Search

Purpose: To study the effect of isoquercitrin on cell apoptosis and cycle of HepG2 cells. Materials and Method: Different concentrations of isoquercitrin were used to act on HepG2 cells, and the effect of isoquercitrin on the proliferation of HepG2 cells was detected by CCK8. Cell morphology and growth were observed under inverted microscope. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis and cycle changes of HepG2 cells. Results: CCK8 found that isoquercitrin inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells, and it was correlated with the concentration and action time of isoquercitrin. Under the inverted microscope, it was observed that the number of cell survival gradually decreased with the increase of concentration or time of isoquercitrin acted on HepG2 cells. Flow cytometry showed that with the increase of isoquercitrin concentration, the number of cells blocked in S phase gradually decreased and the number of cells blocked in G2/M phase gradually increased. Conclusion: Isoquercitrin can induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells and interfere with S phase and G2/M phase in cell cycle.

Purpose: To observe the intervention effect of isoquercitrin on related factors in PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signaling pathway after it acts on HepG2 cells. Materials and Method: HepG2 cells were tested with different concentrations of isoquercitrin. MTT assay was employed to detect the cell proliferation. Expressions of GRP78, PERK, elF2a, ATF4 and CHOP mRNA and protein were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results: Cell experiments showed that isoquercitrin inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, the expressions of GRP78, PERK, elF2a, ATF4, CHOP mRNA and the expressions of GRP78, p-PERK, elF2a, ATF4, CHOP protein were significantly increased after isoquercitrin treatment, and the expressions of PERK protein decreased significantly. Conclusion: The present study verified that isoquercitrin induce the apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and its mechanism may be related to the intervention of related factors in PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signaling pathway.

Taking Zhejiang power market as the research object, this article compares the spot market, medium and long-term market and auxiliary service market models in Zhejiang Province with reference to the theories and practical experiences related to the construction of power market at home and abroad. Combining the situation of Zhejiang Province, the network situation and the current situation of power market construction, a multi-period generation dispatch optimization model based on power contract is proposed, and a day-ahead market clearing model adapted to distributed energy participation is established. Based on the deep learning algorithm using simulation cases of multiple scenarios, the power market model under the multi-fusion high resilience grid form is designed to provide suggestions for the design of generation dispatch optimization model and settlement mechanism for different power market development stages.

The use of clean electricity to replace fossil energy burning for heating is an important emission reduction way to achieve carbon neutrality. Without a good business model, it is very difficult to promote electric heating as a replacement for coal-fired systems in some areas with abundant coal resources. This study proposed a new business model for electric heating with stakeholders that included the government, the power grid company, and heat users. Based on this model, a specific tri-objective optimization model was proposed with the electric heating promotion power, heating electricity price, and government subsidy as variables to characterize the game relationship of the stakeholders, and the components of the stakeholder benefit function were analyzed in detail. A classical multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to solve the model. Finally, an “electrical heating” project for a typical area in China was analyzed, and four promotion cases were examined. The results showed that the power grid company and users had an antagonistic relationship in relation to the electricity price, but the best solution was found for all three stakeholders due to the high financial subsidies provided by the government.

Consumer electronics or electric vehicles/power grids requires lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with an increasingly outstanding energy-storage performance. However, the present graphite anode still faces significant challenges on relatively low specific capacity and poor rate performance. Herein, porous hard carbon microtubes (HCMs) were prepared by an activation method using natural cotton as a precursor, and their performance as an anode electrode. The electrochemical results of HCMs showed high performance on initial Coulomb efficiency, rate performance and cycle stability. The micro structure of HCMs were characterized, and the mechanism of high-performance generation of HCMs was analyzed. This article may provide an effective method to improve the electrochemical performance of hard carbon, which is also benefit to further understanding the lithium storage mechanism in porous hard carbon materials.

As a critical pattern to promote industrial growth and recover the economy, China has widely applied an electricity price-cutting policy, especially after the global spread of COVID-19. However, the current insufficient research indicates a noticeable knowledge gap around the actual outcome of this policy measure. This paper, therefore, aimed at filling this gap by focusing on the case of Zhejiang province. Recently, there have been three main kinds of price-cutting policies employed in Zhejiang, decreasing the general industrial electricity price, temporary electricity price-cutting, and targeted price reduction for large industries. Using a computable general equilibrium model that incorporates the Zhejiang electricity system’s operating characteristics, we simulated the economic impact of these electricity price adjustment policies. The results indicate that it was practical to promote the economy by reducing electricity prices, but the specific arrangements of policy have led to differences in economic stimulus consequences. This paper further obtained the multiplier effect in each industry. If electricity price adjustment policies were introduced only for industries with a higher comprehensive multiplier effect, the policy effectiveness would be further optimized.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) reduction of CO2 into chemical fuels and chemical building blocks is a promising strategy for addressing the energy and environmental challenges, which relies on the development of p-type photocathodes. Cu2O is such a p-type semiconductor for photocathodes but commonly suffers from detrimental photocorrosion and chemical changes. In this communication, we develop a facile procedure for coating a metal-organic framework (MOF) on the surface of a Cu2O photocathode, which can both prevent photocorrosion and offer active sites for CO2 reduction. As evidenced by ultrafast spectroscopy, the formed interface can effectively promote charge separation and transfer. As a result, both the activity and durability of Cu2O are dramatically enhanced for PEC CO2 reduction. This work provides fresh insights into the design of advanced hybrid photoelectrodes and highlights the important role of interfacial charge dynamics in PEC CO2 conversion.

