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Globally, soils store two to three times as much carbon as currently resides in the atmosphere, and it is critical to understand how soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and uptake will respond to ongoing climate change. In particular, the soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux, commonly though imprecisely termed soil respiration (RS ), is one of the largest carbon fluxes in the Earth system. An increasing number of high-frequency RS measurements (typically, from an automated system with hourly sampling) have been made over the last two decades; an increasing number of methane measurements are being made with such systems as well. Such high frequency data are an invaluable resource for understanding GHG fluxes, but lack a central database or repository. Here we describe the lightweight, open-source COSORE (COntinuous SOil REspiration) database and software, that focuses on automated, continuous and long-term GHG flux datasets, and is intended to serve as a community resource for earth sciences, climate change syntheses and model evaluation. Contributed datasets are mapped to a single, consistent standard, with metadata on contributors, geographic location, measurement conditions and ancillary data. The design emphasizes the importance of reproducibility, scientific transparency and open access to data. While being oriented towards continuously measured RS , the database design accommodates other soil-atmosphere measurements (e.g. ecosystem respiration, chamber-measured net ecosystem exchange, methane fluxes) as well as experimental treatments (heterotrophic only, etc.). We give brief examples of the types of analyses possible using this new community resource and describe its accompanying R software package.

As global climate change intensifies and population growth continues, water scarcity has emerged as a critical constraint to sustainable agricultural development. Conservation management, an effective water-saving technique, plays a crucial role in enhancing soil water content (SWC) and promoting sustainable agriculture. This study utilizes CiteSpace to perform a bibliometric analysis of research literature on the effects of conservation management on SWC, encompassing publications indexed in the Web of Science database from 1992 to 2024. By systematically examining 599 papers, we analyzed key research institutions, authors' collaborative contributions, keyword co-occurrences, and shifts in research hotspots related to conservation management and its impact on SWC. The results reveal that significant topics in this field include "conservation agriculture", "water use efficiency", and "conservation tillage". China (225, 38%) and the United States (129, 22%) lead in publication volume, whereas European countries and institutions show a higher degree of collaboration. The research focus has transitioned from examining the impacts and mechanisms of conservation tillage on crop yield and soil physical and chemical properties to long-term monitoring, water use efficiency, and mitigation. Furthermore, keyword co-occurrence and temporal analysis highlight a growing emphasis on soil quality and greenhouse gas emissions. In the future, it remains imperative to enhance the implementation of automated monitoring systems, secure long-term continuous monitoring data, promote conservation agriculture technology, and bolster the early warning network for extreme climate events. These measures are crucial for preserving soil nutrient levels and ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil respiration (Rs), the soil‐to‐atmosphere flux of CO2, is a dominant but uncertain part of the carbon cycle, even after decades of study. This review focuses on progress in understanding Rs from laboratory incubations to global estimates. We survey key developments of in situ ecosystem‐scale Rs observations and manipulations, synthesize Rs meta‐analyses and global flux estimates, and discuss the most compelling challenges and opportunities for the future. Increasingly sophisticated lab experiments have yielded insights into the interaction among heterotrophic respiration, substrate supply, and enzymatic kinetics, and extended incubation‐based analyses across space and time. Observational and manipulative field‐based experiments have used improved measurement approaches to deepen our understanding of the integrated effects of environmental change and disturbance on Rs. Freely‐available observational databases have enabled meta‐analyses and studies probing the magnitude of, and constraints on, the global Rs flux. Key challenges for the field include expanding Rs measurements, experiments, and opportunities to under‐represented communities and ecosystems; reconciling independent estimates of global respiration fluxes and trends; testing and leveraging the power of machine learning and process‐based models, both independently and in conjunction with each other; and continuing the field's tradition of using novel experiments to explore diverse mechanisms and ecosystems. Plain Language Summary: "Soil respiration" refers to the flow of carbon dioxide, mostly generated by plant roots and microbes, from the soil to the atmosphere. This flux is large and highly uncertain, and understanding it has significant implications for our ability to predict the effects of land use and climate change. This review summarizes advances, insights, and challenges in soil respiration science. It examines laboratory approaches and findings; documents changes in how researchers measure and understand soil respiration in the natural world; and describes efforts to estimate the global dynamics of soil respiration from openly‐available databases of observations. We conclude by discussing the most compelling challenges and opportunities for the future. Key Points: Recent decades have seen large advances in measurement methods, experimental approaches, and data availability in soil respiration scienceLab and field‐based experiments have improved our understanding of the integrated effect of environmental change on soil respirationKey challenges include broadening access and continuing to explore diverse mechanisms and ecosystems using novel model‐experiment approaches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The soil-atmosphere carbon exchange is an important component of the carbon cycle; however, dynamics of CO2 fluxes from urban landscapes are particular complicated and poorly understood due their heterogeneity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the total and temporal variation in CO2 flux from wooded and turfgrass areas of local parks in different part of town and identify the biophysical characteristics and landscape level factors that contribute to CO2 flux spatiotemporal variance in urban greenspaces. Methods: We characterized the soil CO2 fluxes, temporal variation, and response to soil temperature from five parks under uniform management of a medium-sized town in southwestern Virginia, USA. We measured site scale characteristics (soil properties, tree cover) as well as the urbanicity of the surrounding land (land cover composition, population). Results: Soil total nitrogen, soil temperature, and bulk density explained approximately 70% variation in the annual CO2 flux across the five parks. Diurnal, weekly, and seasonal CO2 fluxes were primarily related to changing soil temperature and differed between the turfgrass and wooded areas. Contrary to predictions that increased urbanicity around parks would increase soil temperature and CO2 fluxes, both CO2 and soil temperature of turfgrass were higher at parks located on town edges compared to parks in the center. Conclusions: In sum, this study indicates that soil nitrogen and compaction, urbanicity, and the resulting site-scale structure of vegetation have a strong influence on temperature dependent biogeochemical processes like CO2 efflux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a collection of research papers that focus on the impact of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes. It highlights the changes in precipitation patterns, glacier retreat, snowmelt regimes, and river flows as evidence of climate change. The document also discusses the influence of human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion on hydrological processes. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaborations and advanced technologies in studying these processes. The research papers included in the document cover topics such as climate change in specific regions, water resource management, and human interventions in environmental systems. The findings provide valuable insights for sustainable water management and conservation efforts. [Extracted from the article]