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At present, in the project cost management of our country, we are faced with the defects such as large quantity of statistical analysis of fake data, obvious delay of cost data, difficulty in sharing cost data efficiently, etc., the existence of BIM technology is bringing a new technical innovation to the construction field, the introduction of BIM technology in project cost management is undoubtedly the general trend.

Matrine is a main component extracted from legumes and has extensive anti-cancer effects, but its molecular mechanism is unclear. In our study, we found that matrine can induce vacuolation of leukemia cells, whose occurrence was closely related to inhibition of cell proliferation. Interestingly, the vacuolization was reversed after the removal of matrine. Matrine-induced vacuoles are acidic in nature, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed that these vacuoles mainly derived from the lysosome, the vacuoles acquire some characteristics of lysosome (LAMP1). RNA-seq showed that the expression of vacuolation-related genes and lysosomal-related genes were up-regulated, and the two parts highly overlapped. Western Blot and FACS confirmed that matrine inhibits the expression and activity of intracellular proteolytic enzymes. RT-qPCR and Western Blot showed that matrine significantly up-regulated the expression levels of V-ATPase subunit genes in cells, and V-ATPase inhibitor significantly reversed the occurrence of cell vacuoles. It is suggested that V-ATPase plays an important role in matrine-induced vacuoles. The molecular structure of matrine was further analyzed, and the protonation of matrine in lysosomes to activate V-ATPase may be the direct cause of the vacuoles, and it is also a new molecular mechanism of matrine against the proliferation of leukemia cells.

With increasing demands for coal resources, coal has been gradually mined in deep coal seams. Due to high gas content, pressure and in situ stress, deep coal seams show great risks of coal and gas outburst. Protective coal seam mining, as a safe and effective method for gas control, has been widely used in major coal-producing countries in the world. However, at present, the relevant problems, such as gas seepage characteristics and optimization of gas drainage borehole layout in protective coal seam mining have been rarely studied. Firstly, by combining with formulas for measuring and testing permeability of coal and rock mass in different stress regimes and failure modes in the laboratory, this study investigated stress–seepage coupling laws by using built-in language Fish of numerical simulation software FLAC3D. In addition, this research analyzed distribution characteristics of permeability in a protected coal seam in the process of protective coal seam mining. Secondly, the protected coal seam was divided into a zone with initial permeability, a zone with decreasing permeability, and permeability increasing zones 1 and 2 according to the changes of permeability. In these zones, permeability rises the most in the permeability increasing zone 2. Moreover, by taking Shaqu Coal Mine, Shanxi Province, China as an example, layout of gas drainage boreholes in the protected coal seam was optimized based on the above permeability-based zoning. Finally, numerical simulation and field application showed that gas drainage volume and concentration rise significantly after optimizing borehole layout. Therefore, when gas is drained through boreholes crossing coal seams during the protective coal seam mining in other coal mines, optimization of borehole layout in Shaqu Coal Mine has certain reference values.

Graphene oxide (GO) has drawn extensive research interest in the fabrication of high-performance membranes. However, the original narrow interlayer distance of the GO membrane restrains the permeat...

Summary The occurrence of chalkiness has decreased in new hybrid rice cultivars in China. As both chalkiness occurrence and starch granule size are associated with the biosynthesis of starch, we hypothesized that there may be a correlation between chalkiness occurrence and starch granule size, and this may partially explain the decreased chalkiness occurrence in the new hybrid rice cultivars. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was conducted over eight environments (two years × four sowing dates) with two hybrid rice cultivars: one recently developed with low chalkiness occurrence, Jingliangyou 1468 (JLY1468) and a relatively older cultivar with high chalkiness occurrence, Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ). Results showed that JLY1468 had a higher cumulative distribution of large-diameter (7.51–19.50 μm) starch granules and a lower grain weight of milled rice compared to LYPJ. As a consequence, mean and relative starch granule diameters were 6% and 21% higher in JLY1468 than in LYPJ, respectively. Although both the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree were negatively correlated with mean and relative starch granule diameter, they were more closely correlated with the relative granule diameter. These results support our hypothesis regarding the relationship between chalkiness occurrence and starch granule size and suggest that the relative starch granule diameter is a relevant parameter in understanding the occurrence of chalkiness in hybrid rice.

