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Objective: To explore the major compound in Polygonati Rhizoma (Huang Jing, 黄精) for quality control. Methods: The major compound was isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and subsequently further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was optimized based on the previous methods reported in the Chinese Pharmacopeia (2015 edition). Results: The major compound was isolated from the natural material and identified as linoleic acid. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with robust linearity (R2 = 0.999 7), specificity, precision, stability, repeatability and recovery was developed for linoleic acid determination. TLC chromatogram was improved significantly after optimization for qualitative analysis. Conclusions: The optimized TLC method is practical and can be adopted for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma (Huang Jing, 黄 精 ). The levels of linoleic acid vary between species of Polygonati Rhizoma (Huang Jing, 黄 精 ), with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (Jiang Xing Huang Jing, 姜型黄精) showing the highest contents. This study provides valuable information for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma (Huang Jing, 黄精).

Plants have so much to offer as far as the discovery of new bioactive molecules is concerned. Among the several classes of phytochemicals, xanthones offer greater structural diversity and pharmacological value. They are variable but definitely antioxidant in nature. Thus they are attractive targets for natural product and medicinal chemists. Xanthones and their glycosides possess broad spectrum interesting biological activities, such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, anti-HIV, enzyme inhibition, and hypoglycemic. The radical scavenging ability of these molecules accounts for most of their added therapeutic values. This paper intended to serve as a guide for future endeavors in quest for these molecules. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and mechanism of action is given for better understanding of their role as pharmacological agents. The most recent advances in the isolation of bioactive xanthones and their glycosides were presented here. This paper will assist in directed approaches towards the discovery of analogues of xanthones. Keywords: Xanthones, Xanthone glycosides, Antioxidant, Radical scavenging, Xanthone dimers, Xanthone trimers

Heilaohu, the roots of Kadsura coccinea, has been used in Tujia ethnomedicine to treat rheumatic arthritis (RA). Heilaohuacid G (1), a new 3,4-seco-lanostane type triterpenoid isolated from the ethanol extract of Heilaohu, whose structure was determined using HR-ESI-MS data, NMR spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculations. In this study, our purpose is to elucidate the mechanisms of Heilaohuacid G in the treatment of RA by inhibited proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells and inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. The biological activity screening experiments indicated that Heilaohuacid G significantly inhibited proliferation of RA-FLS cells with IC50 value of 8.16 ± 0.47 μM. CCK-8 assay, ELISA, flow cytometry assay, and Western blot were used to measure the changes of cell viability, apoptosis, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Heilaohuacid G was found not only induced RA-FLS cell apoptosis, but also inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, Heilaohuacid G (p.o.) at doses of 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mg/kg and the ethanol extracts of Heilaohu (p.o.) at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg both were confirmed antiinflammatory effects on xylene-induced ear mice edema model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new glycosides including mimenghuasu A and B (1-2), isolinarin (3), cyclocitralosides A and B (4–5), along with forty-seven known compounds were isolated from the flower buds of Buddleja officinalis. These structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, 1 D, 2 D NMR, and MS spectra). The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on the expression of TNF-α (LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells) and MTT experiment on LPS-induced HUVECs proliferation effects. Good suppressive effects on the expression of TNF-α were shown by 4 and 5 with IC50 values of 19.35 and 22.10 μM, respectively, compared to positive control indomethacin (IC50 16.40 μM). In addition to this, some isolated compounds exhibited excellent antioxidant activities including compounds 16, 18, 29, 39, and 47 (IC50 μM: 82.59, 72.94, 33.65, 46.67, and 20.81, respectively) with almost the same or stronger potency with reference to vitamin C as positive control (IC50 81.83 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial ecological restoration planning is a carrier process for carrying out territorial space regulation and ecological restoration. However, current urban planning efforts only focus on ecological processes, and fail to coordinate the development of both ecology and society. Taking Shantou, a city in Guangdong Province, as an example, we focused on the identification of ecological restoration nodes and the development of differentiated planning strategies from a comprehensive ecological-social perspective. By considering ecosystem integrity, we extracted the ecological corridors and key points by identifying ecological sources and constructing resistance surfaces, constructed an ecological recreation service evaluation system from the social perspective in terms of recreational allocation and recreational value to identify key areas for recreation services, and obtained different types of ecological restoration strategies by synthesizing the results of ecology and recreation. The results showed that there were 136 ecological corridors and 77 ecological nodes in Shantou, with a total length of 380.58 km. The most important recreation areas were the coastline, several inland bays, and wetland tidal flats, with an area of 33.78 km 2 and accounting for 1.6% of the total area. Low-level recreation areas was the largest, accounting for 57.3% of the total area. We proposed the composite strategy of "recreation expansion & fishery development", the connectivity strategy of "ecological construction & corridor connection", and the protection strategy of "vegetation restoration & development restriction". This study would provide a comprehensive analysis path for the ecological protection and restoration planning of coastal cities, and would help promote the practicality and maximizing the comprehensive benefits of territorial ecological restoration planning.

To study the chemical constituents of the 95% ethanol extract of Psidium guajava. Compounds were separated by using a combination of various chromatographic methods including silica gel, D101 macroporous resin, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral data Eighteen compounds were isolated and identified as (+) -globulol (1), clovane-2beta, 9alpha-diol (2), 2beta-acetoxyclovan-9alpha-ol (3), (+) -caryolane-1 ,9beta-diol (4), ent-T-muurolol (5), clov-2-ene-9alpha-ol (6), isophytol (7), tamarixetin (8), gossypetin (9), quercetin (10), kaempferol (11), guajaverin (12), avicularin (13), chrysin 6-C-glucoside (14), 3'-O-methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyellagic acid 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (15), p-hydroxy-benzoic acid (16), guavinoside A (17) and guavinoside B (18). Compounds 2-9 and 14-16 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The ethanol extract showed 61.3% inhibition against the proliferation of colon cancer cell line SW480.