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Abstract Since the end of the Second World War, many countries have provided external assistance for Africa's growth and development. The impact of these funds on the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) by African countries is not yet clear. This paper try to fill this gap by analyzing the impact of US aid on sustainable development goals in Africa. Based on data from 47 African countries for 2015 to 2020, this paper used fixed effect and ordered probit models to examine the impact of US aid on the achievement of Africa's SDGs. The results are as follows. First, United States aid to Africa is beneficial to improving the overall SDG scores of African countries. Second, United States aid to Africa contributes to the achievement of some of the SDGs in the social and economic and environmental dimensions. This is reflected in the positive impact on the scores of SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 15 (Life on Land). Third, United States aid to Africa has been instrumental in increasing the pace of achievement of some of the SDGs. This is reflected on the trend of changes in the scores for SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG l0 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Fourth, this paper further classify the forms of funding and find that the United States should increase funding for project support aid. Therefore, increasing aid for environmental protection and project support would be conducive to advancing the SDGs of African countries.

Abstract Using Chinese-listed enterprise data from 2010 to 2021, we study the relationships among enterprise digital transformation, managerial myopia and cost stickiness. The results show that enterprise digital transformation inhibits cost stickiness, including operating cost stickiness as well as selling, general and administrative (SG&A) cost stickiness. This result holds after various robustness and endogeneity tests. Additionally, mechanism research indicates that enterprise digital transformation inhibits cost stickiness by reducing adjustment costs (ACs) and alleviating financing constraints (SAs). However, managerial myopia negatively affects the inhibition of enterprise digital transformation on cost stickiness by increasing ACs and aggravating SAs. Furthermore, the relationship between enterprise digital transformation and cost stickiness is stronger for mature, state-owned and high-tech enterprises than for those with better digital economy policy environments.

Abstract Compared with teenage patients, adult patients generally show a slower rate of tooth movement and more pronounced alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment, indicating the maladaptation of alveolar bone homeostasis under orthodontic force. However, this phenomenon is not well-elucidated to date, leading to increased treatment difficulties and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes in adult orthodontics. Aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge and further inspire insightful understanding towards this issue, this review summarizes the current evidence and underlying mechanisms. The age-related abatements in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in adult cells and periodontal tissue may contribute to retarded and unbalanced bone metabolism, thus hindering alveolar bone reconstruction during orthodontic treatment. To this end, periodontal surgery, physical and chemical cues are being developed to reactivate or rejuvenate the aging periodontium and restore the dynamic equilibrium of orthodontic-mediated alveolar bone metabolism. We anticipate that this review will present a general overview of the role that aging plays in orthodontic alveolar bone metabolism and shed new light on the prospective ways out of the impasse.

The protection and development of traditional villages are crucial for improving the human settlement suitability (HSS). The paper takes 703 traditional villages in Hunan Province as the research object and establishes the HSS evaluation system by using the pressure-state-response model. Then this paper introduces the vector autoregressive model to explore the interactions and contributions within the three major subsystems. Finally, this paper adopts Geodetector model and GTWR model to study the external driving effects and temporal-spatial influence mechanisms. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, the overall trend of the composite index of traditional villages is upward. Its spatial pattern transitions from a low index in the northwest to a medium index in the central region and a high index in the southeast. Second, the state system becomes the main driver of the response system change and it is highly influenced by the pressure system. Distance from medical facilities, Distance from educational institutions, Distance from the intangible cultural heritage sites, and Degree of relief are the four most important driving factors affecting the HSS in Hunan Province. At the same time, Distance to medical facilities and Distance to intangible cultural heritage sites have a positive impact, while Distance to educational institutions and Degree of relief have a negative impact. Fourly, these four factors have a significant spatiotemporal impact on the HSS in the Xiangxi region. This paper provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development and conservation of traditional villages in Hunan from multiple perspectives.