The subthreshold voltage-gated transient K

Due to the complexity of interaction between market players, the diversity of security risks, and the credibility of the market operation effect, the electricity market faces many challenges. In order to build a fair, efficient, and credible electricity market, this paper proposes a trading and settlement framework for electricity markets based on blockchain technologies. In detail, technologies supporting the framework are deeply analyzed including market optimization design, risk comprehensive evaluation, and joint control simulation. Finally, implementation suggestions are proposed to improve the advantages of ensuring transaction security and reducing transaction costs.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a new member of the IL-1 cytokine family which plays roles in the nucleus as a nuclear factor and is released by damaged or necrotic cells to act as a cytokine. It can be released via damaged or necrotic cells and functions as a cytokine. The released IL-33 activates the downstream NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways through the isomers of the specific receptor ST2 and the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP), resulting in danger signals and the activated multiple immune responses. IL-33 is abnormally expressed in various tumors and involves in tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis. Moreover, IL-33 can play both pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles in the same type of tumor.白细胞介素-33(interleukin-33，IL-33)是IL-1家族的一位新成员，其不仅可以在细胞核内作为核因子发挥作用，也可以被损伤或坏死的细胞释放到细胞外作为细胞因子发挥作用。被释放的IL-33通过由特异性受体肿瘤发生抑制子2(suppression of tumorigenicity 2，ST2)及IL-1受体辅助蛋白(interleukin 1 receptor auxiliary protein，IL-1RAcP)组成的异构体激活下游的NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路，进一步激活多种免疫反应。IL-33在多种肿瘤(如肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等)中异常表达，参与肿瘤的发生、发展和转移，甚至在同一类肿瘤中同时发挥促肿瘤和抗肿瘤的双重作用。.

As flexible power electronic equipment is gradually put into use on the load side, the load has become an important flexibility resource for the power system. The demand response market is the main platform for these resources to earn rewards. Currently, the Zhejiang demand response market is still in its infancy. The current demand response market mechanism in Zhejiang does not sufficiently reflect the value of flexible power electronic load participation in the demand response market. Based on the characteristics of the demand response market in Zhejiang province, we propose a market settlement mechanism for future large-scale flexible power electronic load participating in the Zhejiang demand response market. This model can effectively promote the healthy development of the demand response market in Zhejiang and improve the accuracy of demand response services.

This paper investigates the fluctuation mode of electricity prices in heterogeneous electricity markets from the mesoscopic perspective of complex networks. First, we convert a sequence of electricity prices into a specific type of complex networks based on the visibility graph algorithm, and then analyze the subgraph and motif characteristics corresponding to that complex network. Based on the motif mining method, we derive the concentration of four-consecutive-node motifs for mesoscopic analysis. Especially, we propose an effective way to observe the fluctuation modes of electricity prices and excavate the dominant fluctuation mode through the motif concentration distribution. Furthermore, we compare the fluctuation modes of electricity prices in typical regions and studied the spatio-temporal change of motif concentration. The results of numerical experiments demonstrate that PJM and Nordic electricity markets, and even regions in the same electricity market, feature heterogeneous mesoscopic patterns, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most familiar localized epilepsy in children. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for the inhibition or promotion of numerous diseases. This study aimed to detect the expression of miR-135b-5p and primarily uncover its underlying function and mechanism in children with TLE. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of miR-135b-5p in children with TLE and in a rat model of epilepsy. MTT assay and flow cytometric apoptosis assay were conducted to evaluate the effects of miR-135b-5p on cell viability and apoptosis. Additionally, the dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the direct target of miR-135b-5p. Our data showed that the expression of miR-135b-5p was significantly decreased in children with TLE and in the epileptic rat neuron model. The dysregulation of miR-135b-5p could serve as a promising diagnostic biomarker for children with TLE. The overexpression of miR-135b-5p moderated the adverse influence on cell viability and apoptosis induced by magnesium-free medium. SIRT1 was identified as a target gene of miR-135b-5p. These results proved that miR-135b-5p might serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker in children with TLE. Overexpression of miR-135b-5p alleviates the postepileptic influence on cell viability and apoptosis by targeting SIRT1.

