics requires an effective route for their recycling. In this study, heavy bio-oil was used as the organic solvent of degradable plastics in a co-hydropyrolysis process with lower temperature in reaction kettle. Employing an orthogonal experimental design, and with the maximum total energy yield of co-hydropyrolysis process as the target, the optimal reaction parameters were determined by the degradable plastics all pyrolyzed. The liquidity of the liquid phase increased significantly and the viscosity is decreased. The hydrocarbon content in the liquid-phase products increased, and the amount of organic acids decreased significantly from 183.9 mg/g to 72.1 mg/g according to KOH solution titration. A total energy yield of 86.27% was achieved with a calorific value of the bio-oil product of 25.6 MJ/kg and coke product of 26.93 MJ/kg. The active component of the iron-based oxygen carrier is completely transformed from FeO to Fe3O4, which prompted the pyrolysis of oxygen-containing organic matter and the uptake of the products by the fuel oil. This work developed a way to resource the heavy bio-oil and degradable plastics.

The aim of this study was to compare sagittal morphometric features between Liza haematocheilus stocks in the China coasts at the Ying Kou, Dong Ying, Qing Dao, Wen Zhou and Guang Zhou regions and test a complementary method to quantify the variation of sagittal shapes to discriminate L. haematocheilus stocks. The sagitta variation of five L. haematocheilus stocks was examined using nine shape indices (Roundness, Circularity, Form-factor, Rectangularity, Ellipticity, Radius ratio, Feret ratio, Aspect ratio and Surface density). Multiple comparisons on shape indices showed that there was no significant difference among the Ying Kou and Dong Ying stocks, possibly due to their similar living habitat in the Bohai Sea. As the distribution zones of these five stocks are much overlapped, principal component analysis for otolith shape is not possible to distinguish L. haematocheilus stocks. Based on the Fourier coefficient, Fisher's discriminant analysis accurately classified 76.2% specimens into correct stocks whereas the discriminant function of shape indices only correctly identified 62.8% specimens into right stocks. As the sagittae in L. haematocheilus had an irregular round shape with many sharp notches, this study indicates that Fourier analysis is more suitable than shape indices to discriminate sagittae with irregular shapes. Our results demonstrate that as long as substantial intraspecific variations exist in sagittae shapes, geometric morphometrics for otolith shapes could be used as a complementary tool along with body morphology to distinguish L. haematocheilus stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of black carp ( Mylopharyngdon piceus Richardson) (4.6 ± 0.3 g) and allogynogenetic crucian carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio ♀ × Cyprinus carpio ♂) (5.7 ± 0.5 g) were examined when fish fed two types of carbohydrate (dextrin and glucose) at two levels (20 and 40%) each. The diets were isonitrogenous (40% dry matter) and isocaloric at 18.5 kJ g (dry matter) by adjusting the oil content to 10.1 and 1.5%, respectively. In black carp, the interactions between the carbohydrate type and level were found in oxygen consumption at 3 and 6 h and in ammonia excretion at 6 h after feeding. At 20% carbohydrate, no significant difference was observed between dextrin and glucose in oxygen consumption. However, at 40% carbohydrate, oxygen consumption in fish fed glucose was significantly higher than that in fish fed dextrin at 3 and 6 h after feeding. Within the dextrin diets, no significant differences in both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were detected between the two carbohydrate levels. Within the glucose diets, however, fish fed 40% glucose showed significantly higher oxygen consumption than those fed 20% glucose at 3 and 6 h after feeding. Ammonia excretion in black carp fed 40% glucose was higher than that in black carp fed 40% dextrin at 6 h and also found higher than those in the other three treatments at 24 h after feeding. The postprandial oxygen consumption and the ammonia excretion in crucian carp fed 40% glucose were the highest, but no significant differences were observed. Our data indicate that the escalation of glucose to 40% in a fish diet results in high oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in black carp, suggesting that the efficiency of glucose as an energy source for this fish is compromised by the high metabolic expenditure after feeding. Crucian carp, on the other hand, have a better ability to cope with dietary carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]