Abstract Introduction Under globalization, human settlement has become a major risk factor affecting life. The relationship between humans and the environment is crucial for improving community resilience and coping with globalization. This study focuses on the key contradictions of community development under globalization, exploring community resilience by analyzing the mismatch between residents' health activities and the environment. Methods Using data from Shanghai downtown, including land use, Sports app, geospatial and urban statistics, this paper constructs a comprehensive community resilience index (CRI) model based on the DPSIR model. This model enables quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of Community Human Settlement Resilience (CR). Additionally, the paper uses geodetector and Origin software to analyze the coupling relationship between drivers and human settlement resilience. Results i) The scores of CR showed a "slide-shaped" fluctuation difference situation; ii) The spatial pattern of CR showed a "pole-core agglomeration and radiation" type and a "ring-like agglomeration and radiation" type. iii) Distance to bus stops, average annual temperature, CO2 emissions, building density and number of jogging trajectories are the dominant factors affecting the resilience level of community human settlement. Conclusion This paper contributes to the compilation of human settlement evaluation systems globally, offering insights into healthy community and city assessments worldwide. The findings can guide the creation of similar evaluation systems and provide valuable references for building healthy communities worldwide.

Dairy quality affects the health and quality of life of consumers. Implementing supply chain management and collaborative quality control is an effective way to solve dairy quality problems. Based on the perspective of the combination of market failure and government intervention, this paper analyzes the conditions for the realization of collaborative quality control between dairy farmers and dairy processors. At the same time, this paper uses relevant data to verify the applicability of the model and the accuracy of the conclusions. The findings show that both low yields and high spillovers lead to market failures. When farmers adopt advanced prevention strategies and dairy processors adopt advanced inspection strategies with low yields, basic prevention and basic inspection will be the best combination of quality control strategies for both parties. In this case, the government should subsidize the advanced control strategy to provide adequate subsidies. This will provide incentives for both parties to work together to ensure the quality of dairy products. Secondly, when farmers adopt advanced prevention strategies or dairy processors adopt advanced inspection strategies yields increase but spillover rates are higher. Advanced prevention, basic inspection or basic prevention, advanced inspection would be the optimal combination of strategies for both parties. At this point, the government should increase the penalties. The simulation results further indicate that the government subsidy is more effective for dairy farmers. Government penalties have both the positive and negative reinforcing effects.

Diplomatic discourse is a formalized form of political communication that significantly influences a country’s international perception. However, there is a research gap in the analysis of China’s diplomatic discourse, particularly in relation to the speeches available on the official Chinese Foreign Ministry website. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a quantitative and qualitative analysis of China’s diplomatic speeches. This study utilizes a quantitative corpus-assisted discourse analysis to explore the prevalent themes in China’s official speeches. Additionally, qualitative discourse analysis is employed to examine the ideologies manifested in specific examples from the official speeches. The research combines a corpus-based approach with critical discourse analysis to investigate language use, discourse practices, and social practices. The analysis of China’s diplomatic discourse reveals several key themes related to President Xi Jinping’s leadership, international relations, and future community and economy. The findings provide valuable insights into China’s diplomatic strategies and its international image, emphasizing its commitment to cooperation, development, and peace. This research contributes to a better understanding of China’s diplomatic discourse and its role in shaping international perceptions of the country. By highlighting the prevalent themes and ideologies in China’s official speeches, the study emphasizes China’s commitment to fostering positive international relations. The findings offer valuable insights into China’s diplomatic strategies and its efforts to shape its international image.

This paper employs panel data from 227 prefecture-level cities in China spanning the period from 2000 to 2020 to investigate the effects and influences of local government debt policies on the financial ecological environment. Considering regional economic foundation, financial development, government governance, and the construction of the social credit system, our analysis reveals the following outcomes regarding debt level and debt structure: Firstly, we find that higher debt levels and an increased proportion of hidden debt at the local government level have impacts on various dimensions of the financial ecological environment. Specifically, debt expansion facilitates regional economic foundations and financial development but hampers government governance and the construction of the social credit system, leading to a deterioration in the development of the financial ecological environment. Furthermore, employing a threshold regression model, we have not identified a significant nonlinear relationship in this context. Secondly, local government debt exhibits a reverse spatial spillover effect on the financial ecological environment of surrounding regions, contrasting with the effects observed within the local area. This effect manifests as the enhancement of the financial ecological environment in neighboring areas.