Citation evaluation has become one of the important indexes to evaluate the paper influence. In the academic area, paper influence is quite important to evaluate the author’s academic level, in addition to help researchers to identify important academic literatures. The traditional citation evaluation methods are mainly developed based on the citation frequency. Nevertheless, other citation characteristics, such as the nature, depth, and distribution are also valuable. Citation nature includes positive, neutral, and negative citations. The depth can be divided into deep, medium, and shallow citations, which could reveal the correlation and the degree of paper reference between citing and cited papers. The citation distribution contains three types: forepart, middle, and tail citations. The data sample of the empirical study is collected from highly cited papers in Chinese and English core journals. Firstly, by using content analysis methods, we analyze the citation evaluation from three dimensions of Chinese papers. Secondly, we compare the similarities and differences between Chinese and English papers. Thirdly, we show a series of results to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of our method.

The variability and uncertainty of renewable energy resources introduce significant challenges to power system operation. One particular example is the occurrence of ramp capability shortage in real-time dispatch, which can cause power balance violations and price spikes. To meet the increasing need for ramp capability, some independent system operators in the USA have led initiatives to promote the implementation of flexible ramping product (FRP). More potential FRP providers, apart from conventional generators, are being explored, among which battery energy storage (BES) appears to be a feasible option owing to its good controllability and fast responsive characteristics. This study proposes an optimisation model for a BES aggregator to optimally provide FRP in day-ahead energy and reserve markets, aiming to maximise its monetary benefits. The basic concept of FRP is first introduced, including comparisons with traditional ancillary services, pricing mechanisms, and the extensions of market models to integrate FRP. The modes and strategies for BES aggregators to participate in the electricity markets are then addressed. Case studies indicate that an aggregator can gain more profit by optimally allocating its resources among various products than only providing energy and reserves. A sensitivity analysis on several key factors is also conducted.

External short circuit (ESC) can cause rapid temperature rise and even failure of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in a short time. To better identify the ESC-related hazards and analyze the influencing mechanisms, we have carried out repeated ESC tests for the first time and investigated the compound effects of multiple factors on ESC. Three ESC conditions of different strengths were set according to different levels of factors such as state of charge (SOC), environmental temperature, ESC duration and multi-cycle short circuits. The results showed that the initial SOC determines the discharge intensity of ESC, while the environmental temperature determines the ESC duration the cell could withstand. Furthermore, the duration and cycles of ESC determine the cumulative damage to the cell and promote the cell capacity attenuation or even disconnection. And cell disconnection is induced by current interrupt device activation. The thermal behavior of cell has hysteresis characteristics, and the initial low temperature can effectively reduce the temperature rise of cell caused by ESC. The electrochemical impedance results show that the increase of cell impedance is related to the increase of charge transfer resistance and solid electrolyte interface resistance.

For cross-regional transmission projects, the two-part transmission pricing mechanism is suggested so as to promote the sustainable development of cross-regional electricity trading. In the two-part transmission pricing mechanism, appropriately determining the capacity charging ratio (CCR) is an important issue not well solved. Given this background, a Z-number-based risk-minimised negotiation model is developed for a transmission company and a power purchaser to achieve an agreeable CCR under incomplete information. The uncertainty distribution of the future annual electricity transmission quantity is first estimated by the Z-number-based multiple Z-valuations; and then, the benefit and risk loss measured by the well-established conditional value at risk (CVaR) are analysed for the participating two parties. Subsequently, the negotiation model where each negotiator is to minimise its risk loss under a given lowest acceptable benefit constraint and the estimations of the opponent's risk tolerance and negotiation strategy is presented to determine the optimal offer. Finally, the ± 500 kV Xiluodu−Guangdong direct current (DC) transmission project in the southern region of China is employed to demonstrate the basic characteristics of the proposed model.

Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as the most promising photovoltaic devices owing to their rapidly increased power conversion efficiency (PCE). Small molecule metallophthalocyanine compounds, as thermally and chemically stable materials with high hole mobilities, are considered to be potential candidates for stable hole-selective layers (HSLs) in PSCs. In this study, a novel metallophthalocyanine derivative with a heavy palladium (Pd) atom and octamethyl substituents (PdMe2Pc) was designed and synthesized. The introduction of the heavy Pd atom endows the material with a long carrier lifetime, and without dramatically reducing its mobility. As a result, PdMe2Pc exhibits a long diffusion length (26.00 nm), which is beneficial for restraining charge recombination. Planar PSCs that employed PdMe2Pc as a HSL displayed a high PCE of 16.28% and good long-term stability. This result indicates that PdMe2Pc could be a promising HSL for PSCs with high efficiencies and high stabilities.