Improving grain yield and lodging resistance are two important targets for improving rice production. The aim of this study was to link grain yield and lodging resistance with growth patterns in rice. A nitrogen (N) fertilization experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021, which consisted of two N rates (150 and 225 kg ha–1) and three N split-application ratios among the basal, early tillering, and panicle initiation stages (6:3:1, 5:3:2, and 4:3:3). The results demonstrated that increasing the N rate from 150 to 225 kg ha–1 did not affect grain yield but increased the plant lodging index by 16%. This increase in the plant lodging index was attributable to a higher plant fresh weight resulting from improved post-heading growth and a lower plant lodging load, which was partially due to a higher leaf area index. Altering the N split-application ratio from 6:3:1 to 4:3:3 increased grain yield by 4% but did not affect the plant lodging index in rice. The increase in grain yield was due to improved post-heading growth mainly resulting from increased radiation use efficiency during the post-heading period, which was partially attributable to increased specific leaf weight. An improvement in pre-heading growth in 2021 did not affect grain yield but increased the plant lodging load and decreased the plant lodging index by 36% compared to 2020. The improvement in pre-heading growth was due to a higher intercepted solar radiation resulting from higher leaf area index and incident solar radiation during the pre-heading period. The results of this study indicate that improving pre-heading growth can maintain grain yield and increase lodging resistance, while improving post-heading growth by increasing canopy radiation use efficiency (but not the leaf area index) can increase grain yield and maintain lodging resistance.

Rice varieties high in amylose content have low glycemic and insulin responses. Rice noodles are processed by extrusion from high amylose content rice, which may also have low glycemic and insulin responses. In this study, cooked rice and rice noodles processed from two high amylose content cultivars, Guangluai4 (GL4) and Zhenguiai (ZGA), were chosen for in vitro starch digestion evaluation. Apparent amylose content of cultivars (i.e., GL4-28.4% and ZGA-26.8%) and pasting properties except final viscosity were significantly different between the cultivars. In vitro starch digestion results showed that the glucose production rate in rice noodles was significantly slower than that in cooked rice by 65.7% and 42.0% in GL4 and ZGA, respectively. The main reason for low glucose production in rice noodles was active digestion duration longer in rice noodles than in cooked rice, which reflects the slow release of glucose during starch digestion. The texture of rice noodles in the GL4 and ZGA cultivars is 3 and 2.3 times harder than that of cooked rice, respectively. Thus digestive enzymes can hardly enter the interior of rice noodles for amylolysis. As a result, the digestion time of rice noodles is longer, and the release of glucose during digestion is slower than that of cooked rice. The slower release of glucose during rice noodle digestion may be beneficial for prolonging satiety and reducing food intake. Consequently, eating rice noodles may help in improving or preventing diabetes and obesity over time.

Graphene oxide (GO), an emergent 2D nanomaterial, holds great promise in fabricating membranes with high permeability and precise sieving ability endowed by the tunable interlayer distance. Currently, the available interlayer distance is usually less than 2 nm. In this study, a GO-based membrane with an interlayer distance greater than 40 nm is synthesised: a kind of 2D/2D nanoheterojunction of vertically grown covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheets on GO nanosheets (v-COF@GO) is constructed and then intercalated into adjacent GO nanosheets via a vacuum-assisted self-assembly process. By tuning the size of COF nanosheets, the interlayer distance increases from 0.81 nm of the GO membrane to 42.2 nm of the GO/v-COF@GO membrane, and accordingly, the permeate flux of the GO/v-COF@GO membrane exhibits a 157-fold increase. Meanwhile, the resulting membranes acquire superior morphological stability as indicated by the fact that the permeate flux is linearly proportional to the transmembrane pressure in the range of 0–0.5 bar and the appearance of the membrane remains almost unchanged when immersed in water for two months. This study may offer a facile, generic approach to creating an ultra-large interlayer distance for GO-based membranes and many other kinds of membranes from the assembly of two-dimensional nanomaterials.