Deep multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) have achieved promising performance on computer vision tasks. Deep MLPs consist solely of fully-connected layers as the conventional MLPs do but adopt more sophisticated network architectures based on mixer layers composed of token-mixing and channel-mixing components. These architectures enable deep MLPs to have global receptive fields, but the significant increase of parameters becomes a massive burden on practical applications. To tackle this problem, we focus on using tensor-train decomposition (TTD) for compressing deep MLPs. At first, this paper analyzes deep MLPs under conventional TTD methods, especially using various designs of a macro framework and micro blocks: The former is how to concatenate mixer layers, and the latter is how to design a mixer layer. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel TTD method named Train-TTD-Train. The proposed method exerts the learning capability of channel-mixing components and improves the trade-off between accuracy and size. In the evaluation, the proposed method showed a better trade-off than conventional TTD methods on ImageNet-1K and achieved a 0.56% higher inference accuracy with a 15.44% memory reduction on Cifar-10.

As a pivotal player in spermatogenesis, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) made from junction apparatus coexisting in Sertoli cells (SCs) is impaired with an increase in age and ultimately induces spermatogenic dysfunction or even infertility. It has been corroborated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation can efficiently repair and regenerate the testicular function. As vital mediators of cell-to-cell communication, MSC-derived exosomes (Exos) can directly serve as therapeutic agents for tissue repair and regeneration. However, the therapeutic value of BMSC-Exos in aging-induced BTB damage remains to be confirmed. In this study, we explored that the old porcine testes had defective autophagy, which aggravated BTB disruption in SCs. BMSC-Exos could decrease ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation but enhanced autophagy and tight junction (TJ) function in D-gal-triggered aging porcine SCs and mouse model testes, according to in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, rapamycin, NAC, MCC950, and IL-1Ra restored the TJ function in D-gal-stimulated aging porcine SCs, while BMSC-Exos’ stimulatory effect on TJ function was inhibited by chloroquine. Moreover, the treatment with BMSC-Exos enhanced autophagy in D-gal-induced aging porcine SCs by means of the AMPK/mTOR signal transduction pathway. These findings uncovered through the present study that BMSC-Exos can enhance the BTB function in aging testes by improving autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby suppressing ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

The development of green agriculture is conducive to accelerating the agricultural modernization process, making a significance for the sustainable development of agriculture and the environment in China. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation model by selecting 17 representative indicators from the perspective of sustainability. Then, this paper uses the entropy value method to measure the level of green agricultural production in 31 provinces from 2011 to 2021. We use Dagum’s Gini coefficient and decomposition method, the kernel density estimation method and spatial Markov chain analysis method to explore the main sources of spatial differences and dynamic evolution trends. The results show that: (1) The overall level of green production in Chinese agriculture is low, and the level in the central region is higher than that in eastern and western regions; (2) There are significant regional differences in the level of green production in China’s agriculture, and this is likely to widen. The interaction of inter- and intra-regional differences is the main reason for overall differences; (3) The trend of polarization in the level of green agricultural production is more obvious in the eastern part of China, while it is weaker in central and western regions; (4) There is a spatial spillover effect in the dynamic evolution of China’s agricultural green production level. And the longer the overall time, the more obvious the spillover effect is. This paper analyzes the past development of green agriculture in China, makes predictions and provides constructive suggestions for the improvement and development of green agricultural production in China in the future.

The prevalence and significance of asymmetric catalysis in the modern medicinal industry has been witnessed in recent years, which have already been used to manufacture the (S)-Naproxen and the (S)-Propranolol. With matched specificities such as the Lewis acidity and steric bulk, B(C6F5)3 has gained accelerating attention on its application in asymmetric catalysis of Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions, carbonyl-ene cyclization, and other various reactions, which have been demonstrated by the elegant examples from the most recent literature. Some significant progress in the reaction of indirect activation of substrates through in situ generation of numerous supramolecular catalysts from B(C6F5)3 based on Lewis-acid-assisted Lewis acid (LLA) or Lewis acid assisted Brønsted acid (LBA) strategies or the reaction promoted by cooperative actions of chiral co-catalysts and B(C6F5)3 which played a direct role on the activation of substrates have been demonstrated in this review.