The integration of numerous intermittent renewable energy sources (IRESs) poses challenges to the power supply-demand balance due to the inherent intermittent and uncertain power outputs of IRESs, which requires higher operational flexibility of the power system. The deployment of flexible ramping products (FRPs) provides a new alternative to accommodate the high penetration of IRESs. Given this background, a bi-level risk-limiting real-time unit commitment/real-time economic dispatch model considering FRPs provided by different flexibility resources is proposed. In the proposed model, the objective is to maximize the social surplus while minimizing the operational risk, quantified using the concept of conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). Energy and ramping capabilities of conventional generating units during the start-up or shut-down processes are considered, while meeting the constraints including unit start-up/shut-down trajectories and ramping up/down rates in consecutive time periods. The Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions are then used to convert the bi-level programming problem into a single-level one, which can be directly solved after linearization. The modified IEEE 14-bus power system is employed to demonstrate the proposed method, and the role of FRPs in enhancing the system flexibility and improving the accommodation capability for IRESs is illustrated in some operation scenarios of the sample system. The impact of the confidence level in CVaR on the system operational flexibility is also investigated through case studies. Finally, a case study is conducted on a regional power system in Guangdong Province, China to demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for practical applications.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) reduction of CO

The variability and uncertainty of the power outputs from renewable energy sources (RESs) impose higher requirements on the operational flexibility of a power system with RESs integrated. The concept of flexible ramping product (FRP) is thus proposed and has attracted widespread attention in academic and industrial communities, which provides a new alternative for the accommodation of high penetration of renewable energy generation. Given this background, a real-time unit commitment/real-time economic dispatch model considering FRP provided by various flexible resources is proposed. The unit commitment here is with respect to those fast-starting units such as natural gas-fired ones. The unit commitment for conventional thermal units especially coal-fired units is determined in the day-ahead electricity market, and will not be addressed in real time. In the proposed model, the objective is to maximize the social surplus with the integration of multiple types of demand response resources taken into account, while the constraints include unit start-up/shut-down periods and ramping up/down rates in continuous periods. A sample system is next employed to demonstrate the proposed method, and the role of FRP in improving the system flexibility and in enhancing the accommodation capability for RESs is illustrated by some operation scenarios of the sample system. The impact of the prediction confidence of the demanded FRP on the system operational flexibility is also investigated through case studies.

Trans provincial generation rights trading is an effective means to increase the consumption of renewable energy. In this paper, taking a province in East China as the research object, considering the constraints of environmental protection, generator output, transmission line maximum load and other constraints, the inter provincial generation right model is constructed. Finally, through the model, the influence of transmission channel selection and bundling ratio on generation right potential space is analyzed.

With the upgrading of consumption, the existing carbon-based anode materials are facing the major challenges of high preparation cost and low initial Coulomb efficiency. The fast-growing and developed sieve tube network is an inspiration to transform cattail phloem tissue (CPT) into a high-performance carbon-based anode for lithium-ion battery. In this study, porous carbon materials from CPT with abundant microchannel and nanochannel were prepared by a top-down strategy combined with an indispensable passivation process. The sidewall and end of the sieve tube are fully covered by a large number of pore structures and various supporting cells, thus ensuring the stiffness and tensile strength of phloem tissue. And benefiting from the neoteric hierarchical porous structure without Li+ trapping sites, the cells with CPT anode showed high electrochemical performance. For the passivated CPT electrode, the reversible capacity increased to 321.6 mAh/g, and the initial Coulomb efficiency was 1.47 times higher than that of the passivated CPT electrode. The CPT exhibits excellent rate performance under high current, which indicates that the abundant pore structure on the surface of the sieve tube is an effective measure to improve ion diffusion. Besides, the generation mechanism of high-performance CPT is analyzed through microstructure characterization. The improvement of electrochemical performance of CPT in this work has provided a clear strategy for the application of resource-rich natural biomass to electrochemical products.

Singlet fission (SF), a multiple exciton generation process that generates two triplet excitons after the absorption of one photon, can potentially enable more efficient solar cell designs by harvesting energy normally lost as heat. While low-bandgap conjugated polymers are highly promising candidates for efficient SF-based solar cells, few polymer materials capable of SF have been reported because the SF process in polymer chains is poorly understood. Using transient spectroscopy, we demonstrate a new, highly efficient (triplet yield of 160–200%) isoindigo-based donor–acceptor polymer and show that the triplet pairs are directly emissive and exhibit a time-dependent energy evolution. Importantly, aggregation in poor solvents and in films significantly lowers the singlet energy, suppressing triplet formation because the energy conservation criterion is no longer met. These results suggest a new design rule for developing intramolecular SF capable low-bandgap conjugated polymers, whereby inter-chain interactions must be carefully engineered., Further mechanistic insight of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) in conjugated polymers can enable novel material design for solar cells. Here, the authors use transient spectroscopy to show iSF in an isoindigo-based conjugated polymer and propose a design rule based on morphology-dependent iSF.