To study the mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of Morinda citrifolia (noni). The influences of noni juice on cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and the activity of AKT/nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) signaling pathway in A549 human lung cancer cells were detected by MTT, cell counting kit-8, colony formation, Annexin V/PI double labeling, transwell, scratch test and immunoblotting assay, respectively. A549 cells were inoculated into the right axilla of nude mice, followed by noni juice treatment. The body weight of the nude mice was weighed, and the tumor volume and weight were measured. Cell proliferation and expression of apoptosis-related proteins were measured by immunohistochemistry, and the activity of NF- κ B signaling pathway was measured by immunoblotting. The in vitro studies showed that noni juice inhibited the A549 cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Noni juice also promoted cells apoptosis in A549 cells. Immunoblotting assay showed that the phosphorylation level of AKT, p50, and STAT3 proteins was inhibited to different extents after noni juice treatment. The in vivo studies showed that noni juice effectively suppressed tumor formation of A549 cells in nude mice. Noni juice treatment inhibited the expression of Ki67, PCNA, and Bcl-2 protein in the tumor; while promoted the expression of caspase-3 protein. Additionally, we also found that noni juice treatment could restrain the activity of AKT/NF- κ B signaling pathway in the tumor tissue. Noni juice inhibited the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells, induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell invasion and migration via regulating AKT/NF- κ B signaling pathway.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive attention in catalysis and adsorption fields due to the large surface area and tunable pore structure, however MOFs have not been so broadly exploited for water treatment primarily due to their low water stability and hydrophilicity. In this study, a kind of MOFs, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) modified UiO-66-NH2 (UiO-66-NH2@PAA), was first synthesized and used to fabricate membranes via vacuum-assisted self-assembly process. Owing to the high water adsorption ability of MOF, abundant hydrophilic, negatively-charged carboxyl groups and high surface roughness, the membranes exhibited high hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, and thus better antifouling performance. Owing to the ionization and deionization ability of carboxyl groups, the membranes exhibited good stability in the pH range from 1 to 11. Owing to the existence of chemical and hydrogen bond interactions, the membranes exhibited improved multicycle stability. Accordingly, the MOF membranes exhibited high separation efficiency for oil/water emulsion (rejection > 99.9%). Under optimum conditions, the pure water flux was 2330 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and the flux recovery ratio (FRR) after 3 cycles separation of oil/water emulsion maintained over 80%, manifesting great potential of MOF membranes in oil/water separation.

Owing to highly porous and low density attributes, aerogels have been actively utilized in catalysis and adsorption processes, but their great potential in filtration requires exploitation. In this study, an asymmetric aerogel membrane is fabricated via one-pot hydrothermal reaction-induced self-cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which exhibits ultrafast permeation for the separation of oil-in-water emulsion. Meanwhile, carbon nanotubes are added to improve the mechanical strength of the aerogel membranes. The self-cross-linking of PVA forms the supporting layer, and the exchange of water and vapor at the interface of PVA solution and air generates the separating layer as well as abundant hydroxyl groups on the membrane surface. The density, porosity, pore size, and wettability of the aerogel membrane can be tuned by the PVA concentration. Owing to high porosity (>95%) and suitable pore size (

This paper presented that the H2O2 treated agarose (abbr. AG) was composited with gelatin (abbr.Gel) as gel-like polymeric mixture for skin cut repair. The low molecular weight AG was prepared by H2O2 treatment for certain intervals. The time of AG gelling might be tested by scattered light turbidimeter and its mechanical properties were evaluated. The degraded AG mixing with Gel was sprayed to cover rabbit lesion site. AG/Gel mixing gel had good biocomptability and could repair rabbit skin wound without liquid exudation and bacterium infection. H&E staining results disclosed that type I collagen and other extracelluar matrix in the repaired site have same with the original skin. The degraded AG mixing with Gel gels have potential as wound dressings.