Cavitation is a prevalent phenomenon within the domain of ship and ocean engineering, predominantly occurring in the tail flow fields of high-speed rotating propellers and on the surfaces of high-speed underwater vehicles. The re-entrant jet and compression wave resulting from the collapse of cavity vapour are pivotal factors contributing to cavity instability. Concurrently, these phenomena significantly modulate the evolution of cavitation flow. In this paper, numerical investigations into cloud cavitation over a Clark-Y hydrofoil were conducted, utilizing the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method within the OpenFOAM framework. Comparative analysis of results obtained at different angles of attack is undertaken. A discernible augmentation in cavity thickness is observed concomitant with the escalation in attack angle, alongside a progressive intensification in pressure at the leading edge of the hydrofoil, contributing to the suction force. These results can serve as a fundamental point of reference for gaining a deeper comprehension of cloud cavitation dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a payment for environmental services scheme is an effective way to promote the process of cleaner production in livestock husbandry, and the determination of payment for environmental services standards is the key to constructing the scheme for cleaner production in livestock husbandry. Based on 1,629 survey data from 9 provinces of Hunan, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Anhui and Heilongjiang, this paper uses the Heckman-ISM model to analyze the impact of pig farm households’ willingness to accept payment for cleaner production and the influencing factors of anticipated payment level. The study found that the size of the farmer, the operator, experience, perceptions about the payment for environmental services policy, the degree of specialization and the household structure can influence the level of compensation of the policy to some extent. In the influence mechanism of the anticipated level compensation, the awareness of the ecological value of cleaner production and cleaner production policy is the direct factors at the surface; the degree of specialization, government officials and non-local markets county are intermediate indirect factors, while gender, education level and urban residence are deep root factors. Based on these findings, this paper puts forward policy suggestions such as vigorously publicizing payment for environmental services for cleaner production in livestock husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Exertional heatstroke (EHS), a fatal illness, pronounces multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and high mortality rate. Currently, no ideal factor prognoses EHS. Decreased monocyte human leukocyte‐DR antigen (mHLA‐DR) has been observed in critically ill individuals, particularly in those with sepsis. While most research focus on the pro‐inflammatory response exploration in EHS, there are few studies related to immunosuppression, and no report targeted on mHLA‐DR in EHS. The present study tried to explore the prognostic value of mHLA‐DR levels in EHS patients. Methods This was a single‐center retrospective study. Clinical data of EHS patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2020, were recorded and analyzed. Results Seventy patients with 54 survivors and 16 nonsurvivors were ultimately enrolled. Levels of mHLA‐DR in the nonsurvivors (41.8% [38.1–68.1]%) were significantly lower than those in the survivors (83.1% [67.6–89.4]%, p

Abstract Human infants cannot report their experiences, limiting what we can learn about their bodily awareness. However, visual cortical responses to the body, linked to visual awareness and selective attention in adults, can be easily measured in infants and provide a promising marker of bodily awareness in early life. We presented 4- and 8-month-old infants with a flickering (7.5 Hz) video of a hand being stroked and recorded steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs). In half of the trials, the infants also received tactile stroking synchronously with visual stroking. The 8-month-old, but not the 4-month-old infants, showed a significant enhancement of SSVEP responses when they received tactile stimulation concurrent with the visually observed stroking. Follow-up experiments showed that this enhancement did not occur when the visual hand was presented in an incompatible posture with the infant’s own body or when the visual stimulus was a body-irrelevant video. Our findings provide a novel insight into the development of bodily self-awareness in the first year of life.