A facile approach to fabricating the antifouling, high-flux oil/water separation carbon nanotube (CNT) nanohybrid membranes was explored by polymer-mediated surface charging and hydrophilization through vacuum-assisted self-assembly process. The controlled stacking of CNT imparted the membranes hierarchical nanostructure and high water permeation reaching 4592 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 , which was about 10 folds of commercial ultrafiltration membranes used for oil/water separation. Modifying CNT with a series of polymers endowed the membranes with different surface charge and hydrophilicity. The compact hydration layer was formed at the interface of water/membrane by the water trapped in the hierarchical nanostructure to prevent oil from adhering on the membrane surface. Hence, the polymer@CNT nanohybrid membranes possessed underwater superoleophobicity and low oil adhesive force. Moreover, the antifouling properties of as-prepared membranes were evaluated through filtration of oil-in-water emulsions with different surface charges and the results demonstrated that synergetically regulating the surface charge and hydrophilicity could tune the interactions between the foulants and membrane surface, which can efficiently inhibit the irreversible fouling, leading to 100% flux recovery ratio (FRR). The fabrication process of the polymer@CNT nanohybrid membranes with high water permeation, high separation efficiency and excellent antifouling properties may enlighten the great prospects for CNT-based materials in water separation and purification.

In order to identify the causal factors of 88 coal and gas outburst accidents and their relationships, this paper proposed a cause classification framework based on the accident causation “2-4” model (24Model). The correlations between the high level and low level causes were analyzed by the Chi-square test for independence. Results showed that root causes, indirect causes and unsafe acts were prevalent in all cases. The main direct causes were violation operation and violation action; the main indirect causes were lack of safety knowledge and low safety awareness; the main radical cause was safety management procedures; the main root causes was safety depending on safety awareness. And there were ten groups of causes with significant correlation between the high level and low level causes. The work paths of different causes in coal and gas outburst accidents were identified by using the proposed cause classification framework.

For water treatment applications, fabricating a high permeation flux membrane with super-strong mechanical strength and excellent long-term antifouling properties remains a great challenge. In this study, robust, antifouling carbon nanotube (CNT) nanohybrid membranes have been fabricated for oil/water separation. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) with abundant amino groups and a hyperbranched structure is utilized to construct a nanocoating on a CNT surface to enhance their hydrophilicity through multiple interactions between PEI and CNTs. Secondly, the vacuum-assisted self-assembly method is utilized to fabricate free-standing membranes by filtration of CNT dispersions. Finally, trimesoyl chloride (TMC) is utilized to post-modify membranes to enhance the mechanical strength and hydrophilicity and change the surface charge through reaction between amino groups and acyl chloride groups as well as hydrolysis of acyl chloride groups into carboxyl groups. The controlled stacking of CNTs renders membranes with a hierarchical nanostructure and a high porosity, leading to high water flux. The physical and chemical crosslinking renders membranes with high mechanical strength, as measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and tensile strength tests. The high hydrophilicity and negatively charged surface render membranes with good antifouling properties, as evaluated by filtration experiments of various oil-in-water emulsions. This study may reveal the great prospects of CNT-based membranes with superior comprehensive properties in water treatment relevant applications.