Distributed scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DS InSAR) technology has been widely used in various fields. Homogeneous pixel selection is a crucial step in the use of DS InSAR, directly affecting the estimation precision and reliability of subsequent parameter calculations. The existing algorithms for selecting homogeneous pixels have inherent limitations, such as requiring many heterogeneous samples and strict requirements surrounding the required number of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. To address these problems, a new sequential selection algorithm for homogeneous pixels is proposed, based on the Baumgartner – Weiss–Schindler (BWS) test algorithm and dynamic interval estimation (DIE) theory. According to Monte Carlo simulation experiments, the average standard deviation (STD) of the mean of the rejection of the BWS-DIE algorithm under six sample conditions is 0.014. Compared with three existing algorithms, including the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov (KS), BWS and fast statistically homogeneous pixel selection (FaSHPS) algorithms, the BWS-DIE algorithm improves homogeneous pixel selection precision by 64.3%, 69.4% and 25.3%, respectively. In the real data experiment, 12 scenes of Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1 Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS-1 PALSAR) data from February 2007 to March 2011 were used and the BWS-DIE multitemporal InSAR (MT InSAR) method based on the BWS-DIE algorithm was applied to surface subsidence monitoring in the western mining area of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. The experimental results show that, compared with the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), the BWS-DIE MT InSAR method improves the ability to monitor the maximum subsidence by 12.3%, increases the point density by 5.7 times and decreases the root mean square error (RMSE) by 50%. In addition, new surface deformation patterns are found in the spatial-temporal evolution. The above experimental results show that the proposed BWS-DIE algorithm exhibits remarkable advantages in selection power and selection precision and is not limited by the number of SAR images. The proposed algorithm can further broaden the application scenarios for DS InSAR and provide high-quality and reliable monitoring data for subsequent scientific research.

Mission scheduling is an essential function of the management control of remote-sensing satellite application systems. With the continuous development of remote-sensing satellite applications, mission scheduling faces significant challenges. Existing work has many inherent shortcomings in dealing with dynamic task scheduling for remote-sensing satellites. In high-load and complex remote sensing task scenarios, there is low scheduling efficiency and a waste of resources. The paper proposes a scheduling method for remote-sensing satellite applications based on dynamic task prioritization. This paper combines the and Bound methodologies with an onboard task queue scheduling band in an active task prioritization context. A purpose-built emotional task priority-based scheduling blueprint is implemented to mitigate the flux and unpredictability characteristics inherent in the traditional satellite scheduling paradigm, improve scheduling efficiency, and fine-tune satellite resource allocation. Therefore, the Branch and Bound method in remote-sensing satellite task scheduling will significantly save space and improve efficiency. The experimental results show that comparing the technique to the three heuristic algorithms (GA, PSO, DE), the BnB method usually performs better in terms of the maximum value of the objective function, always finds a better solution, and reduces about 80% in terms of running time.

[Objective] The rules of land preparation measures on sediment production and non-point source pollutant output of sloping land were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis and technical support for controlling soil and water loss and agricultural non-point source pollution of sloping land at the source. [Methods] The runoff plots of sloping farmland (15° and 22°) with equi-height reverse slope steps were taken as the research object in Songhuaba at Yizhe watershed experimental area of Kunming City, central Yunnan Province. Rainfall, runoff, and water quality data from 2019 to 2021 were analyzed using a comparative analysis method. The characteristics of flow production, sand production, and nitrogen and phosphorus output of surface source pollutants within the sample plots were studied. [Results] Contour reverse slope terraces used on sloping land with a slope of 22° had more significant effects on the reduction of slope flow and sand production, and the output of surface pollutants nitrogen and phosphorus than land with a slope of 15° under the same rainfall pattern. [Conclusion] Contour reverse slope terraces had significant control effects on sediment yield and non-point source pollutant output on sloping land, and can effectively increase soil and water conservation ability on sloping land, especially on large slopes.

Rare sugars are a kind of prebiotics with special chemical structure and bioactivities such as regulate intestinal flora, inhibit pathogen, resist oxidation, improve immunity, antitumor and so on. Rare sugars were widely used in the production of health food, infant formula food, dairy products as well as functional drinks. Nowadays, series progress has been made in the discovering of novel rare sugar, structural analysis, optimization of producing process, enzyme engineering, metabolic engineering and Izumoring strategy research. This paper reviews and prospects above advances, focuses on the research progress of bioactivity and biotransformation of rare sugars, and discusses their industrial application potential, existing problems and solutions, to provide a theoretical basis for the development, function mining and industrial production and utilization of rare sugars.

Conventional therapy for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is unpromising. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is intimately linked to the invasiveness of a variety of tumor forms, including KIRC. The purpose of this research is to establish the prognostic and immune-related significance of dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT) in individuals with KIRC. In this investigation, we discovered that DBT expression was down-regulated in a range of human malignancies, and low DBT expression in KIRC was linked to higher-level clinicopathological characteristics as well as a poor prognosis for KIRC patients. Based on the findings of univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, DBT might be employed as an independent prognostic factor in KIRC patients. Furthermore, we developed a nomogram to better investigate DBT’s predictive usefulness. To confirm DBT expression, we examined KIRC cell lines using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. We also examined the role of DBT in KIRC using colony formation, CCK-8, EdU, transwell, and wound healing assays. We discovered that plasmid-mediated overexpression of DBT in KIRC cells slowed cell proliferation and decreased migration and invasion. Multiple enrichment analyses revealed that DBT may be involved in processes and pathways related to immunotherapy and drug metabolism. We computed the immune infiltration score and discovered that the immunological score and the ESTIMATE score were both greater in the DBT low expression group. According to the CIBERSORT algorithm, DBT seems to promote anti-cancer immune responses in KIRC by activating M1 macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells while inhibiting regulatory T cells. Finally, in KIRC, DBT expression was found to be highly linked to immunological checkpoints, targeted medicines, and immunotherapeutic agents. Our findings suggest that DBT is a distinct predictive biomarker for KIRC patients, playing a significant role in the TME of KIRC and serving as a reference for the selection of targeted treatment and immunotherapy.

Abstract The emergence of the novel GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 norovirus variant raising the interest of the public, has replaced GII.4 as the predominant cause of noroviruses outbreaks in East Asia during 2014–2015. Antigenic variation of the capsid protein is considered as one of the key mechanisms of norovirus evolution. In this study, we screened a panel of GII.17 mutants. First, we produced norovirus P proteins using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system, comparing the results to pure proteins expressed in a cell-based system. Next, we determined the binding capability of specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2D11 using a unique set of wild-type GII.17 strains. Results of the EIA involving a panel of mutant cell-free proteins indicated that Q298 was the key residue within loop 1. These data highlighted the essential residues in the linear antibody binding characteristics of novel GII.17. Furthermore, it supported the CFPS as a promising tool for rapidly screening mutants via the scalable expression of norovirus P proteins.

Introduction:Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) (Sanghuang) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine fungus, and its natural products have great potential for clinical application in immune enhancement. This study aimed to explore the immune-enhancing activity and underlying mechanisms of the polysaccharides and flavonoids derived from Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) and to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of novel drugs.Methods: Wild P. igniarius YASH1 from the Loess Plateau in Yan’an region was collected, and polysaccharides and total flavonoids were extracted, isolated and identified from mycelium and sporophore. In vitro antioxidant activity was detected through the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals and total antioxidant capacity. Cell Counting Kit-8 and trypan blue detection kit were used to detect the effect of extract polysaccharides and flavonoids on the proliferation and phagocytosis ability of immune cells. To assess the effect of the drugs on cytokine secretion by immune cells and immune recovery in immunocompromised mice, the expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were examined at the cellular and animal levels. The species composition, abundance of gut microbiota and the altered content of short-chain fatty acids in the feces were analyzed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of drugs by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplifiers sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Results: Both polysaccharides and flavonoids derived from mycelium or sporophore had antioxidant activity and may stimulate the expression and secretion of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in immune cells while inhibiting TNF-α expression and secretion and increasing IL-2, IL-6, and IFN- γ expression levels in mice. Furthermore, polysaccharides and flavonoids from mycelium and sporophore showed different effects on the metabolic response of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mice, and the use of these drugs remarkably changed the species composition and abundance of intestinal flora in mice.Discussion: Polysaccharides and flavonoids from P. igniarius YASH1 mycelium and sporophore have in vitro antioxidant activity, and they affect the promotion of cell proliferation, stimulation of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ secretion, and inhibition of TNF-α expression in immune cells. Polysaccharides and flavonoids from P. igniarius YASH1 may enhance immunity in immunocompromised mice and remarkably affect the intestinal flora and content of SCFAs.