Membrane separation processes are often perplexed by severe and ubiquitous membrane fouling. Zwitterionic materials, keeping electric neutrality with equivalent positive and negative charged groups, are well known for their superior antifouling properties and have been broadly utilized to construct antifouling surfaces for medical devices, biosensors and marine coatings applications. In recent years, zwitterionic materials have been more and more frequently utilized for constructing antifouling membrane surfaces. In this review, the antifouling mechanisms of zwitterionic materials as well as their biomimetic prototypes in cell membranes will be discussed, followed by the survey of common approaches to incorporate zwitterionic materials onto membrane surfaces including surface grafting, surface segregation, biomimetic adhesion, surface coating and so on. The potential applications of these antifouling membranes are also embedded. Finally, we will present a brief perspective on the future development of zwitterionic materials modified antifouling membranes. Statement of Significance Membrane fouling is a severe problem hampering the application of membrane separation technology. The properties of membrane surfaces play a critical role in membrane fouling and antifouling behavior/performance. Antifouling membrane surface construction has evolved as a hot research issue for the development of membrane processes. Zwitterionic modification of membrane surfaces has been recognized as an effective strategy to resist membrane fouling. This review summarizes the antifouling mechanisms of zwitterionic materials inspired by cell membranes as well as the popular approaches to incorporate them onto membrane surfaces. It can help form a comprehensive knowledge about the principles and methods of modifying membrane surfaces with zwitterionic materials. Finally, we propose the possible future research directions of zwitterionic materials modified antifouling membranes.

Construction of zero-flux-decline membrane surfaces with superior antifouling properties is in great demand for the treatment of oil-water mixture. Inspired by nature, simultaneously incorporating hydrophilic and low-surface-energy groups to form a chemically heterogeneous hydrogel surface holds great promise. In this study, membranes with heterogeneous hydrogel surfaces were fabricated through a one-step reaction enhanced surface segregation method. In details, we synthesized a fluorine-containing copolymer as the modifier in casting solution, and designed tannic acid (TA) aqueous solution as the coagulation bath. During non-solvent induced phase separation, TA can in situ crosslink the modifier at the water-polymer interface through hydrogen bonds, forming a heterogeneous hydrogel layer over the membrane surface. Meanwhile, the hydrophilicity of TA rendered the hydrogel underwater superoleophobic properties. The thickness and chemical composition of the hydrogel layer were facilely manipulated by varying the TA concentration. To our surprise, the unique physicochemical characteristics of heterogeneous hydrogel layer greatly fortified the antifouling mechanisms on membrane surfaces, rendering the membrane zero-flux-decline feature with a flux of 330 L m−2 h−1 at 0.05 MPa during a 60-h cross-flow filtration of five different oil-in-water emulsions.

Availability of offshore wind turbines is known as a key element to a profitable offshore wind project. Because of the poor accessibility, maintenance of offshore wind turbines dominates the availability problem. This paper presents a mathematical model for the operational availability of offshore wind turbines considering the maintenance issue and the offshore weather conditions. The model categorizes all the main issues varying the maintainability and then the outage time into several items that can be easily collected. The insufficiency of transfer vessels and the average operational availability of offshore WTs in a lager offshore wind farm are discussed. An example based on an offshore wind farm is used to demonstrate the application of the model. The results are compared and discussed with the field data. Sensitivity analysis forms the suggestion to allocate one vessel for every 15–20 offshore WTs in an offshore wind farm for the routine maintenance. It also provides some suggestions for the spare part management.

Drug-loaded hydrogels have been paid increasing attentions in biomedical fields. As a sort of natural plant protein, zein generally cannot form hydrogel with high water retention because of its predominant hydrophobicity, which will limit its application as biomaterial. In this paper, zein electrospun fibrous membranes (ZEFM) are fabricated through a chemical modification of zein using citric acid and acetic anhydride. The resulting ZEFM can be totally soluble in neutral phosphate buffer solution. After being crosslinked by sodium hexametaphosphate, the ZEFM can form a hydrogel membrane and displays stimuli-responsive behavior towards pH and ionic strength. The hydrogel membrane exhibits better protein adsorption, selectivity and sustained release profile for positively-charged proteins such as cytochrome C, compared with those unmodified ones, and also shows fast biodegradation behavior and qualified cytotoxicity, which all make it favourable for biomedical use.