In the present work, a state-based peridynamics with adaptive particle refinement is proposed to simulate water ice crater formation due to impact loads. A modified Drucker-Prager constitutive model was adopted to model ice and was implemented in the state-based peridynamic equations to analyze the elastic-plastic deformation of ice. In simulations, we use the fracture toughness failure criterion in peridynamics to simulate the quasi-brittle failure of ice. An adaptive particle refinement method in peridynamics was proposed to improve computational efficiency. The results obtained using the peridynamic model were compared with the experiments in previous literatures. It was found that the peridynamic simulation results and the experiments matched well except for some minor differences discussed, and the state-based peridynamic model has shown the specific predictive capacity to capture the detailed crater features of the ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filter-feeding oyster is an important food transmission vector for the foodborne norovirus. To investigate the contamination level and genetic diversity of norovirus in commercial oysters in Guangzhou and better assess the risk of consumption, oyster samples were collected from local aquatic market from June 2020 to May 2021 in this study. The contamination content and genotype distribution of virus in shellfish were detected by protease K treatment coupled with polyethylene glycol precipitation small system previously established in the laboratory，including the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the nested RT-PCR. 110 oyster samples were detected, the positive rate of norovirus genogroup II(GII) was 52.7% (58/110), and the contents of virus was 1.56×103~1.09×106 copies/g (digestive gland). The positive rate of norovirus in oysters collected in spring and summer (March to August) was 35.7% (20/56), which was lower than the positive rate of 70.4% (38/54) in autumn and winter (September to February). However, there was no significant difference in content of virus detected in all seasons, in spring, content of virus was (2.69±1.46)×105 copies/g (digestive gland), in summer, content of virus was (1.97±2.16)×105 copies/g (digestive gland), in autumn, content of virus was (6.91±6.16)×104 copies/g (digestive gland), and winter was (4.83±2.99)×104 copies/g (digestive gland). Positive samples were sequenced and analyzed, the result showed that except for one was GII.17 genotype, the rest were all GII.4 genotypes (n=13), which was consistent with the local clinical epidemic genotypes. The results of this study showed that the level of norovirus contamination in commercial oysters of Guangzhou was severe, it is necessary to strengthen control work of prevention for virus, especially to remind consumers to fully process when eating oysters.

The determination of the critical ventilation flow rate is significant for risk control and standard development during accidental hydrogen leakage in a confined space with hydrogen-related equipment. This paper presents an analytical model for calculating the critical ventilation flow rate through the quantification and constraint solution of the ventilation effect and ventilation cost. The experimental method was used to investigate the effects of nozzle diameter and stagnation pressure on the diffusion and ventilation of horizontal hydrogen leakage in a cuboid chamber. Ventilations from 30 to 180 m3/h were carried out through the rectangular vent. It was shown that the peak concentration of the measuring point was positively correlated with the stagnation pressure and the nozzle diameter. The experimental data were used to verify the analytical model by calculating the effective ventilation time. This study demonstrates that the critical ventilation flow rate can be increased significantly at higher stagnation pressures and larger nozzle diameters. Furthermore, the discrepancy of critical ventilation flow rates under different nozzle diameters will be enhanced with the increase of stagnation pressure. For a stagnation pressure of 0.4 MPa, the critical ventilation flow rate under a 4 mm nozzle even increased by 52% relative to the 2 mm nozzle.

BackgroundPatients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) tend to have a poor prognosis. However, the exact mechanism of the co‐occurrence of the two diseases is unknown. Therefore, this study aims to determine the risk factors for severe AKI in patients with AMI.MethodsA total of 2022 patients were included in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care. Variables were identified via univariate logistic regression, and the variables were corrected via multivariate logistic regression. Restricted cubic splines were used to examine the risks associated with the variables. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to compare the risk of severe AKI among the patients.ResultsPatients with severe AKI had a higher in‐hospital mortality rate (28.6% vs. 9.0%, P < 0.001) and a longer duration of intensive care (6.5 days vs. 2.9 days, P < 0.001). In patients with AMI, the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP); international normalized ratio (INR); the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, and calcium; and a history of liver disease were found to be the independent risk factors for developing severe AKI after their admission. Increased levels of BUN and blood glucose and a high INR increased the risk of severe AKI; however, increased levels of calcium decreased the risk; SBP presented a U‐shaped curve relationship.ConclusionsPatients with severe AKI have a poor prognosis following an episode of AMI. Furthermore, in patients with AMI, SBP; INR; a history of liver disease; and the levels of BUN, glucose, and calcium are the independent risk factors for developing severe AKI after their admission.